International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences ISSN 0973-6077 Volume 12, Number 4 (2017), pp. 685-693 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Study of Exhaust Emission Characteristics by Ceramic Coated Diesel Engine using Rubber Seed Oil Blend with Pure Diesel Fuel S. Mahalingam 1 Assistant Professor,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem, India -636 005. K.Muralidharan 2 Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem, India- 636 005. K. Sakunthala 3 Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem.India-636011 Abstract In major countries across the world, automobiles are the major greatest polluter, as exhaust emissions from more than a billion transport vehicles on the road hold up to create problems. Biofuel is one of the alternative sources reduce the exhaust emissions from the automobile vehicles. In this experimental work, rubber seed oil is used as a biodiesel in engine application to control the environmental pollutions. The transesterification process converts the bio-fuel in to biodiesel. The injection pressure was reduced to 200 bar from the designed pressure and ceramic material of Zirconia stabilized with the yttrium oxide (Zirconia 80% wt and Yttia 20 % ) has been applied on the piston head for analyzing the exhaust emission characteristics of the single cylinder diesel engine. It was observed that the exhaust emission such as carbon dioxides (CO), Nitric oxides (NOx) and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) were considerably reduced at the minimum proportion of bio-fuel blends in the pure diesel fuels. The test engine runs at constant speed with 4.4 kw of rated power and the experiment was carried out without any internal modification.
686 S. Mahalingam, K.Muralidharan and K. Sakunthala Keywords:Rubber seed oil, Emission, injection pressure, ceramic coating and diesel engine. INTRODUCTION At the worldwide level, the fast growth in automobile activity has increasing the air pollution and will affect the environment. Air pollution can be reduced in a number of ways. Using less amount fossil fuel is one way to minimize the pollution. Other methods change in internal parameters of the engine to reduce the exhaust emission and nano coating provided in the engine components to make a complete combustion to minimize the exhaust gas pollution in the engines. They are the various hazardous gases come out the internal combustion engines such as CO, UHC, NOx and SO2. In this experimental work, the thermal spray coating was provided over the engine components to minimize the exhaust emissions. The LHR engines with biodiesel have been improved with advanced injection timing and higher injection pressure. Smoke decreased by 27% and NO x increased by 49% with crude vegetable oil operation on LHR engine at its optimum injection timing(janardhanand Murali Krishna, et al.2014).higher injection pressure causes better fuel atomization with improved engine emissions characteristics for diesel and biodiesel blends (KandasamyMuralidharan and PalanisamyGovindarajan, 2011). The engine emissions found to be reduced for particular matters and hydro carbon with an increase in oxides at high engine loadings. The consideration of cross-interactive effects reduces PM and HC without increasing NOx emission. (Leung and Luo, et al. 2006). In coated engine, diesel and biodiesel fuel blends exhibits lesser bsfc with significant reduction in emissions of CO, HC, smoke with slight increase of NOx and CO2. (Muralidharan and Senthilkumar. 2016). At higher injection pressure, engine attains higher value of brake thermal efficiency due to its high heat release rate both for diesel and biodiesel fuel blends.(muralidharan,2015). Retarded injection timing resulted in reduced NOx and CO2 emissions for lower blends of biodiesel over the entire range of engine operation(muralidharan and Govindarajan2011).Inengine with LHR combustion chamber with biodiesel operation where smoke decreased and NOx increased. Fixed injection timing, increase of injector opening pressure and preheated biodiesel reduced the exhaust emissions from LHR engine (NarasimaKumar, 2014).The conventional engine and LHR engine with advanced injection timing and at higherinjection pressure. BTE increased by 7%, smoke decreased by 2%, NO x increased by 24% and sound intensity decreased by 12% on LHR engine at its optimum injection pressure(murali Krishna and DurgaPrasada Rao, et al. 2012).The performance of a Ricardo diesel engine using mahua oil B100 and its blend with diesel at varying compression ratio, injection timing and engine loading. The BSFC of B100 and its blends with high speed diesel is reduced, whereas BTE and gas temperature increased for the entire range of CR and IT(RahemanandGhadge,et al. 2008).Zirconia stabilized with the yttrium oxide applied on the piston crown the brake thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption were improved as compared to that of the piston without coating. Exhaust emission level of CO, UHC and NOx are also considerably reduced (Mahalingamand Ganesan et al. 2015).The injection pressure was changed in the engine with the different biofuel proportion and emission
