OCIECE EACJ5300/ELG7114i - 2013 Winter Term Renewable and Distributed Energy Resource Technologies Chapter 1 Power System Basics Instructor: Xiaoyu Wang, Assistant Professor Department of Electronics, Carleton University
Outline Power System Structure Generation System Transmission System Distribution System Utilization System Phasors, Complex Power, and Per Units Power System Component Models
Picture Source: Elster, Google Power System Structure Traditional Power Grid 3
Source: Google Traditional Generation Coal Nuclear Hydro Natural Gas Diesel
Source: Google Renewable Generation Wind Solar Geothermal Ocean Energy (Tidal, wave, thermal) Biomass/Biofuel
Thermal Power Plant http://www.steag.com
Source: Google Synchronous Generator Installation 600MW Basic operation principle of synchronous generator
Source: Google Generator Type Salient-pole generator (less magnetic poles) Cylindrical or round-rotor generator (more magnetic poles) Hydro generator Low rotation speeds Steam generator High rotation speeds
Generator Frequency and Voltage Electrical frequency is synchronized with the mechanical rotational speed. f = n mp 120 f n m P is the electrical frequency, 60/50 Hz; is rotor speed, revolution per minute (rpm); is the number of poles. Steam generator: 3600 rpm and 2 poles Hydro generator: 200-300 rpm Generation voltage in power plant is from 11kV to 33kV.
Source: Google Power Plant Transformer Three phase step up transformer
Source: Google Transmission AC Voltage High voltage (HV) ac: 69 kv, 115 kv, 138 kv, 161 kv, 230 kv Extra-high voltage (EHV) ac: 345 kv, 500 kv, 765 kv Ultra-high voltage (UHV) ac: 1100 kv, 1500 kv Hydro One Transmission Voltages: 500kV, 230kV, 345kV, 115kV and 69kV Hydro Quebec Transmission Voltages: 735kV, 315kV, 230kV, 161kV, 120kV and 69kV
Source: Google Transmission Structure Multi-Layer, multi-area, meshed network
Transmission Structure Source: Google
Source: Google
Ontario Interconnection Source: Google
Transmission Substation Source: Google
Transmission Substation Change voltage (different levels) Regulate voltage (voltage variation) Switch system lines (on and off) Measure electric power qualities Connect communication signals Eliminate lightning and other electrical surges Connect generators Make interconnections (different utilities) Control reactive power
Substation
Source: Google Transmission HVDC Hydro Quebec HVDC: ±450kV China HVDC: ±800kV
Source: Google HVDC Converter Station Power electronics devices
Transmission Operation Control Center Hydro One Network s state-of-the-art Ontario Grid Control Centre (OGCC) located in Barrie is responsible for the operation of the Hydro One owned transmission and distribution systems.
IEEE 14-Bus System G G 2 3 G Power flow 1 5 4 Transient stability Voltage stability Short-circuit analysis etc G 6 G 8 7 11 10 9 12 13 14
Distribution - Structure
Distribution Structure Bus1 Line1 Bus2 Line2 Tie2 Bus Line Tie1
Distribution
Current (A) 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 Distribution Power Quality 250 200 150 100 50 0-50 -100-150 -200 Phase A Phase B Phase C -250 Time (s) Three-phase current waveforms
Distribution Distributed Generation Bi-directional power flow
Distribution Protection Fault Detection
Distribution Metering AMR(Automatic Meter Reading) System
Distribution Automation
Utilization Load
Utilization Energy Conservation Time-of-Use Prices Low Voltage Operation
Utilization Demand Response
Smart Grid