Energy Security Electrical Islanding Approach and Assessment Tools Dr. Bill Kramer Senior Research Engineer Distributed Energy Systems Integration
Dr. Bill Kramer - 2 Electricity, Resources, & Building Systems Integration Center Thermal Systems Transmission and Grid Integration Residential Building R&D Distributed Energy Resources Integration Resource Information and Forecasting Commercial Building R&D
Mission Enable maximum renewable energy and energy efficiency technology adoption Maintain and enhance grid reliability by advancing critical science and engineering in electrical systems and resource assessment. Transfer knowledge and innovations in these areas in a manner that accelerates commercial deployment and addresses the nation s energy, security, and environmental goals. Dr. Bill Kramer - 3
Dr. Bill Kramer - 4 A System of Systems Technology R&D, Modeling, Simulations Generation Technologies Transmission Systems and Technologies Distribution Systems and Technology End Use Technologies and the Built Environment Applied to Enhance DOE s Integration Mission
Dr. Bill Kramer - 5 Areas of Focus Generation PV Wind Electrolysis CSP Geothermal Biomass Storage Transmission & Distribution Integration Interconnection Communications Controls Operations Storage End Use and the Built Environment Zero-energy buildings Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles Fuel cells Demand Control Intelligent controls Zero-energy communities Storage
Competency Areas Resource assessment and forecasting Distribution systems and microgrids Smart grids Transient and fault analysis Transmission Power electronics Grid operations and modeling Capacity expansion modeling Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle-to-grid interactions Energy storage Reliability planning and modeling Codes and standards Interconnection Policy Demand response tech Dr. Bill Kramer - 6
NREL Electricity, Resources, and Building Systems Integration Center Thermal Systems Transmission and Grid Integration Residential Building R&D Distributed Energy Systems Integration Resource Information and Forecasting Commercial Building R&D
Dr. Bill Kramer - 8 Distributed Energy Resources Test Facility (DERTF)
Distributed Energy Systems Distributed energy systems integration Power electronics Renewable electrolysis for H2 production Codes and standards Distributed systems modeling Dr. Bill Kramer - 9
Distributed Energy Systems Integration Project Areas Distributed Energy Integration Renewable Energy Grid Integration Hybrid Power Systems Interconnection Equipment Evaluation Advanced Power Electronic Interface Development Integration of Renewables with Electrolyzers Vehicle-to-Grid Applications Advanced Distribution Systems Smart Grids Microgrids Integration of Energy Storage and Load Management Standards and Codes
Distributed Energy Resources Test Facility (DERTF) Advancing Renewable, Distributed Energy, and Hydrogen Technologies DC Bus Allows up to 10 DC device (Battery, PV) connections AC Bus (3Phase, 480V, 400A rated) Allows up to 15 AC device (inverters, microturbine, generators) connections Switch Panel Computer controlled. Allows tester to easily configure systems. Ability to run 3 independent systems simultaneously.
Distributed Energy Resources Interconnection Technologies Electric Power Systems Fuel Cell PV Functions Power Conversion Utility System Power Conditioning Microturbine Wind Inverter Power Quality Protection Microgrids DER and Load Control Loads Energy Storage PHEV - V2G Ancillary Services Communications Local Loads Load Simulators Generator Switchgear, Relays, & Controls Metering
Dr. Bill Kramer - 13 Energy Systems Integration Facility
ESIF Site Location
ESIF Features Research, Development and Engineering for the integration of: PV, CSP, Storage, Hydrogen, Wind, Demand Side Technologies for the built environment. Facilities include: Indoor and outdoor Laboratories and test beds High-performance computer (100 teraflop)
Dr. Bill Kramer - 16 ESIF Layout
ESIF Design Criteria Approximately 200,000 sq. ft. 19 Laboratories 5 Test Facilities (Outdoor, Roof, etc.) ~200 person Office area Specialty Areas Insight Center including Visualization Rooms and Collaboration areas Virtual Control Room for RE Integration and Infrastructure Visualization Common Areas (Building support, maintenance, conference rooms, security, ES&H, building management) 15,000+ sq. ft. HPC and Data Center (with additional secure area) Dr. Bill Kramer - 17
Dr. Bill Kramer - 18 Smart Grid Advanced Operations At high penetration levels, distributed generation needs to actively participate in grid functions like voltage regulation. SUBSTATION DG Supplementary Regulators DG Supplementary Regulators DG FEEDER LTC Control Capacitor Control DG DG DG DG PF Capacitor DG Voltage and VAR Regulation Coordination Algorithm Manages tap settings, DG VAR levels, and capacitors to regulate voltage, reduce losses, conserve energy, and system resources
Dr. Bill Kramer - 19 Microgrids Advanced Operations Distributed PV needs to integrate with other DG and energy storage to form microgrids for increased reliability. Island Forms Substation feeder Recloser Opens DG 1 Conventional Rotating DG PV Inverter Source 3 Conventional Rotating DG DG 3 lateral PV Inverter Source 1 PV Inverter Source 2 DG 2 Conventional Rotating DG