Study of Exhaust Emission Characteristics by Ceramic Coated Diesel Engine 687 characteristics analysis, it was found that the increase in injector opening pressure increases the NOx emission. The injection pressure of 240 bars and B20 proportion gives better emission reduction compared to other blended fuels. (Mahalingamand RameshBabu et al. 2014).In dual fuel operation it was observed that HC, CO and ignition delay were lower and BTE was increased compared to the other fuel. The B20 is gives optimum efficiency and lower emission (Mahalingamand Ramesh Bapu, et al.2012). The effect of injection pressure,where the CO, HC and CO emissions were reducedabout 5% to 10%, when the fuel injection pressure is increased and higher BTEwith less amount of biodiesel blends at B20.When injection pressure reduced to 200 bar, the smoke valueand NOxincreased significantly. (Mahalingam and Suresh Mohan Kumar, et al.2013).a dual fuel blends with the diesel fuel, when the injection pressure increased from the designed pressure, SFC, CO, UHC and NOx were lowered and the BTE and CO2 increased for the blend B20 at all load conditions(mahalingamand Mohan, et al.2016).the Conventional engines (CE) and LHR engine have improved performance at recommended injection pressure of 190 bar. Smoke decreased by 58% and NO x decreased by 47% with LHR engine at its optimum injection pressure with maximum induction of methanol(seshagiri Raoand Kishen Kumar Reddy, et al.2013). EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES A Kirloskar made single cylinder, constant speed, Direct Injection engine was used to evaluate the engine emission characteristics with biodiesel. The engine runs under different load conditions at a constant speed of 1500 rpm with the different biodiesel proportions. The diesel engine was directly attached with an eddy current dynamometer for varying the loads from no load (0%) to full load (100%). For the rated engine power of 4.4 kw, the engine load is varied from no load condition of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and full load condition of 100%. The engine loads are varied manually with help of an eddy current dynamometer. Air flow rate was measured with an air drum fitted with a calibrated orifice and the fuel flow was measured using volumetric (calibrated burette) method. For fuel flow measurement, two fuel tanks were used; one is filled with pure diesel while esterified biodiesel is filled in another fuel tank. An AVL415 smoke meter was attached for measuring the smoke opacity and exhaust gas temperatures. The test rig was installed with AVL indimicro software to obtain various readings and results during operation. A five gas analyzer was used to measure the emission characteristics such as UHC, CO, NO x, CO 2 and O 2 values from the exhaust gas.it has been experimentally investigated using rubber seed and blend with diesel fuel from 20 %( B20)to 80 %( B80) with an increment of 20%. The engine was tested at different loads from no load to full load conditions.
688 S. Mahalingam, K.Muralidharan and K. Sakunthala Figure 1: Experimental Setup MATERIALS AND METHODS The main hope of the investigation process is to convert the single cylinder diesel engine into a ceramic coated insulated engine for the burning of biodiesel which is considered to be the perfect alternative for the diesel fuel. The exhaust emission analysis was started with the injection pressure which is maintained at 200 bar and the standard injection timing of 24 btdc.the standard testing procedure was followed by setting the pressure of 200 bar to study the emission characteristics of the engine at a rated power of 4.4 kw.to provide partial thermal insulation zirconia was used as a coating material in the experimental investigation. Before applying the thermal coating, 500 µm of material is machined off from the piston head and the surface were cleaned and grid blasted. The piston head was then coated with 200 µm of NiCrAlY bond coat and 300 µm of zirconialayer using a 30 kw atmospheric plasma spray techniques. The properties of diesel and biodiesel given in the table1. Table 1: Properties of test fuels
Study of Exhaust Emission Characteristics by Ceramic Coated Diesel Engine 689 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS CARON MONOXIDE EMISSION The carbon monoxide emission for biodiesel fuels with different proportions at various engine loads is shown in figure 2. Figure 2: CO for the tested fuels with various load conditions The LHR engine with less amount of biodiesel fuel emits lower emission compared to the other blended biodiesel fuels. The high oxygen content naturally present in the biodiesel fuel helps to produce complete combustion of fuel as compared to the diesel fuel. The less proportion blend B20, emits the CO which is gradually increased from 0.04 % at no load condition to 0.07 % at full load conditions. Then the emission for the blend B40 varies from 0.05% at no load condition to 0.074% at full load condition. When the biofuel proportion is increased to B60, the CO emission is increased and varied from 0.055% to 0.08% for the entire engine load conditions. Then for the further increase of biofuel blend to B80, higher CO is emitted and varies from 0.06% at no load condition and 0.085% at full load condition. This is because of the lower calorific value of biofuel and less oxygen content in the biofuel. NITRIC OXIDE EMISSION The Figure 3 shows the variation of oxides of nitrogen with respect to the varying engine load conditions for all the test fuels at 200 bar of injection pressure.
