CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION... 1 STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES... 1 REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY... 2 INTENDED AUDIENCE... 3 SCOPE OF REPORT... 3 INFORMATION SOURCES... 4 ANALYST CREDENTIALS... 4 RELATED BCC PUBLICATIONS... 5 BCC ON-LINE SERVICES... 5 DISCLAIMER... 6 CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY... 7 MAJOR FINDINGS... 7 KEY FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY... 8 KEY FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY (CONTINUED)... 9 SUMMARY TABLE MARKET VALUE FORECAST OF PRODUCTS PRODUCED VIA GTL WITH COMPARISONS TO CTL AND BTL, THROUGH 2017 ($ BILLIONS)... 10 SUMMARY FIGURE MARKET VALUE FORECAST OF PRODUCTS PRODUCED VIA GTL WITH COMPARISONS TO CTL AND BTL, 2010 2017 ($ BILLIONS)... 10 CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW... 11 NATURAL GAS AND GTL IN THE TRANSPORTATION SECTOR... 11 MAGNITUDE AND LOCATION OF STRANDED GAS... 12 TABLE 1 DISTRIBUTION OF WORLD STRANDED NATURAL GAS RESOURCES BY REGION, 2012 (% DISTRIBUTION)... 12 TABLE 2 ESTIMATED VOLUMES OF FLARED GAS FROM SATELLITE DATA, 2005-2008 (VOLUMES IN BCM)... 13 INVESTMENT SITUATION... 13 CARBON REGULATIONS AND GTL MARKET PROSPECTS... 14 FACTORS DRIVING ADOPTION OF GTL PROCESSES... 15 OVERVIEW OF RECENT ACTIVITY... 16 TABLE 3 KEY EXAMPLES OF GTL DEMONSTRATION PLANTS... 17 OFFSHORE GTL AT PETROBRAS REFINERY... 17 SASOL... 18 RENTECH... 18 SYNTROLEUM CORPORATION... 19 MODEC... 20 WORLD GTL... 21 BHP BILLITON... 21 EXXON MOBIL... 21 SHELL... 22 QATAR AND EGYPT: MAJOR FOCUS FOR GTL PROJECTS... 23
QATAR... 23 PROJECT LIST... 24 TABLE 4 PRINCIPAL GTL PLANTS AROUND THE WORLD... 25 HISTORY OF THE GTL INDUSTRY... 26 FIGURE 1 GTL PRODUCTION OPTIONS, TRANSPORTATION FUELS, AND CHEMICALS... 26 TABLE 5 CURRENT WORLD COMMERCIAL SYNFUEL CAPACITY (BBL/D)... 27 TABLE 6 COMPARATIVE MERITS AND DRAWBACKS OF FT... 28 SHELL SMDS... 28 Shell SMDS (Continued)... 29 SASOL GTL PROCESSES... 30 Sasol GTL Processes (Continued)... 31 SASOL CTL PLANTS... 32 STATOIL AND PETROSA... 33 RENTECH... 34 Rentech (Continued)... 35 EXXON MOBIL S ADVANCED GAS CONVERSION... 36 SYNTROLEUM CORPORATION... 37 Syntroleum Corporation (Continued)... 38 BP PILOT PLANT IN ALASKA... 39 CHOREN INDUSTRIES... 40 SYNTHETIC FUELS INTERNATIONAL... 40 CANMETENERGY TECHNOLOGY CENTER CETC SUPERCETANE TECHNOLOGY... 41 Canmetenergy Technology Center (Continued)... 42 Canmetenergy Technology Center (Continued)... 43 COMPACTGTL... 44 CompactGTL (Continued)... 45 LNG MARKETS AND CTL... 46 LNG MARKETS AND CTL (CONTINUED)... 47 COAL TO LIQUIDS... 48 SRI INTERNATIONAL ALTERNATIVE TO FISCHER- TROPSCH... 49 NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY STUDY... 49 BAARD ENERGY CTL PLANT... 50 TABLE 7 OPERATING AND PLANNED LARGE COAL GASIFICATION/ CTL PLANTS STATUS, AS OF 2012... 50 TABLE 7 (CONTINUED)... 51 TABLE 7 (CONTINUED)... 52 TABLE 7 (CONTINUED)... 53 GTL TECHNOLOGIES... 54 INTRODUCTION... 54 TECHNOLOGIES AND PRODUCTION COSTS... 54
