How to get rid of my diesel generator? Should you really?

Fact-finding mission Nigeria Self-consumption with RE in industry and trade focus on photovoltaics How to get rid of my diesel generator? Should you really? 20 th November 2018 Lars Koerner, Renewables Academy (RENAC) AG, Berlin

AGENDA Agenda 1. Why would you get rid of your diesel generator? 2. How do PV-diesel hybrid systems look like? 3. System classification 4. System sizing and load sharing dynamics 2

Why would you want to get rid of your generator? Is it the cost? What is the (very simplified) cost of one kwh from a diesel genset? [FC] and let s not forget the noise, fine particles and the 2.6 kg of CO 2 (and other toxic gases) emitted with every burned liter of diesel fuel. 3

Picture: Lars Koerner Is this a PV-diesel hybrid system? 5

Is this a PV-diesel hybrid system? Picture: Enrique Garralaga 6

Is this a PV-diesel hybrid system? Picture is copyright protected. No reproduction allowed. 7

Is this a PV-diesel hybrid system? Picture is copyright protected. No reproduction allowed. 8

Is this a PV-diesel hybrid system? Pictures: Koos Alberts, Omnisolar, South Africa 9

Picture: Lars Koerner The path to a stand-alone PV system 10

System components overview (Diesel) generators (the grid in case of grid-tied systems) PV modules Hybrid controllers Power converters PV grid-tied inverters Battery inverter/chargers (grid-forming and non-grid-forming) Storage devices 11

System classification by share of energy demand 100% Diesel demand covered by Solar 100% *Types and numbers of power electronics equipment depend on technical configuration! This slide follows an AC-coupled system topology. 12

System classification by share of energy demand 100% Diesel demand covered by Solar 100% Grid former *Types and numbers of power electronics equipment depend on technical configuration! This slide follows an AC-coupled system topology. 13

System classification by share of energy demand 100% Diesel demand covered by Solar 100% Grid former Can you now turn off your diesel generator / grid (at least for a short while)? *Types and numbers of power electronics equipment depend on technical configuration! This slide follows an AC-coupled system topology. 16

System classification by share of energy demand 100% Diesel demand covered by Solar 100% Grid former 0 1a 1b 2a 2b 2c 3 RENAC system classification (for PV-diesel hybrid) *Types and numbers of power electronics equipment depend on technical configuration! This slide follows an AC-coupled system topology. 20

System category matrix GENSET(S) PV SYSTEM CONVERTER/ CONTROLLER STORAGE minutes hours hours day day days days * For category 3 (stand-alone PV) high seasonal changes of solar irradiation and/or high levels of electricity supply security can increase CAPEX drastically.

System sizing and load sharing dynamics Picture: Lars Koerner 22

How to measure a load profile Electrical load profile can be measured with a data logging device such as the one in the picture below. Picture shows sample, mobile load and demand metering equipment and data evaluation report (source: Fluke) 23

Power [kw] Sample daily load profile 1000 P max 1000 kw 800 600 400 W day 17.000 kwh 200 0 24

Power [kw] Category 0 system 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1300 kw - - 25

Power [kw] Category 1b system 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1300 kw 800 kwp - 26

Power [kw] Category 1b system 1000 Demand covered by DG PV PV energy flows to X Load 800 600 400 200 0 1300 kw 800 kwp - 27

Power [kw] Category 1b system resized vertical axis 2000 1500 1000 500 0-500 -1000-1500 1300 kw 800 kwp 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% - 28

Power [kw] Weather forecast: Scattered clouds 2000 1500 1000 500 0-500 -1000-1500 1300 kw 800 kwp 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% - 29

Power [kw] Category 1b system 2000 Demand covered by DG PV PV energy flows to X Load 100% 90% 1500 80% 1000 70% 500 60% 0 50% -500 40% -1000-1500 1300 kw 800 kwp 30% 20% - 30

