Company Privately-held R&D company founded in 1992 Focused on unique applications of proven supersonic aircraft technology Primary technology innovations Supersonic stationary air & gas compressors High velocity combustor Supersonic expander Product embodiments Two-stage 100:1 Pr CO2 Compressor 30:1; 42% LHV ASCE Engine Airborne APU H 2 fuel combustor 1
Shock Waves to Supersonic Inlets M 0 = 1.7 Inflow Oblique Shock Causes Instantaneous Compression Schlieren Photo of Projectile with Shocks Schlieren Photo of Inlet Center-body and Cowl with Shocks 2-D Mixed Compression Inlet Model Initial External Shock System Followed by Internal Shock System Throat Bleed Slot For Inlet Starting Side Window For Schlieren Photography 2
F-15 2-D Planar Supersonic Inlet Inlet Cross Section M rel = ~2 Engine Face 3
Rampressor Rotor Development M rel = ~2 M = ~0.3-0.5 Supersonic F-15 Inlet M rel = ~2 M = ~0.5 Rampressor Rotor 4
Typical Rotating Supersonic Flow Path Compression Ramp Pre-Inlet Flow Surface Subsonic Diffuser Rotor Flow Path: 3 Supersonic Compression Inlet Flow Paths On Disk Rim High Efficiency, Compact Compression Minimal Number of Leading Edges Flow Path Geometry Similar For Different Pressure Ratios Strake Wall Combination of Supersonic Flight Inlet & Conventional Axial Flow Compressor Aerodynamics: Rotor Rim Radius Change Produces Compression 3 Blades (Strakes) Do Minimal Flow Work Axial Inflow/Outflow 5
Compression Applications vs. Pr/Tip Speed 3000 Technology Development Tip Speed (ft/sec) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Large HVAC Chiller R-134 Single Stage Compressor Mechanical Limit 1-Stage 7:1 1-Stage 125 psig 2-Stage 2-Stage 200 bar 100 bar 3-Stage 200 bar Air CO2 H2O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Pressure Ratio Gas Turbines Start of Aero Limits Rampressor II DoD FC/GT Hybrid Rampressor 1 Microturbines (34%) Turbochargers Air Compression Rampressor Equipped Microturbines (40%) H 2 0 Vapor Compression Product Development 6
Fossil Fuel Power Plant CC&S All fossil fuel power plants produce some level of CO2 CO2 compressor power Advanced pulverize coal 8-12% 600MW 70MW 93,000 hp IGCC - 5% 600MW 30MW 40,000 hp CCGT 8% 400MW 32MW 43,000 hp 100 new power plants annually $1.5 billion annual compressor market Retrofit opportunity $0.7 billion annual compressor market Over $2 Billion annual market opportunity 7
CCS Technologies Amine systems Suction pressures 15; 22; 25; 30 psia Regeneration heat required Conventional amines 1550 Btu/lbm- CO2 Advanced amines 1200 Btu/lbm-CO2 Really advanced amines 800 Btu/lbm- CO2 8% parasitic power Post combustion - New & Retrofit Ammonia-based systems Suction pressures ~ 30-300 psia Regeneration heat required Aqueous ammonia 493 Btu/lbm-CO2 Chilled ammonia TBD 4% parasitic power Post combustion - New & Retrofit Chemical Looping Suction pressure atmospheric Selexol/Rectisol Suction pressures 50, 150 & 300 psia with sidestreams Regeneration heat required for the Claus Plant 5% parasitic power IGCC (new) only Oxy-fuel systems Raw gas feed 15 to 500 psia Twin purified suction streams ~150 & 300 psia 12-13% parasitic power New plants only Membrane Separation & Enzyme Processes Suction pressures from <3.0-14.7 psia Discharge pressures 1200;1600; 2000; 2215; 2500; 2700; 2900 psia 8
CO 2 Compressor Configuration Choices Ramgen Discrete Drive HP Stage Hitachi Inline Process CO 2 Compressor MAN Turbo Integrally Geared Compressor MAN Turbo (Sulzer) Isotherm TM Compressor 9
Integrally-Geared Compressors 100:1 CO2 compressor is 8-stages/6 or 7-intercoolers Common drive thru an integral bullgear to stages 4 pinions, double horizontal split casing Individual compression stages mounted on opposite ends of each pinion At least one stage on each pinion is operating off its optimum specific speed. Pr 1.7-1.8 per stage on CO2 Stage temperature rise approximately 100 F Stage-1 impeller can be an open design at Pr of 2.0:1 Later stages suffer sharp aero efficiency falloff due to their small size Even number of stages required to balance thrust loads Frames are torque limited by the gearing and therefore power rated External intercoolers between casings Low Pr per stage aero requires very low ΔP intercoolers CO2 requires stainless steel intercoolers Stainless steel has low a heat transfer properties Concerns exist over 2-phase flow, aggravated by intercooling near the critical point Impurities add another level of uncertainty Control 30% turndown at constant pressure IGV s are common practice and can be applied on intermediate stages System resistance constant speed; variable pressure Full variable speed is not practical; variable speed trim possible Cost $750/hp Installation 50-75% depending on intercooler configuration API oriented customers do not like integral gear drives. Polytropic Efficiency 1.0000 0.9000 0.8000 0.7000 0.6000 0.5000 0.4000 Second Position Polytropic Efficiency Vs. NASA Specific Speed 0.3000 0.0000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000 1.2000 Specifc Speed First Position 10