GTL PLANT SCALES... 55 GTL Plant Scales (Continued)... 56 GTL Plant Scales (Continued)... 57 GTL OUTPUTS... 58 GTL Outputs (Continued)... 59 REFORMING... 60 Adiabatic Prereforming... 61 Tubular Reforming... 62 Advanced Reforming... 62 Sulfur-Passivated Reforming... 62 Catalytic Partial Oxidation... 63 Two-Step Reforming... 63 Heat Exchange Reforming... 63 Catalyst Developments... 64 HYDROGEN SHIFT CONVERSION AND METHANATION... 65 SHIFT CONVERSION... 66 METHANATION... 66 CHAPTER FOUR: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE DEVELOPMENTS... 67 TIER 1 LARGE DEVELOPERS / PATENT HOLDERS... 67 BHP BILLITON... 67 BP... 68 CHEVRON CORP.... 68 CONOCOPHILLIPS CO.... 69 EXXON MOBIL CORP... 70 GTL.F1 AG... 71 IFP ENERGIES NOUVELLES... 71 IVANHOE ENERGY... 72 LINC ENERGY LTD.... 73 MARATHON OIL CORP.... 74 METHANEX CORP.... 75 PETROSA... 76 RENTECH INC.... 76 REPSOL... 77 ROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC... 78 SASOL CHEVRON... 79 SASOL SYNTHETIC FUELS INTERNATIONAL... 79 STATOIL... 80 SYNTROLEUM CORP.... 81 TOTAL... 82 Total (Continued)... 83 TIER 2 COMPONENT AND ENGINEERING SERVICES SUPPLIERS... 84 ABB LUMMUS GLOBAL GMBH... 84
AIR LIQUIDE GROUP... 84 AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS INC.... 85 AMEC PROCESS AND ENERGY LTD.... 86 AXENS... 86 BASF CORP.... 87 BLACK & VEATCH HOLDING CO.... 87 CHICAGO BRIDGE & IRON CO.... 88 Chicago Bridge & Iron Co. (Continued)... 89 CRYOMECH INC.... 90 DELTA HUDSON ENGINEERING LTD.... 90 DESCON ENGINEERING CO. INC.... 90 DOW CHEMICAL CO.... 91 ELTRON RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT INC.... 91 FLUOR CORP.... 92 FMC TECHNOLOGIES... 93 FOSTER WHEELER CORP.... 94 HALDOR TOPSØE A/S... 95 INTEGRATED CONCEPTS AND RESEARCH CORPORATION... 96 JAPAN OIL, GAS, AND METALS NATIONAL CORPORATION... 97 JOHNSON MATTHEY CATALYSTS... 98 KINETICS TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL CORP. INC... 98 THE LINDE GROUP... 99 LURGI AG... 100 MITSUI OCEAN DEVELOPMENT & ENGINEERING CO. LTD.... 101 NIPPON STEEL CORP.... 101 OXFORD CATALYSTS... 102 Oxford Catalysts (Continued)... 103 PALL CORP.... 104 PRAXAIR INC.... 105 SIEMENS AG... 106 STORK BV... 106 SYNTHETIC FUELS INTERNATIONAL INC.... 107 TECHNIP... 108 UOP LLC... 108 UOP LLC (Continued)... 109 TIER 3 DEVELOPMENT STAGE COMPANIES... 110 ACCELERGY CORPORATION... 110 ANELLOTECH INC.... 110 BAARD ENERGY LLC... 111 BLUEFIRE RENEWABLES INC.... 111 CARBON SCIENCES INC.... 112 COMPACTGTL PLC... 113 CompactGTL PLC... 114
GAS REACTION TECHNOLOGIES INC.... 115 HYDROGENICS CORP.... 116 PRIMUS GREEN ENERGY... 116 SILURIA TECHNOLOGIES INC.... 117 SYNTHESIS ENERGY SYSTEMS INC.... 117 THERMOCHEM RECOVERY INTERNATIONAL... 118 VIRENT... 119 WORLD GTL... 120 SCIENTIFIC, GOVERNMENT AND EDUCATION ORGANIZATIONS... 120 ADVANCED MANUFACTURING OFFICE... 120 ALASKA NATURAL RESOURCES TO LIQUIDS LLC... 121 ALLIANCE FOR SYNTHETIC FUELS IN EUROPE... 121 ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY... 122 CANMETENERGY TECHNOLOGY CENTER... 122 IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY... 123 INSTITUT FRANÇAIS DU PÉTROLE... 123 LEHIGH UNIVERSITY... 