Microgrids Improving Reliability Substation Feed Intentional Island Load Circuit Breaker (open for intentional island) Load Load Fast Power Electronics Switch (open for facility island) Facility Island (Microgrid) Load DE DE Load DE Advanced Power Electronics Interfaces
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/index.html IEEE 1547 Series Standards 1547-2008 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems 1547.1-2005 Conformance Test Procedures for Equipment Interconnecting DR with EPS 1547.2-2008 Application Guide for IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnecting DR with EPS 1547.3-2007 Guide for Monitoring, Information Exchange and Control of DR Current Projects P1547.4 Guide for Design, Operation, and Integration of DR Island Systems with EPS P1547.5 Guidelines for Interconnection of Electric Power Sources Greater Than 10 MVA to the Power Transmission Grid P1547.6 Recommended Practice for Interconnecting DR With EPS Distribution Secondary Networks P1547.7 Draft Guide to Conducting Distribution Impact Studies for Distributed Resource Interconnection Microgrids Urban distribution networks
IEEE 1547.4 Information This document provides alternative approaches and good practices for the design, operation, and integration of distributed resource (DR) island systems with electric power systems (EPS). This includes the ability to separate from and reconnect to part of the area EPS while providing power to the islanded local EPSs. This guide includes the distributed resources, interconnection systems, and participating electric power systems. The term DR island systems, sometimes referred to as microgrids, is used for these intentional islands. DR island systems are EPSs that: 1. have DR and load 2. have the ability to disconnect from and parallel with the area EPS 3. include the local EPS and may include portions of the area EPS, and 4. are intentionally planned. DR island systems can be either local EPS islands or area EPS islands.
Facility Microgrid Example Area Electric Power System (Area EPS) Point of Common Coupling (PCC) PCC PCC Point of DR Connection Point of DR Connection Load Distributed Resource (DR) Unit Distributed Resource (DR) Unit Load Local EPS 1 Local EPS 2 Local EPS 3
Utility Microgrid Example Area Electric Power System (Area EPS) Point of Common Coupling (PCC) PCC PCC Point of DR Connection Point of DR Connection Load Distributed Resource (DR) Unit Distributed Resource (DR) Unit Load Local EPS 1 Local EPS 2 Local EPS 3
Testing Microgrid Switch Technologies Open for a Utility Microgrid Distributed Generation DG Load Distribution Feeder from Substation Interconnection Switch Interconnection Switch Open for a Industrial/ Commerical Microgrid Possible Control Systems DG DS Load Load Distributed Generation Distributed Storage
Development of High-Speed Static Switch for Microgrid Applications NREL, Northern Power Systems, and California Energy Commission developed a DER Switch Circuit Breaker and Power- Electronics based hardware with same controller Tested CB and controller equipment at Northern and NREL PE based unit installed in CERTS microgrid
Testing of Microgrid Switches Relay Function Testing Undervoltage (27) Overvoltage (59) Overfrequency (81O) Underfrequency (81U) Phase sequence (46) Instantaneous overcurrent (51) Time overcurrent (50) Omicron CMC 256 Secondary injection test set IEEE 1547 Testing Over/undervoltage Over/underfrequency Synchronization Reverse power Unintentional islanding. Power Quality Testing CBEMA-ITI curve Utility Grid Simulators Primary injection test set
Microgrid Symposium DOE/LBNL/NREL sponsor an international microgrid symposium every year since 2005. Last year was in San Diego, CA Information and Presentations from all prior symposiums can be found at: http://der.lbl.gov/new_site/der.htm
Distributed Energy Workstation DEW is a steady-state electrical simulation environment capable of solving very large and complex distribution system models. DEW algorithms include: Time-varying Load Flow PV Impact Analysis Protection/Coordination Analysis Contingency Analysis Reconfiguration for Restoration or Minimum Loss DEW can be used to: Evaluate resource placement and electrical interconnection Analyze the impacts of distributed resources on the existing base infrastructures Identify and evaluate opportunities to improve load and renewable resource coincidence Dr. Bill Kramer - 29
Dr. Bill Kramer - 30 Distribution Grid Simulation (DEW)
Microgrid Business Cases What value do microgrids bring? Increase Reliability Energy Security Reduce total energy costs Get more benefit out of installed DR Companies are installing microgrids at DOD bases that incorporate multiple gensets and responds to price signals for time of use and peak shaving. Generators also serve as backup if utility goes down.
Microgrid Support Projects Miramar (CA) Fort Carson (CO) Air Force Academy (CO) Santa Rita Jail (CA) DOD bases on HI Lanai (HI) Existing Power System New PV System Santa Rita Jail Lanai, HI
Dr. Bill Kramer - 33 Technology Path Forward
Dr. Bill Kramer - 34 For more information contact: Dr. Bill Kramer Senior Research Engineer & Energy Systems Integration Task Leader (303) 275 3844 Bill.Kramer@nrel.gov National Renewable Energy Laboratory Energy, Resources Buildings Systems Integration Center Distributed Energy Resources Group