Power [kw] State of charge (SOC) Category 2a system 2000 Demand covered by DG PV PV energy flows to ST Load 100% 90% 1500 80% 1000 70% 500 60% 0 50% -500 40% -1000-1500 1300 kw 1200 kwp 30% 20% 6 hours 31

Power [kw] State of charge (SOC) Category 2b system 2000 Demand covered by ST DG PV PV energy flows to ST Load 100% 90% 1500 80% 1000 70% 500 60% 0 50% -500 40% -1000-1500 1300 kw 1500 kwp 30% 20% 24 hours 32

Power [kw] State of charge (SOC) Category 2c system 2000 Demand covered by ST PV PV energy flows to ST Load 100% 90% 1500 80% 1000 70% 500 60% 0 50% -500 40% -1000-1500 1300 kw 2000 kwp 30% 20% 36 hours 33

Power [kw] State of charge (SOC) Category 3 system 2000 Demand covered by ST PV PV energy flows to ST Load 100% 90% 1500 80% 1000 70% 500 60% 0 50% -500 40% -1000-1500 1300 kw 3000 kwp 30% 20% 72 hours 34

Power [kw] State of charge (SOC) Weather forecast: Sunny 2000 Demand covered by ST PV PV energy flows to ST Load 100% 90% 1500 80% 1000 70% 500 60% 0 50% -500 40% -1000-1500 1300 kw 3000 kwp 30% 20% 72 hours 35

What is 17 MWh per day? Electricity demand of 1.500 average German 4-person households Powered by a modern diesel generator, this would be the fuel consumption: 36

What is 72 hours battery autonomy? This 37

What is 72 hours battery autonomy? or this? not quite Picture: Autarsys GmbH 38

What is 72 hours battery autonomy? Picture (top): Autarsys GmbH 39

So sit back, relax and enjoy the silence! Picture is copyright protected. No reproduction allowed. 40

Thank you! Lars Koerner Renewables Academy (RENAC) Schönhauser Allee 10-11 D-10119 Berlin Tel: +49 30 52 689 58-81 Fax: +49 30 52 689 58-99 koerner@renac.de

Mini-grids, micro-grids and nano-grids Sample definitions by The World Bank: Mini-grids Isolated groups of generation, distribution, storage facilities within a confined geographical space. They are usually locally managed, have less than 10 MW of installed capacity, serve small household loads, and serve an area of up to 50 kilometers radius. Micro-grids Smaller units of mini-grids typically operating with less than 100 kw of capacity, at lower voltage levels, and covering a radius of up to 8 kilometers. Nano-grids no definition available 42

Sustainable rural electrification projects The major hurdles in the success of mini-grids are not technology-related. There are no significant technology barriers that hinder mini-grids whether they are powered by diesel generators, renewable energy or a combination of both (hybrid systems). Rather, since supply to remote villages with low income is not economically viable, financial sustainability is the key challenging factor. Compounding the problem is the fact that there is no one-size-fits-all solution. SE4ALL Energy Access Committee, OFID 2014 43

Why do off-grid projects fail? Try to think about reasons why projects might fail to be sustainable? Scarce and inaccurate data, in particular over- or underestimating electricity demand. Non-inclusion of transaction, management and risk mitigation costs into tariff calculation. No flexibility in tariff structures for cost coverage. Supply-chain failure to provide spare parts. Mismanagement, including lack of provision for operation and maintenance. Donor-based projects with a 4-year (or less) cycle what happens afterwards? Long registration / permitting / licensing processes. Inadequate human resource capacities (managers, operators, technicians) Insufficient policy and regulatory framework pilot projects fall through the regulatory cracks upscaling however requires a sound legal basis. Source: Mini-Grid Policy Toolkit (published by EUEI PDF in Sept. 2014: http://minigridpolicytoolkit.euei-pdf.org/ 44

How will the oil price develop in the future? Source: Sueddeutsche Zeitung from 9.December 2015 Click for today s oilprices 45