PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM FISH WASTE

MOHAN Y.V et al. PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM FISH WASTE MOHAN Y.V, PRAJWAL C.R, NITHIN N CHANDAVAR, PRAVEEN H.T 8 th semester, Department of Mechanical, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagaluru-577102 Email id :-mohanyv757@gmail.com Mr. SUCHITH KUMAR M T Asst.Professor, Department of Mechanical, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chikmagaluru-577102 ABSTRACT is an alternative to conventional diesel fuel made from renewable resources, such as nonedible vegetable oil, animal fat, oil seed etc., The oil extracted from fish waste can be converted into. No engine modifications are required to use biodiesel in place of petroleum based diesel. can be mixed with petroleum based diesel in any proportion. This interest is based on a number of properties of biodiesel including the fact that it is produced from renewable domestic source. The climate change is presently an important factor affecting the energy. The use of biodiesel resulted in lower emission of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matter. The biodiesel production chain is analyzed to quantify the net yield of energy and exergy and their respective degree of efficiency. The energy consumption calculation for the biodiesel production system is assessed as the sum of energy consumption in different stages in its production chain. Energy efficiency in biodiesel production can be assessed using an index for technical, economic and environmental sustainability analysis. The fish oil was separated from fish wastes using a specially designed oil extraction machine I OBJECTIVE Recovery of energy from waste. Conduction of Transesterification process. Comparing the properties of obtained biodiesel from fish waste with diesel, Pongamia biodiesel, waste cooking oil. II BIODIESELPRODUCTION Although there are different methods available to extract oil from fish waste, cooking is the basic method and easiest way to extract the oil. The following are the step by step procedure involved in production of. 1. Collection of fish waste First we collect the waste from different fishes like Buthai,Catla-Catla, Marckel at nearby market in Chikkamagaluru. 71 P a g e

2. Cooking of collected fish waste The collected fish waste is cooked in a large container about 1hour nearly 70-80 C at constant flame. After continuous heating due to density an oil layer settles at the top. Then the top oil layer is transferred to another vessel and it is again heated until moisture completely removed. Finally the oil is cooled and filtered. 3. Conversion of extracted oil to It is done by Transesterification process. The block diagram of this process is as shown below. 72 P a g e

III ESTERIFICATION The esterification reaction was carried out between acid and free fatty acid (FFA) to produce ester (biodiesel) and water. The FFA reduced in the fat to less than 2 mg KOH/g of fat, which to be suitable to produce biodiesel in trans-esterification reaction. The system was maintained at atmospheric pressure and the experiments were carried out at constant temperature. The agitation was kept constant at 300-rpm.Ethanol about 40/100 and 1% of sulphuric acid as a catalyst was used according to the value of FFA, The mixture was agitated and temperature was maintained at 80*C up to time of 3 hours. Once Esterification process got completed, the mixture was poured into separating funnel, treated oil and acid layer were separated. After completion, once again the oil is made through a FFA test where result from FFA decides whether to repeat the same process or to proceed. For producing biodiesel from Sheep fat waste we extracted 1 litre of oil by heating dry, added 400ml of methanol and 10ml of H 2 SO 4, shown in Fig IV TRANSESTERIFICATION Animal and plant fats and oils are composed of triglycerides, which are esters formed by the reactions of three free fatty acids and the trihydric alcohol, glycerol. In the transesterification process, the added alcohol (commonly, methanol or ethanol) is deprotonated with a base to make it a stronger nucleophile. As can be seen, the reaction has no other inputs than the triglyceride and the alcohol. Under normal conditions, this reaction will proceed either slowly or not at all, so heat, as well as catalysts (acid and/or base) is used to speed the reaction. It is important to note that the base is not consumed by the transesterification reaction, thus they are not reactants, but catalysts. Common catalysts for transesterification include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide. Almost all biodiesel is produced from virgin vegetable oils and animal fats use base-catalysed technique as it is the most economical process,requiring only low temperatures and pressures and producing over 98% conversion yield (provided the starting oil is low in moisture and free fatty acids). Triglycerides are reacted with an alcohol such as ethanol to give ethyl esters of fatty acids and glycerol. The alcohol reacts with the fatty acids to form the mono-alkyl ester (biodiesel) and crude glycerol. The reaction between the biolipid (fat or oil) and the alcohol is a reversible reaction so excess alcohol must be added to ensure complete conversion. Base catalyzed trans-esterification mechanism: The transesterification reaction is base catalyzed. Any strong base capable of deprotonating the alcohol will do (e.g. NaOH, KOH, etc.), but the sodium and potassium hydroxides are often chosen for their cost. The presence of water causes undesirable base hydrolysis, so the reaction must be kept dry. V BY-PRODUCTS Glycerin (glycerin, glycerol) is the by-product of making biodiesel. What sinks to the bottom of the biodiesel processor during the settling stage is a mixture of glycerin, methanol, soaps and the catalyst. Once separated from the biodiesel, adding phosphoric acid to the glycerin layer precipitates the catalyst out and also converts the soaps back to free fatty acids (FFAs), which float on top. The resultant products are light-colored precipitate on the bottom, glycerin/methanol/water in the middle, and FFA on top. The glycerin will be approx. 95% pure, a product to sell to refiners. 73 P a g e

