Impact of Biodiesel Fuel on Engine Parts Presented by Prof. Dr.Liaquat Ali Memon Department of Mechanical Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah, Sindh, PAKISTAN liaquatali@quest.edu.pk Symposium and Workshops on "Biowaste derived carbons for waste-to-bioenergy conversion and water purification" 20-23 February 2017 Organized By National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh
CONTENTS Background Biofuel Challenges of using Biodiesel in the Engine General Recommendations
Background: (Energy demand until 2030)
Background: (Energy demand until 2030) It is clear from the above Figures that, the biofuel energy demand is increasing very swiftly. In 2030 the demand will be a significant amount which will be one of the key player to meet the future energy demand.
Background: (Transport Energy Demand)
Global Vehicles
The Greatest Threat Global warming is a brutal and urgent reality...the greatest threat hanging over the future of mankind. Former French President Jacques Chirac Violent weathers are coming.. magazine covers courtesy of Chris Rose
What s next what can we do? 11
Factors of Biofuel Development
Why Need Biofuels Sustainable/Renewable Biodegradable Less-toxic Favorable emissions profile Strengthen the economy
Feedstocks of biodiesel
How Biodiesel is produced? Transesterification or alcoholysis is the usual conversion process used to convert triglycerides of vegetable oil to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by displacing alcohol from an ester by another alcohol.
Challenges of using Biodiesel in the Engine
Challenges of using Biofuel in the Engine The engine and fuel systems in automobiles comprise various static and dynamic components, such as piston, piston ring, cylinder liner, exhaust valve, injector needle, filter plunger, fuel tank, feed pump, fuel filter, and fuel line
Engine Endurance Test Durability tests of biodiesel fuelled engine: Only a small portion of researchers are dedicated to this area due to more time-consuming and costly than those in engine performance and exhaust emissions
Challenges of Biodiesel in the Engine FAME Composition
Biodiesel Properties Properties of different biodiesel fuels have a strong relation with their fatty acid composition Structure of the fatty compounds can affect many properties such as, viscosity, CN, density, heating value and low temperature properties etc Regarding the short term engine operation, renewable fuels are capable of providing good engine performance In more extended operations, some of the same fuels can cause degradation of engine performance, excessive carbon and lacquer deposits and actual damage to the engine.
Biodiesel Properties Higher temperatures in the area of the injector tip due to advanced diesel injection systems may lead to particularly stubborn deposits at and around the injector tip Biodiesel properties such as higher viscosity, lower volatility, & reactivity of unsaturated hydrocarbon chains, can lead to injector coking and trumpet formation on the injectors, more carbon deposits, etc
Lubricating Oil Lubricating oil plays very important role in IC hydrocarbons and is a combination of base oils and Mostly lubricants are used to reduce the friction and lessen wear of various sliding and rotating Lubricating oil keeps the different elements engines It is consisted of complex mixtures of additives component in engine clean, being able to work as detergents, antioxidants, viscosity modifiers, etc
Injector Deposit Analysis Front & Inclined View of Injector Nozzles 60h with PB20 125h with PB20 180h with PB20 250h with PB20 0h DF 60h with DF 125h with DF 180h with DF 250h with DF 60h with DF 125h with DF 180h with DF 250h with DF 60h with CB20 125h with CB20 180h with CB20 250h with CB20 60h with CB20 125h with CB20 180h with CB20 250h with CB20 60h with JB20 125h with JB20 180h with JB20 250h with JB20 60h with JB20 125h with JB20 180h with JB20 250h with JB20
Injector Deposit Analysis Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
Challenges of using Biofuel in the Engine
D100 B100 D80B15A5 B20 Fuels Setup NAMES FUEL 1 FUEL 2 FUEL 3 SYMBOLIC NAME D100 B20 D80B15A5 Explanation Diesel 100% Diesel 80% Biodiesel 20% Diesel 80% Biodiesel 15% Ethanol 2.5% Methanol 2.5%
Engine Nozzle Deposition 50 Hrs Running Nozzle Deposition of D100 Fuel Nozzle Condition on O hr Operating Conditions 1. Load : 9.81 N-m 2. Rpm : 1460 Nozzle Condition After 50 hrs Running on D100 Nozzle Pin Condition After 50 hrs Running Microscopic View of X15 Nozzle Condition After Nozzle Condition After 50 hrs Running Microscopic 50 hrs Running View of X118 Microscopic View of X55
Engine Nozzle Deposition 50 Hrs Running Nozzle Deposition of B20 Fuel Nozzle Condition on O hr Operating Conditions 1. Load : 9.81 N-m 2. Rpm : 1460 Nozzle Condition After 50 hrs Running on D100 Nozzle Condition After 50 hrs Running Microscopic View of X15 Nozzle Condition After 50 hrs Running Microscopic View of X55
Engine Nozzel Deposition 50 Hrs Running Nozzle Deposition of D80B15A5 Fuel Nozzle Condition on O hr Operating Conditions 1. Load : 9.81 N-m 2. Rpm : 1460 Nozzle Condition After 50 hrs Running on D100 Nozzle Pin Condition After 50 hrs Running Microscopic View of X15 Nozzle Condition After 50 hrs Running Microscopic View of X110 Nozzle Condition After 50 hrs Running Microscopic View of X55
Kinematic Viscosity in cst Engine Oil Kinematic Viscosity 15.5 Kinematic Viscosity Comparsion Chart at 100 C 15 14.5 14 13.5 13 D100 B20 B15-A5 12.5 12 1 2 3 4 5 Value X 10 Hrs
Pitting Corrosion on Return Fuel Line Corrosion hole: depth about 15 m 25 m 25 m (a) Diesel oil (b) Biodiesel Microscope photograph of the crystal structure in the return pipe at cross-sectional view
Storage instability of Biodiesel Biodiesel fuels are more susceptible to oxidative degradation than fossil diesel fuel. Due to high content of di- and higher unsaturated esters, the methylene groups adjacent to the double bonds are particularly susceptible to radical attack as in the first step of fuel oxidation process. Key Factors of Oxidation Rate: 1. Presence of air, 2. Elevated temperatures, 3. Presence of metals that facilitate oxidation 4. Chemical structure of the biodiesel where unsaturated methyl esters with more double bond is more incline to oxidation.
Fuel Tank (a) Fuel tank used for biodiesel (b) Fuel tank used for biodiesel with oxidation stabilizer (a) Biodiesel storage tank (b)
Challenges of using Biofuel in the Engine The changes in fuel properties during auto-oxidation can affect the lubricity of biodiesel. Some products, such as hydroperoxides and organic acids, are formed during oxidation, create an insoluble residue, and decrease lubricity.
Additive: Tert-butyylamine (TBA), with Palm biodiesel
3D atomic force microscopic (AFM) images
General Recommendations Every country should establish their own energy policy and emission standards. Sustainable supply of raw materials at lower cost Collaboration among primary and secondary industries Economics and environment (collaboration among industry, research institute and government) Use high quality biodiesel fuel Selection of non food feedstocks for biodiesel production Search for new additives to avoid deposition and etc To avoid injector plugging new fuel system need to be adopted.
Symposium and Workshops on "Biowaste derived carbons for waste-to-bioenergy conversion and water purification" 20-23 February 2017 Organized By National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh P A K I S T A N EMR-2012 42