123 NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY... 124 NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY... 125 OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY... 125 OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY... 125 UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON... 126 UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY... 126 CHAPTER FIVE: GTL PRODUCT DEMAND FORECASTS... 127 PRODUCT OVERVIEW... 127 TABLE 8 MARKET VALUE FORECAST OF PRODUCTS PRODUCED VIA GTL WITH COMPARISONS TO CTL AND BTL, THROUGH 2017 ($ BILLIONS)... 128 TOTAL UNCONVENTIONAL FUELS MARKET... 128 TABLE 9 PROJECTED WORLD UNCONVENTIONAL LIQUID FUELS MARKET, THROUGH 2017 (MBBL/D)... 129 FT GTL FUEL DEMAND BY PRODUCT TYPE... 129 DIESEL... 129 GASOLINE... 129 OTHER GTL PRODUCTS... 130 TABLE 10 PROJECTED MARKET VALUE OF FT GTL TRANSPORTATION FUELS BY PRODUCT TYPE, THROUGH 2017 ($ BILLIONS)... 130 FT GTL CHEMICALS DEMAND BY PRODUCT TYPE... 130 TABLE 11 PROJECTED MARKET VALUE OF FT GTL CHEMICALS BY PRODUCT, THROUGH 2017 ($ BILLIONS)... 131 GTL CHEMICALS PROCESSING... 132 THE METHANOL MARKET... 132 METHANOL-TO-GASOLINE PROCESS... 133
Methanol-to-Gasoline (Continued)... 134 GTL PRODUCTS WAXES... 135 GTL PRODUCTS WAXES (CONTINUED)... 136 GTL PRODUCTS WAXES (CONTINUED)... 137 FUELS THAT WILL COMPETE WITH GTL... 138 GTL COMPETITORS... 138 GROWING GLOBAL LNG DEMAND... 139 CHANGING LNG PROJECT ECONOMICS... 139 WORLDWIDE DEMAND FOR NATURAL GAS... 140 RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES EFFECT ON SUPPLY FOR GTL PLANTS... 141 COAL-TO-LIQUIDS... 142 COAL-TO-LIQUIDS (CONTINUED)... 143 COAL-TO-LIQUIDS (CONTINUED)... 144 FIGURE 2 FLOW CHART: TWO APPROACHES TO PRODUCING LIQUID FUELS FROM COALS... 145 CTL PROJECT ECONOMICS... 145 BIOMASS-TO-LIQUIDS DEVELOPMENTS... 146 OVERVIEW... 146 TABLE 12 COMMERCIAL BIOMASS-BASED GASIFICATION PLANTS, 2012... 146 TABLE 12 (CONTINUED)... 147 PETROCHEMICALS FROM BIOMASS... 147 BTL GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY... 148 BIOFUELS AND RENEWABLE BIOFUELS... 149 ETHANOL... 150 BIODIESEL... 151 OTHER SYNTHETIC CRUDE OILS... 152 OIL SANDS... 152 EXTRA-HEAVY OIL... 153 SHALE OIL... 154 Shale Oil (Continued)... 155 CHAPTER SIX: REGULATORY DRIVERS THE MACRO ENVIRONMENT... 156 EARLY SYNTHETIC FUEL LEGISLATION... 156 EARLY SYNTHETIC FUEL LEGISLATION (CONTINUED)... 157 2007 TO 2012 DEVELOPMENTS AND TAX INCENTIVES... 158 2007 TO 2012 DEVELOPMENTS (CONTINUED)... 159 GHGS WILL BECOME A PRIORITY IN LAW AND REGULATION... 160 STATE INITIATIVES RELATIVE TO FUELS CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS... 161 FUEL STANDARDS ARE DRIVING THE ADOPTION OF GTL... 162 EARLIER INITIATIVES... 163 EARLIER INITIATIVES (CONTINUED)... 164
