Chapter No. Title Page No. 1 Overview of a Ship s Electrical System 1 2 Electrical Safety 41 3 Electrical Equipment for Hazardous Areas 83 4 AC Distribution Systems 125 5 Emergency Power and Shore Supply 147 6 Isolated and Earthed Neutral Systems 177 7 Alternators 207 8 Automatic Voltage Regulators and Exciters 259 9 Fixed and Portable Instrumentation 293 10 Paralleling of Alternators 361 11 Switchboards and Switchgear 407 12 Starters for Alternating Current Motors 453 13 Fault Protection Devices 545 14 Electric Cables 619 15 Insulation and Ingress Protection 639 16 Electrical Propulsion Systems 667 17 Steering and Stabiliser Systems 737 18 Batteries and Battery Charging 761 19 Lighting Systems 827 20 Alarm Indication Systems 853 21 Miscellaneous Systems 925 22 Maintenance and Troubleshooting 973 Addendum Overcoming Common Difficulties in Rotating Machines 1049 Index of Key Words and Articles 1051 xix
Chapter 1 Overview of a Ship s Electrical System 1.1 The Marine Environment 1 1.2 Effects of Inclination 2 1.3 General Provisions 4 1.4 Installation and Basic Maintenance 9 1.5 Effects of Temperature 9 1.6 Systems and Major Components 10 1.7 Power Management Systems 19 1.8 Electrical Diagrams 26 1.9 Relevant SOLAS Regulations (Chapter II 1) 38 Chapter 2 Electrical Safety 2.1 Compliance with Regulations 41 2.2 The Inherent Dangers and Avoidance of Disastrous Consequences 46 2.3 Passive Safety Measures 49 2.4 Active Safety Measures 52 2.5 Fundamental Requirements for Safe Installation of Equipment 56 2.6 Dos and Don ts While Working with Electrical Equipment 57 2.7 Danger Signals 61 2.9 Conditions which Increase Danger to Personnel 63 2.10 Shock Risk with Portable AC Appliances 64 2.11 High Voltage Safety 68 2.12 Electrical Accidents 72 2.13 Maintenance of Records 79 Chapter 3 Electrical Equipment for Hazardous Areas 3.1 Tanker Installations 83 3.2 The International Electrotechnical Commission s Ex Scheme 89 3.3 International Safety Standards 94 3.4 Ventilation when using Varnishes, Volatile Paints etc., containing Solvents 122 xx
Chapter 4 AC Distribution Systems 4.1 The General Concept 125 4.2. Common Systems for the Distribution of AC Power 126 4.3 Specific Systems for Ship s Service 128 4.4 Distribution Systems Onboard Ships 130 4.5 General Distribution Scheme Onboard a Ship 132 4.6 Distribution Transformers 134 4.7 Isolation Transformers 139 4.8 General Scheme Applicable to all Types of Tankers 140 4.9 Example of a High-voltage System for a Liquefied Natural Gas Carrier 142 4.10 Primary Power Bus 144 4.11 Relevant Regulations 145 Chapter 5 Emergency Power and Shore Supply 5.1 The Method of Supplying Emergency Power 147 5.2 The Electronic Speed Relay 161 5.3 Arrangements for Periodic Testing 162 5.4 Transitional Source of Power 163 5.5 Operating Instructions 164 5.6 Shore Supply or Cold Ironing 165 5.7 Relevant Rules 172 Chapter 6 Isolated and Earthed Neutral Systems 6.1 Electromagnetic Compatibility 177 6.2 Isolated and Earthed Neutral Systems 180 6.3 Grounding 183 6.4 Significance of Earth Faults 186 6.5 Multiple Systems 191 6.6 Causes of Earth Faults 191 xxi