690 S. Mahalingam, K.Muralidharan and K. Sakunthala Figure 3:NOx for the tested fuels with various load conditions The lower calorific value of the pure biodiesel emits lower NOx because of lower exhaust temperatures. For the blend B20, the NOx varies from 234 ppm at no load condition to 1041 ppm at full load condition. Then for the biofuel proportion of B40, the NOx varies from 220 ppm to 1054 ppm which is slightly closer than that of the B20. In the case of B60, the NO x is increased from no load condition to full load condition and varies from 203 ppm to 1040 ppm for the entire engine load conditions.for the increased blend of B80, the NO x also increased from no load to full load condition but when compared to the other blends, it was higher. This is due to lower calorific value of it generates low heat and varies from 190 ppm at no load condition to 1012 ppm at full load condition. UNBURNED HYDRO CARBON EMISSION The unburned hydrocarbon emissions of biofuel proportions for various engine load conditions at 200 bar injection pressure are shown in the figure 4. Figure 4: UHC for the tested fuels with various load conditions
Study of Exhaust Emission Characteristics by Ceramic Coated Diesel Engine 691 The diesel fuel emits lower UHC than that of other biofuel blends due to the lower viscosity and higher heating value of diesel fuel. Higher temperature of exhaust gases in biodiesel fuel helps in preventing condensation of higher hydrocarbon reducing unburned HC. The higher Cetane number of biodiesel results in decreased HC emission due to shorter ignition delay. When the engine load increases, the UHC also increased for the engine with coated piston. The blend B20 gives the UHC which is gradually increased from 13 ppm at no load condition to 17 ppm at full load condition. The UHC emitted by B40 varies from 15 ppm at no load to 21 ppm at full load condition. Then for the further addition of biofuel to B60, the hydro carbon emission increases from 17 ppm at no load to 23 ppm at full load condition. This is because of the higher heat energy available in the combustion chamber. The biofuel proportion increased to B80 then the UHC is increased from 18 ppm to 25 ppm for the varying engine load conditions. This is due to the higher density and viscosity of the biofuel when compared to the blended fuel during the experimental study. CONCLUSION The exhaust emission characteristics of conventional diesel and Rubber seed oil biodiesel blends were investigated on a constant speed single cylinder diesel enginewith the Zirconia coated piston head, the engine emission for the blend B20 was identified as better when compared with other bioblends at the coating thickness of 500µm. For the less amounts of biodiesel blends with the diesel fuel it was found that the exhaust emissions were reduced. From the observations and experimental results the blend of B20 of CO is very low as compared to the other blends fuel it was varies for 0.04% of no load and 0.07% of the full load condition. For the other emission of NOx also same B20 achieved lower emission it was varies from 234 ppm at no load condition to 1041 ppm at full load condition. Finally from the measured unburned hydrocarbon with same AVL meter,the engine with B20 gives lower emission levels compared to the other blends which results in lower emission of 13ppm at no load conditions and 17 ppm at the full load conditions.when the zirconia coating was applied in the engine components,it was resulted that the overall exhaust emission was reduced which leads to air pollution controlled to an acceptable level and reduces the effect of green house gases in the atmosphere. REFERENCES [1] Edwin Geo.V., Nagarajan.G.,andNagalingam.B. (2010) Studies on improving the performance of rubber seed oil fuel for diesel engine with DEE port injection, Fuel, Vol. 89, pp. 3559 3567. [2] Helmisyah Ahmad Jalaludin., Shahrir Abdullah., MariyamJameelahGhazali., andbulanabdullah Experimental Study of Ceramic Coated Piston Crown for Compressed Natural Gas Direct Injection Engines Procedia Engineering, International Tribology Conference Malaysia, (2013),Vol. 68, pp. 505 51.