GOVERNMENT FUNDING FOR GTL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT... 165 GOVERNMENT FUNDING FOR GTL (CONTINUED)... 166 SNYGAS RESEARCH FUNDING VIA THE HYDROGEN FUEL INITIATIVE... 167 SNYGAS RESEARCH FUNDING (CONTINUED)... 168 CHAPTER SEVEN: RECENT SIGNIFICANT PATENT ACTIVITY... 169 OVERVIEW... 169 TABLE 13 COMPANIES ASSIGNED MULTIPLE U.S. PATENTS RELATING TO GTL PRODUCTION DURING THE PERIOD 2008 2012 (NUMBER)... 170 NOTEWORTHY PATENTS... 170 ISOLATION AND SUBSEQUENT UTILIZATION OF SATURATED FATTY ACIDS AND ALPHA-OLEFINS IN THE PRODUCTION OF ESTER-BASED BIOLUBRICANTS... 170 PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYBRID CATALYSTS FOR FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS AND HYBRID CATALYST PRODUCED ACCORDING TO SAID PROCESS... 171 SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND COMPOSITIONS FOR PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS... 171 CATALYSTS FOR FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS ON COBALT/ PHOSPHORUS-ALUMINUM OXIDE AND PREPARATION METHODS THEREOF... 172 COBALT-BASED CATALYST FOR FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS... 173 BUBBLE COLUMN-TYPE FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS SLURRY BED REACTION SYSTEM... 173 FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYST... 174 LOW-PRESSURE FISCHER-TROPSCH PROCESS... 174 ACID TREATMENT OF A FISCHER-TROPSCH DERIVED HYDROCARBON STREAM... 175 PROCESS FOR CONVERTING GASEOUS ALKANES TO OLEFINS AND LIQUID HYDROCARBONS... 175 PROCESS FOR THE PURIFICATION OF AN AQUEOUS STREAM COMING FROM THE FISCHER-TROPSCH REACTION... 176 PROCESS FOR STABILIZING THE PERFORMANCES OF A CATALYST FOR FISCHER TROPSCH REACTION... 176 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REGENERATING AN IRON-BASED FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYST... 177 FISCHER-TROPSCH WAX COMPOSITION AND METHOD OF TRANSPORT... 177
PRODUCTION OF LOW SULFUR, MODERATELY AROMATIC DISTILLATE FUELS BY HYDROCRACKING OF COMBINED FISCHER-TROPSCH AND PETROLEUM STREAMS... 178 ZEOLITE SUPPORTED COBALT HYBRID FISCHER- TROPSCH CATALYST... 178 MICRO SCALE FISCHER-TROPSCH AND OXYGENATE SYNTHESIS PROCESS STARTUP UNIT... 179 DEVICE FOR PRODUCING LIQUID HYDROCARBONS BY FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS IN A THREE-PHASE BED REACTOR... 179 ELECTROMECHANICAL FILTER FOR FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS... 180 PROCESS FOR IMPROVING THE LUBRICATING PROPERTIES OF BASE OILS USING A FISCHER- TROPSCH DERIVED BOTTOMS... 180 APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA AND FISCHER-TROPSCH LIQUIDS... 181 METHOD TO TRANSFORM BULK MATERIAL... 181 FINISHED LUBRICANT WITH IMPROVED RUST INHIBITION MADE USING FISCHER-TROPSCH BASE OIL... 182 FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYST... 182 PROCESS FOR MAKING FISCHER-TROPSCH OLEFINIC NAPHTHA AND HYDROGENATED DISTILLATES... 182 PRODUCTION OF HYDROCARBONS FROM NATURAL GAS... 183 FISCHER-TROPSCH PROCESS AND REACTOR ASSEMBLY... 183 PROCESS TO BLEND A MINERAL AND A FISCHER- TROPSCH DERIVED PRODUCT ONBOARD A MARINE VESSEL... 184 APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA AND FISCHER-TROPSCH LIQUIDS... 184 MULTI STAGE FISCHER-TROPSCH PROCESS... 185 PROCESS TO PREPARE A FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS PRODUCT... 185 FISCHER-TROPSCH DERIVED TURBINE FUEL AND PROCESS FOR MAKING SAME... 186 FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS PROCESS WITH IMPROVED REGULATION... 186 INTERNAL EXCHANGER FOR GAS-LIQUID-SOLID REACTOR FOR FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS... 187 PROCESS TO PREPARE A FISCHER-TROPSCH PRODUCT... 187 FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYSTS INCORPORATING PROMOTER FOR INCREASING YIELDS OF C5