Chapter 6 Isolated and Earthed Neutral Systems 6.7 Prevention of Earth Faults 193 6.8 Earth Fault Monitors and Alarms 194 6.9 Basics of a Digital Earth Fault Monitor 198 6.10 Detection and Clearance of an Earth Fault 199 6.11 Relevant Rules 203 Chapter 7 Alternators 7.1 The Basic Concept 207 7.2 The Elementary Alternator 209 7.3 Rotor and Stator 211 7.4 Armature and Field 212 7.5 Rotating Armature Alternators 212 7.6 Rotating Field Alternators 213 7.7 The Brushless Alternator 223 7.8 The High-voltage Brushless Alternator 230 7.9 Outline of Operation of a Brushless Alternator 232 7.10 Generator Heating 233 7.11 Shaft-driven Alternators 233 7.12 Exhaust Gas Turbo-generator System 244 7.13 Advantages of Shaft Generators 246 7.14 Disadvantages of Shaft Generators 246 7.15 High Voltage Systems 247 7.16 Alternator Starting 250 7.17 Harmonics 251 7.18 Relevant Rules 255 xxii
Chapter 8 Automatic Voltage Regulators and Exciters 8.1 Performance Requirements of Alternators 259 8.2 Operating Principle of an AVR 261 8.3 Exciters and Excitation Systems 261 8.4 Thyristor-based Static Automatic Voltage Regulator 264 8.5 Alternative Thyristor-based AVR Circuits 270 8.6 Transformer-based Static Excitation System 272 8.7 Transient Voltage Dip and Alternator Response 274 8.8 Effect of kw Loading 277 8.9 Effect of kvar Loading 279 8.10 Additional (Important) Features in a Modern AVR 280 8.11 Relevant ABS Rules 289 Chapter 9 Fixed and Portable Instrumentation 9.1 The Basics 293 9.2 Measuring System Terminology 293 9.3 Some Useful Fundamentals 296 9.4 In-Circuit Meters 298 9.5 Out-of-Circuit Meters 299 9.6 Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Meter 299 9.7 Power Measurement 302 9.8 The Electrodynamometer Wattmeter 306 9.9 Theory of an Electrodynamometer Wattmeter 309 9.10 Shape of the Scale of an Electrodynamometer Wattmeter 311 9.11 Power in Poly-Phase Systems - Blondel s Theorem 312 9.12 Measurement of Active Power in Three-Phase Circuits 312 9.13 Active Power Transducer 318 9.14 Power Factor Measurement 319 9.15 Frequency Meters 326 9.16 The Synchroscope 328 xxiii
Chapter 9 Fixed and Portable Instrumentation 9.17 Instrument Transformers 333 9.18 Digital Instruments 337 9.19 Portable Measuring Instruments 341 9.20 Relevant Rules 357 Chapter 10 Paralleling of Alternators 10.1 The Basics 361 10.2 Manual Synchronising 364 10.3 Check-synchronising Unit 367 10.4 Automatic Synchronising 367 10.5 Synchronising with the Aid of Lamps 373 10.6 Synchronising with the Aid of a Voltmeter 375 10.7 Parallel Operation 376 10.8 Excitation Control 377 10.9 Throttle Control 379 10.10 Load Sharing 382 10.11 Speed Droop and Power Generation 395 Chapter 11 Switchboards and Switchgear 11.1 Switchboards 407 11.2 Bus bars 416 11.3 Instrumentation and Controls 420 11.4 The Circuit Breaker (CB) 423 11.5 Circuit Breakers for Alternators 428 11.6 Moulded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCBs) 440 11.7 Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) 442 11.8 Residual Current Circuit Breakers (RCCBs) 444 11.9 Arc Fault Current Interrupters 445 xxiv