692 S. Mahalingam, K.Muralidharan and K. Sakunthala [3] Janardhan. N., Murali Krishna. M.V.S., and Ushasri.P. (2014) Influence of Injector Opening Pressure on Performance and Exhaust Emissions in DI Diesel Engine with Air Gap Insulated Piston and Air GInsulated Liner with Diesel Operation, International Journal For Advance Research In Engineering And Technology, Vol. 2, Issue IV, ISSN 2320-6802 pp.107-115. [4] KandasamyMuralidharan and PalanisamyGovindarajan, (2011) The Effect of Bio-fuel blends and Fuel Injection Pressure on Diesel Engine Emission for Sustainable Environment, American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 7(4); 377-382,. ISSN 1553-345X. [5] Leung Y.C., Luo.Y., and chan T.L. (2006) Optimization of Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel Energy, Fuels, Vol. 20 (3), pp 1015 1023. [6] Murali Krishna M.V.S., DurgaPrasada Rao N., Anjeneya Prasad A., and Murthy P.V.K. (2012), Performance Evaluation of Rice Brawn Oil in Low Grade Low Heat Rejection Diesel Engine, International Journal of Engineering and Science ISSN: 2278-4721, Vol. 1, No.5, pp. 1-12. [7] Muralidharan.K and Senthilkumar.D, (2016) Influence of Fuel Injection Pressure on Combustion and Gas Emissions in a TBC Diesel Engine fuelled with Pongamia Bio-fuel blends for sustainable environment Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, ISSN 2249-7315 Vol. 6 No.5, pp.1-17. [8] Muralidharan.K, (2015) Effect of Injection Pressure on Heat Release Rate and Emissions in CI Engine using Honge Bio-fuel International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol. 10 No.50,2015. [9] Muralidharan.K and Govindarajan.P(2011). Influence of Injection timing on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of DI Diesel Engine using PongamiaPinnata Methyl Ester, European Journal of Scientific Research, Vol.59.No.3,pp.417-431,, ISSN 1450-216X. [10] Mahalingam. S, S.Ganesan,H.YashikAhammed and V.Venkatesh. (2015) Effect on Performance and Emission analysis of Advanced Ceramic Material coated Piston Crown using Plasma Spray Coating Techniques Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols 766-767 pp 612-617. [11] Mahalingam S., Ramesh Bapu B.R. and Balaji B.(2014), Emission analysis of DI-diesel engine at different injection pressures using jatropha and rubber seed oil blended with diesel, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e- ISSN: 2278-1684, p-issn : 2320 334, pp.78-80. [12] Mahalingam. S, B.R.RameshBapu.(2012), Experimental and emission analysis of rubber seed oil and jatropha oil blends with diesel in compression ignition engine, International Review of Mechanical Engineering (I.RE.M.E) ISSN 1970 8734. Vol.7, Issue.5, PP 954 959.
Study of Exhaust Emission Characteristics by Ceramic Coated Diesel Engine 693 [13] Mahalingam.S, P.Suresh Mohan Kumar and R.V. Pranesh,(2013). Experimental study of performance and emission characteristics of a bio dual fuel blends in diesel engine for variation of injection pressures, World Congress on Engineering, London, U.K.,ISSN 2078-0958,ISBN 978-988-19251-0-7,PP 455-458, [14] Mahalingam. S,R.Mohan and K.Sakunthala, (2016) Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Direct Injection Diesel Engine fuelled with Jatropha and Rubber Seed Oil Blends with Pure Diesel Fuel, Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities Vol. 6, No. 9, pp. 1477-1485. [15] Narasimha Kumar S. (2014) Influence of Linseed Oil Based Biodiesel on Exhaust Emissions and Combustion Characteristics with Fixed Injection Timing Using Ceramic Coated Diesel Engine, Sch. J. Eng. Tech, Vol.2, No.2B, pp.281-290. [16] Raheman.H., Ghadge, S.V. (2008), Performance of diesel engine with biodiesel at varying compression ratio and ignition timing,fuel, Vol. 87, pp 2659 2666. [17] Seshagiri Rao V.V.R., Kishen Kumar Reddy T., Murali Krishna M.V.S., and Krishna Murthy P.V. (2013), Comparative Studies on Exhaust Emissions from a High Grade Low Heat Rejection Diesel Engine with Carbureted Alcohol and Crude Jatropha Oil, International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE) ISSN: 2231-2307, Vol.3, No.2,pp.516-527. [18] Shrirao. P.N., and Pawar.A.N. Evaluation of Performance and Emission characteristics of Turbocharged Diesel Engine with Mullite as Thermal Barrier Coating, International Journalof Engineering and Technology, (2011), Vol.3 (3),pp. 256-262. [19] Sunil Kumar.R., Deva Kumar M., and Vijaya Kumar Reddy.K.. Effect of Magnesia Stabilized Zirconia (Mg-PSZ) on The Performance and Emission Characteristics of Di Diesel Engine, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, (2013) Volume 3, Issue 8,pp.722-725. [20] Sunil I. Patel.,Dipak C. Gosai., and Vandana Y. Gajjar., Performance and Exhaust Emission Analysis of Thermal Barrier Coated Diesel Engine Using Rice Bran Oil Biodiesel, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, ISSN: 2249 8958, Vol.2, Issue. 4, pp.734-739.
694 S. Mahalingam, K.Muralidharan and K. Sakunthala