HYDROCARBONS AND METHODS FOR MAKING AND USING SAME... 188 DUAL CATALYST SYSTEM FOR HYDROISOMERIZATION OF FISCHER-TROPSCH WAX AND WAXY RAFFINATE... 188 METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MIDDLE DISTILLATES BY HYDROISOMERISATION AND HYDROCRACKING OF CHARGES ARISING FROM THE FISCHER-TROPSCH METHOD... 189 CATALYST STRUCTURE AND METHOD OF FISCHER- TROPSCH SYNTHESIS... 190 METHOD FOR ACTIVATING AN IRON-BASED FISCHER- TROPSCH CATALYST... 190 PROCESS OF FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS BY CONTROL OF THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF WATER IN THE REACTION ZONE... 190 PROCESS FOR PRODUCING MIDDLE DISTILLATES BY HYDROISOMERIZING AND HYDROCRACKING FEEDS FROM THE FISCHER-TROPSCH PROCESS USING A MULTIFUNCTIONAL GUARD BED... 191 PROCESS FOR PRODUCING MIDDLE DISTILLATES BY HYDROISOMERIZING AND HYDROCRACKING FEEDS FROM THE FISCHER-TROPSCH PROCESS USING A DOPED CATALYST BASED ON MESOPOROUS ALUMINA-SILICA WITH A CONTROLLED MACROPORE CONTENT... 191 PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF PROPYLENE AND ETHYLENE FROM A FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS PRODUCT... 192 METHOD FOR PROVIDING AUXILIARY POWER TO AN ELECTRIC POWER PLANT USING FISCHER-TROPSCH TECHNOLOGY... 192 EXPANDED BED REACTOR SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR HYDROPROCESSING WAX PRODUCED BY FISCHER- TROPSCH REACTION AND CONTAMINATED WITH SOLIDS... 193 CONVERSION PROCESS... 193 HIGH SURFACE AREA, SMALL CRYSTALLITE SIZE CATALYST FOR FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS... 194 PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOLS FROM SYNTHESIS GAS... 194 AMMONIA PLANT CONFIGURATION AND METHODS... 195 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING PRODUCTS FROM NATURAL GAS INCLUDING HELIUM AND LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS... 195
METHOD OF GENERATING HYDROCARBON REAGENTS FROM DIESEL, NATURAL GAS, AND OTHER LOGISTICAL FUELS... 196 PROCESS FOR SYNTHESIZING HYDROCARBONS... 196 HIGH PURITY OLEFINIC NAPHTHAS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ETHYLENE AND PROPYLENE... 197 PROCESS FOR IMPROVING PREREFORMING AND REFORMING OF NATURAL GAS CONTAINING HIGHER HYDROCARBONS ALONG WITH METHANE... 197 SYNTHESIS GAS AND CARBON DIOXIDE GENERATION METHOD... 198 PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A SUPPORTED CATALYST... 198 PROCESS AND SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING SYNTHETIC LIQUID HYDROCARBON FUELS... 199 PREPARATION OF TITANIA AND COBALT ALUMINATE CATALYST SUPPORTS AND THEIR USE IN FISCHER- TROPSCH SYNTHESIS... 199 PROCESS FOR REMOVING ALUMINUM CONTAMINANTS FROM FISCHER-TROPSCH FEED STREAMS USING DICARBOXYLIC ACID... 200 HYDROGEN RECOVERY FROM HYDROCARBON SYNTHESIS PROCESSES... 200 PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MIDDLE DISTILLATES BY HYDROISOMERISATION AND HYDROCRACKING FEEDS FROM THE FISCHER- TROPSCH PROCESS... 