Chapter 11 Switchboards and Switchgear 11.10 Fused Isolators 446 11.11 Effect of Harmonics at Receptacle Load Centres 446 11.12 Corrective and Preventive Actions in Case of a Fire in the Main Switchboard 447 11.13 Relevant Rules 448 Chapter 12 Starters for Alternating Current Motors 12.1 The Basics of Starters 453 12.2 The Contactor 459 12.3 The Direct-on-line or D.O.L. Starter 461 12.4 Deck Machinery Control Systems 485 12.5 The Star-delta Starter 495 12.6 Starting Torque of a Squirrel-cage Type of Motor 508 12.7 Autotransformer Starter 511 12.8 Electronic Starters 514 12.9 Automatic Starting of Standby Motors 533 12.10 Speed Control of Induction Motors 536 Chapter 13 Fault Protection Devices 13.1 Identifying the Need for Circuit Protection 545 13.2 Direct Shorts 546 13.3 Excessive Current 549 13.4 Excessive Heat 549 13.5 Over-voltage 550 13.6 Surge 551 13.7 Transients 553 13.8 Ripple 555 13.9 Spikes 555 13.10 Overload 556 xxv
Chapter 13 Fault Protection Devices 13.11 Circuit Protection 556 13.12 Alternator and Associated Systems Protection 557 13.13 Protection Scheme on a High-voltage System (LNG Vessel) 571 13.14 Protection through Fuses 572 13.15 Protection Discrimination and Selective Coordination 595 13.16 Motor Protection 598 13.17 Cable Protection 611 13.18 Busbar Protection 612 13.19 Relevant Rules 613 Chapter 14 Electric Cables 14.1 The Basics 619 14.2 Conductors 620 14.3 Temperature Coefficient 621 14.4 Current Rating and Voltage Drop 621 14.5 Cable Sizes 623 14.6 US and British Comparative Sizes for Cables and Lines 623 14.7 Cable Testing 626 14.8 Electrical Cable Codes 627 14.9 Practical Tips on Wiring 632 14.10 Relevant Rules 635 Chapter 15 Insulation and Ingress Protection 15.1 The Basics 639 15.2 Classes of Insulation 640 15.3 Ageing of Insulation 642 15.4 Insulating Materials generally used in a Low to Medium Power AC Motor 643 15.5 Motor Ratings versus Temperature 644 xxvi
Chapter 15 Insulation and Ingress Protection 15.6 Temperature Ratings 645 15.7 Temperature Rise 645 15.8 Determination of Hot Temperature 646 15.9 Conductor Insulation 649 15.10 Insulating Materials 652 15.11 Separators and Fillers 655 15.12 Cable Sheath 655 15.13 Cable Gland 658 15.14 Plugs and Sockets for Reefer Containers 660 15.15 Degrees of Protection for an Enclosure 661 Chapter 16 Electrical Propulsion Systems 16.1 Layout and General Features 667 16.2 Optimising Storage Space 670 16.3 Ships Equipped with an Auxiliary Propulsion System 671 16.4 Electrical Propulsion 673 16.5 Advantages of Electrical Propulsion 675 16.6 Disadvantages of Electrical Propulsion 676 16.7 Turbo-electric Propulsion 677 16.8 The Synchronous Motor 680 16.9 AC Single-Speed Drive with a Controllable Pitch Propeller 685 16.10 AC Induction Motor Drive with a Controllable Pitch Propeller 686 16.11 Fixed-Speed Alternators with Variable-Speed Synchronous Motors 688 16.12 Cycloconverter Method of Speed Control 689 16.13 Advanced Diesel-electric Propulsion Systems 690 16.14 Thruster Propulsion Systems 710 16.15 Relevant Rules 731 xxvii