Compression The State-of-the-Art is Expensive 10-stage 6000 hp $8.0 million $1350/hp Pr 200:1 1.70 per stage 8 th Compression Stage ΔT=50 Intercooling MAN Turbo 8-stage 20,000 hp $15.0 million $750/hp $23.0 million installed $1150/hp Pr 143:1 1.86 per stage 11
Inline Compressors 100:1 CO2 compressor is 4-casing/12-stages 3-4 stages per casing (body) Stages are the same diameter and speed Stage specific speed & efficiency is successively reduced thru the body Pr 1.5-1.6 per stage on CO 2 Stage-1 can be an overhung, higher ratio, open design Last stage specific speed/efficiency fall-off dictates shift to smaller stage & casing Thru shaft reduces flow area amplifying Mach# constraint Shrouded impeller design Large diameter return channels exacerbate large diameter casing working pressure design/mfg challenges External gear drive Operating speeds typically above synchronous motor speeds 100:1 normally set up as an LP & HP train/2-casings each 3 x 50% deployment = 12 casings/9 gearboxes/6 drivers Mechanical loss add-on 6% External intercoolers between casings Control no turn down to match constant pressure CO2 system System resistance constant speed; variable pressure Constant pressure recirculation Variable speed & IGV s not practical Cost Equipment - $800-1000/hp Installation +50-75% Φ= icfm 2 πdtip u tip 4 Constant Diameter 12
Compressed Air & Gas Handbook c = kg R T MW it is conventional practice to limit the Mach# to 0.85 or 0.90 at design flow. 13
Ramgen CO 2 Compressor Product 100:1 CO2 compressor 2-casings/2-stages/Intercooled No aero Mach# limit 10+:1 pressure ratio; 400 F temperature rise 1400 fps tip speeds; Shrouded rotor design Single-stage, discrete-drive Single stage per drive optimizes specific speed match Simple single-step external gearbox or high speed direct drive Lower mechanical losses Variable speed option Match MW and temperature changes with speed changes Configuration adapts easily to match process requirements Mismatched thru-flow Side stream additions Active IGV Flow control on each stage Match CO2 capture system constant pressure requirement Heat exchangers Inter/aftercooler can be the CCS or power plant Compressor heat exchanger cost can be eliminated Eliminate or substantially reduce cooling tower requirement Eliminate or substantially reduce cooling tower make-up water 3x LMTD heat exchangers with 1/3 the surface area 1/10th the physical size facilitate space constrained retrofits 1/2 the installation cost Ramgen Discrete Drive HP Stage Compression Ramp Pre-Inlet Flow Surface Strake Wall Subsonic Diffuser Ramgen Compressor Rotor 14
Ramgen 2-Stage/Intercooled CO 2 Compression Critical Point: 1073 psia, 87 ο F 1515 psia, 489 ο F Ramgen Discrete Drive HP Stage 15 psia, 70 ο F 15
LP Stage Line-up Adiabatic Head vs. icfm 100000 90000 24" 32" 36" 40" 44" 48" 80000 1800 fps 70000 Adiabatic Head - ft-lbf/lbm 60000 50000 40000 30000 Pr 10:1 20000 10000 225MW 350MW 450MW 550MW 0 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 200,000 icfm (000) 24" 32" 36" 40" 44" 48" 16
HP Stage Line-up Adiabatic Head vs. icfm 100000 90000 12" 16" 20" 24" 32" 40" 80000 1800 fps Adiabatic Head - ft-lbf/lbm 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 Pr 10:1 20000 225MW 350MW 550MW 10000 0 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 icfm (000) 12" 16" 20" 24" 32" 40" 17
Ramgen Heat Recovery Low Pressure Stage High Pressure Stage 22-220 psia 220-2200 psia Compressor Shaft Input Work 90.6 Btu/lbm 87.0 Btu/lbm Discharge Temperature 489 F 509 F Lower Recovery Temperature 100 F 100 F Recovered Heat 92.4 Btu/lbm 178.8 Btu/lbm Recovered Heat/Compression Work 102% 205% Heat available in the HP hot discharge CO2 is more than double the compressor shaft work 153% of the combined LP + HP shaft work is available as heat in the discharge CO2 10,000 Pressure, Psi 1,000 100 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 Enthalpy, Btu/lb 18
Reduce CC(C)&S COE Penalty MAN Turbo CO 2 Compressor Ramgen CO 2 Compressor MAN Turbo 10-stage 6000 hp $8.0 million $1350/hp Pr 200:1 1.70 per stage 8-stage 20,000 hp $15.0 million $750/hp $23.0 million installed $1150/hp Pr 143:1 1.86 per stage Pr 10+:1 per stage; intercooled 1/10 th the physical size 50-60% of the installed capital cost Same shaft input power requirements Recover of 80+% of the input Btu at 500 F Improve CCS efficiency Reduce power plant de-rate 19
Dresser-Rand Invests in Ramgen Dresser-Rand invests in Ramgen s game-changing technology Support on-going CO2 compressor development Satisfy DOE matching funds requirement Consistent with strategy to be technology leader in our industry Extend served market into Electric Utility industry Invest up to $49 million Fund development & demonstration Obtain an option to purchase assets Dresser-Rand is consistently ranked among top three manufacturers in its served markets Turbomachinery Reciprocating compressors Steam turbines #1 in North America Leading supplier of CO2 compressors Global sales & service presence Strong products & brands Established customer base 20
Dresser-Rand s Global Presence 21
Questions? pete_baldwin@ramgen.com 425-726-7272 (c) 22