201 STABILIZED TRANSITION ALUMINA CATALYST SUPPORT FROM BOEHMITE AND CATALYSTS MADE THEREFROM... 201 RECOVERY OF ALCOHOLS FROM FISCHER-TROPSCH NAPHTHA AND DISTILLATE FUELS CONTAINING THE SAME... 202 PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC TRANSPORTATION FUELS FROM CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL USING SELF- SUSTAINED HYDRO-GASIFICATION... 202 PROCESS FOR PRODUCING SYNTHESIS GAS FOR THE FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS AND PRODUCING APPARATUS THEREOF... 203 LOW SULPHUR DIESEL FUEL AND AVIATION TURBINE FUEL... 204 PROCESSES FOR MAKING LUBRICANT BLENDS WITH LOW BROOKFIELD VISCOSITIES... 204
PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF USEFUL PRODUCTS FROM CARBONACEOUS FEEDSTOCK... 205 PRODUCTION OF LOW SULFUR, MODERATELY AROMATIC DISTILLATE FUELS BY HYDROCRACKING OF COMBINED FISCHER-TROPSCH AND PETROLEUM STREAMS... 205 CATALYSTS... 206 FISCHER-TROPSCH COMPOSITION AND PROCESS... 206 SUPPORTED CATALYST... 207 FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYST PRODUCTION... 207 PROCESS TO PREPARE A HEAVY AND A LIGHT LUBRICATING BASE OIL... 208 HYDROPROCESSING METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR USE IN THE PREPARATION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBONS... 208 SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF IMPROVING DIESEL FUEL PERFORMANCE IN COLD CLIMATES... 209 METHOD FOR PRODUCING LONG-CHAIN HYDROCARBONS FROM NATURAL GAS... 209 FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYST, PREPARATION, AND USE THEREOF... 210 HOMOGENEOUS MODIFIED-ALUMINA FISCHER- TROPSCH CATALYST SUPPORTS... 210 BLENDING FOR DENSITY SPECIFICATIONS USING FISCHER-TROPSCH DIESEL FUEL... 211 OXYGENATE TREATMENT OF DEWAXING CATALYST FOR GREATER YIELD OF DEWAXED PRODUCT... 211 PROCESS FOR REMOVING CONTAMINANTS FROM FISCHER-TROPSCH FEED STREAMS... 212 PROCESS TO PREPARE A WAXY RAFFINATE... 212 PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MIDDLE DISTILLATES BY HYDROISOMERISATION AND HYDROCRACKING FEEDS FROM THE FISCHER- TROPSCH PROCESS... 213 RECEPTION, PROCESSING, HANDLING, AND DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROCARBONS AND OTHER FLUIDS... 213 PRODUCTION OF HYDROCARBONS... 214 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REGENERATING AN IRON-BASED FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYST... 214 PROCESS FOR CONVERTING GASEOUS ALKANES TO LIQUID HYDROCARBONS... 215
INTEGRATED PROCESSING OF NATURAL GAS INTO LIQUID PRODUCTS... 215 GAS-TO-LIQUIDS FACILITY FOR FIXED OFFSHORE HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION PLATFORMS... 216 MODIFICATION OF A METHANOL PLANT FOR CONVERTING NATURAL GAS TO LIQUID HYDROCARBONS... 216 PROCESS FOR THE RECOVERY OF OIL FROM A NATURAL OIL RESERVOIR... 217 APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT LIQUID HYDROCARBONS FROM METHANE AND/OR NATURAL GAS... 217 MANAGING HYDROGEN IN A GAS TO LIQUID PLANT... 218 METHOD FOR CONVERTING NATURAL GAS TO LIQUID HYDROCARBONS... 218 Method for Converting (Continued)... 219