Chapter 17 Steering and Stabiliser Systems 17.1 Fundamental Concepts 737 17.2 Synchros for Rudder Angle and Course Indication 753 17.3 The Rate of Turn Indicator 755 17.4 Steering Gear Testing and Drills 755 17.5 Relevant Rules 757 Chapter 18 Batteries and Battery Charging 18.1 The Primary Cell 761 18.2 The Secondary Cell 762 18.3 Electrochemical Action 762 18.4 Battery Supplies 763 18.5 Lead-Acid Storage Batteries 764 18.6 The Wet or Flooded Cell 765 18.7 Maintenance-free Sealed Lead-acid Batteries 771 18.8 Electrical Characteristics of the Lead-acid Cell 776 18.9 Polarization of the Cell 783 18.10 Local Action 784 18.11 Nickel-Cadmium Storage Batteries 784 18.12 Silver-Zinc Cell 788 18.13 Silver-Cadmium Cell 788 18.14 Lithium Ion Battery for 406 MHz EPIRBs 789 18.15 Battery Charging 790 18.16 Charging of Lead-Acid Batteries 792 18.17 Charging of Nickel Cadmium Batteries 797 18.18 Thermal Runaway 799 18.19 Methods of Charging 800 18.20 Single-Rate and Two-Rate Battery Chargers 802 18.21 Automatic Thyristor-controlled Battery Charger 805 18.22 Lifeboat Battery Charger 811 xxviii
Chapter 18 Batteries and Battery Charging 18.23 Battery Installations and Safety Measures 812 18.24 First Aid Treatment for Contact due to Spillage 818 18.25 Reclaiming, Recycling and Re-using Lead Acid Batteries 818 18.26 Relevant Rules 819 Chapter 19 Lighting Systems 19.1 The Basics 827 19.2 Incandescent Lamps 829 19.3 Discharge Lamps 832 19.4 Hot Cathode Low Pressure Mercury Fluorescent Lamps 832 19.5 High Pressure Mercury Fluorescent Lamps 837 19.6 Low Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps 838 19.7 High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps 838 19.8 Disposal of Lamps Containing Mercury 839 19.9 Lamp Caps 841 19.10 Effects of Voltage on the Performance of Lamps 842 19.11 Navigation and Signal Lights 842 19.12 Modern LED-based Navigation Lights 847 19.13 Signals for a Power-driven Ship Under Way (At Night) 847 19.14 Emergency Lighting 848 19.15 Relevant Rules 850 Chapter 20 Alarm Indication Systems 20.1 Fire Alarms and Detection 855 20.2 Heat Detectors 858 20.3 The Combustion Detector 860 20.4 Detectors Reacting to Radiation Emanating from Flames 863 20.5 The Fire Alarm Control Panel 865 xxix
Chapter 20 Alarm Indication Systems 20.6 Fire Fighting Systems 871 20.7 Modern Methods of Fire Detection and Suppression 876 20.8 Crankcase Oil Mist Detector 880 20.9 Portable Oxygen Analyser - Model: Draeger E-11 891 20.11 Beckman Oxygen Analyser (Munday Cell Type) 897 20.12 Zirconia Oxygen Analysis 901 20.13 Things to Remember in Gas Dangerous Areas 902 20.14 Dead Man Alarm 904 20.15 Miscellaneous Alarm Indication Systems 908 20.16 Scanning-type System 910 20.17 Communication Systems 917 20.18 Relevant Rules 918 Chapter 21 Miscellaneous Systems 21.1 Introduction 925 21.2 Cathodic Protection 925 21.3 Marine Growth Prevention System 940 21.4 Shaft Earthing System 942 21.5 Monitoring of Water Purity 945 21.6 Galley Equipment 948 21.7 Laundry Equipment 951 21.8 Water-tight Doors 952 21.9 Water Ingress Detection System for Cargo Holds 958 21.10 Refrigerating Machinery 958 21.11 The Reefer Container 963 21.12 Air-conditioning Systems 964 xxx
Chapter 22 Maintenance and Troubleshooting 22.1 The Basics of Maintenance 983 22.2 Planned Preventive Maintenance 984 22.3 Performance / Condition Monitoring 993 22.4 Life Maintenance 996 22.5 Breakdown or Corrective Maintenance 996 22.6 Troubleshooting 996 22.7 Maintenance of Specific Equipment 1006 22.8 Routine Maintenance Checklist Suggested by a few Classification Societies 1040 22.9 The Recommended List of Spares, Tools and Accessories for Maintenance 1042 22.10 Relevant Rules 1043 xxxi