The residual crushed seed, known as de-oiled cake, is a good source of manure, which can be used locally, or for export. The seed husks can be used to make packaging materials.. VI BIODIESELACTIVITIESININDIA a) The Tamilnadu government along with the forest department has planned a project for cultivation of Jatropha in 150,000 hectares in Tamilnadu. Any farmer with land can make their lands available for the jatropha project and the seedlings as well as technical assistance for grow-out will be provided by the forest department. b) The Indian Railway is to raise jatropha along the railway track and plan to plant jatropha along 25,000 route kilometers on two sides of the track. They plan to replace 10% of their total petro-diesel consumption by jatropha. The project has been started on a pilot scale. c) A Tamilnadu firm is working on a project to grow 600,000 hectares of jatropha on lands owned by farmers in various parts of Tamilnadu. They will provide farmers with the seedlings and Rs. 3,000 per hectare for land preparation and planting. They will contract with farmers to buy out their entire production of jatropha seeds. d) The Maharashtra Agro-forestry department has been actively encouraging the raising of jatropha in watershed development projects. e) A similar project as in Maharashtra is being attempted in the state of Madhya Pradesh. f) The planning boards of Haryana Government They are planning to grow jatropha on 50,000 acres (5,000 acres every year) to attract farmers to crop cycle Diversification. g) The Rural Community Action Centre (RCAC) in Tamilnadu state is promoting the plantation and use of jatropha. VII ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL a) The higher cetane number of biodiesel compared to petro-diesel indicates potential for higher engine performance. Tests have shown that biodiesel has similar or better fuel consumption, horsepower, and torque and haulage rates as conventional diesel. b) The superior lubricating properties of biodiesel increases functional engine efficiency. c) Their higher flash point makes them safer to store. d) The biodiesel molecules are simple hydrocarbon chains, containing no sulfur, or aromatic substances associated with fossil fuels. e) They contain higher amount oxygen (up to 10%) that ensures more complete combustion of hydrocarbons. f) Various other products from the plant (leaf, bark and seed extracts) have various other industrial and pharmaceutical uses. g) Localized production and availability of quality fuel. h) Restoration of degraded land over a period of time. i) Rural employment generation. VIII DISADVANTAGESOFBIODIESEL High cost of production: will eventually solve itself when large-scale production and use starts. Also, the price of petro-diesel does not take into account its actual cost (when environmental and military costs are included). Modifications are required to the automobiles for use of biofuel: many automobile brands are currently marketed readily for use of bio diesel. High CFPP (cold filter plugging point) values and hence solidification and clogging of the system at low temperatures: This problem occurs only in places where the temperature goes down to around 0 C, even here the problem is currently solved by adding additives. 74 P a g e

IX RESULTS Fuel energy is recovered from fish waste. Properties of Obtained biodiesel is compared with diesel, pongamia, biodiesel, waste cooking oil. Useful energy is obtained from waste. Comparision table 1.1 Sl no Properties Pongamia Pure Diesel Simaruba Fish waste 1 Density gm/cc 883 863 875 875 2 Viscosity(Centistokes) 5.51 4.1 5.418 4.3 3 Flash Point (c ) 141 103 149 161 4 Fire Point(c ) 146 108 153 166 X CONCLUSION is safe to handle because it is biodegradable and non-toxic. reduces all the emission. can be used alone or mixed in any amount with petroleum diesel fuel. runs in any conventional, unmodified diesel engine. No engine modifications are necessary to use biodiesel and there is no engine conversion. Increased utilization of renewable biofuels results in significant microeconomic benefits to both the urban and rural sectors, and the balance of trade. It is clear that more can be done to utilize domestic surpluses of vegetable oils while enhancing our energy security. Because biodiesel can be manufactured using existing industrial production capacity,and used with conventional equipment, it provides substantial opportunity for immediately addressing our energy security issues. REFERENCES [1] Mr.Suchith Kumar M T, AIT college, Chikkmaglur [2] U.S.Department of energy 2003 biorefineryppt.shaine Tyson nrel golden Colorado, USA. [3] Performance evaluation and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine using esterified biodiesels at CES, IIT Delhi 1996 (Advisor Prof lmlm Das). [4] LM Das development and characterization for use as a fuel in compression ignition engine journal of engineering for gas turbine and power (ASME Transaction journal), vol 123 pp440-447, April 2001. 75 P a g e