Table 1. Demographics and Standards of Living Across Countries Total Population Annual Annual # Under 5 GNP % under 5 s Net primary Total Maternal Population under 18 # of births < age 5 deaths mortality per capita under school fertility mortality (millions) (%) (thousands) (thousands) rate $ weight enrol/attend a rate rate b 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1987-1997 1987-1997 1996 1990 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Angola 11.2 54 546 159 292 270 -- -- 6.8 1500 Benin 5.6 55 238 40 169 350 29 43 y 6.0 990 Botswana 1.5 47 52 3 50 3020 15 96 4.6 250 Burkina Faso 10.8 54 501 87 173 230 30 33 y 6.7 930 Burundi 6.2 53 272 48 176 170 37 52 6.4 1300 Cameroon 13.6 51 539 55 102 610 14 65 y 5.4 550 Central African Republic 3.3 48 127 22 173 310 27 63 y 5.1 700 Chad 6.5 49 275 54 198 160 -- 41 5.6 1500 Congo 2.7 52 115 12 108 670 17 -- 6.0 890 Congo 46.8 54 2135 442 207 130 34 56 y 6.4 870 Côte d Ivoire 14.0 51 523 78 150 660 24 53 y 5.3 810 Eritrea 3.3 52 135 16 120 100 44 31 5.5 1400 Ethiopia 58.2 53 2856 506 177 100 48 24 7.0 1400 Gabon 1.1 45 41 6 145 3950 -- 86 y 5.3 500 Gambia 1.1 45 46 4 92 320 21 47 y 5.3 1100 Ghana 17.8 51 692 76 110 360 27 70 y 5.4 740 Guinea 7.5 53 359 75 210 560 26 33 y 6.7 1600 Guinea-Bissau 1.1 45 44 10 223 250 -- 45 5.5 910 Kenya 27.8 53 1027 92 90 320 23 84 y 5.0 650 Lesotho 2.1 48 74 10 139 660 16 75 y 5.0 610 Liberia 2.2 50 121 28 235 490 -- 56 y 6.5 560 Madagascar 15.4 53 643 105 164 250 34 62 y 5.8 490 Malawi 9.8 54 487 106 217 180 30 83 y 6.8 560 Mali 11.1 54 539 130 241 240 27 41 y 6.8 1200 Mauritania 2.3 52 90 16 183 470 23 54 y 5.1 930 Mauritius 1.1 36 22 1 23 3710 16 96 2.3 120 66
Mozambique 17.8 51 763 163 214 80 27 40 6.2 1500 Namibia 1.6 50 57 4 77 2250 26 92 5.0 370 Niger 9.5 55 484 155 320 200 43 26 y 7.2 1200 Nigeria 115.0 52 4975 950 191 240 36 59 y 6.1 1000 Rwanda 5.4 54 263 45 170 190 29 61 y 6.2 1300 Senegal 8.5 52 356 45 127 570 22 45 y 5.8 1200 Sierra Leone 4.3 51 207 5 316 200 29 48 6.2 1800 Somalia 9.8 54 504 106 211 110 -- -- 7.0 1600 South Africa 42.4 43 1280 84 66 3520 9 96 3.9 230 Tanzania 30.8 53 1281 184 144 170 27 48 5.6 770 Togo 4.2 52 179 22 125 300 19 85 6.2 640 Uganda 20.3 55 1040 147 141 300 26 64 y 7.1 1200 Zambia 8.3 55 356 72 202 360 24 75 5.6 940 Zimbabwe 11.4 51 436 35 80 610 16 91 y 4.8 570 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Algeria 28.8 45 857 33 39 1520 13 95 4.0 160 Egypt 63.3 44 1690 132 78 1080 15 78 y 3.5 170 Iran 70.0 51 2446 91 37 1033 16 96 y 4.9 120 Iraq 20.6 49 770 94 122 1036 23 83 y 5.4 310 Israel 5.7 35 115 1 6 15870 -- -- 2.8 7 Jordan 5.6 50 211 5 25 1650 9 89 5.3 150 Kuwait 1.7 47 40 1 14 17390 -- 65 2.9 29 Lebanon 3.1 39 76 3 40 2970 3 -- 2.9 300 Libya 5.6 52 227 14 61 5540 5 97 6.1 220 Morocco 27.0 43 714 53 74 1290 9 72 3.3 610 Oman 2.3 52 102 2 18 4820 23 71 7.2 190 Saudi Arabia 18.8 48 657 20 30 7040 -- 62 6.0 130 Sudan 27.3 48 929 108 116 310 34 55 y 4.7 660 Syria 14.6 51 450 15 34 1160 13 97 y 4.2 180 Tunisia 9.2 40 223 8 35 1930 9 97 3.0 170 Turkey 61.8 37 1371 64 47 2830 10 86 y 2.6 180 67
United Arab Emirates 2.3 35 42 0 10 17400 14 83 3.6 26 Yemen 15.7 54 756 79 105 380 39 57 y 7.6 1400 CENTRAL ASIA Afghanistan 20.9 46 1127 290 257 250 -- 24 y 6.9 1700 Armenia 3.6 33 50 2 30 630 -- -- 1.8 50 Azerbaijan 7.6 37 154 7 44 480 10 -- 2.4 22 Georgia 5.4 28 77 2 29 850 -- 82 2.0 33 Kazakhstan 16.8 35 312 14 45 1350 8 -- 2.4 80 Kyrgyzstan 4.5 42 117 6 50 550 -- 86 y 3.3 110 Tajikistan 5.9 47 184 14 76 340 -- 4.0 130 Turkmenistan 4.2 45 122 10 78 940 -- 80 y 3.7 55 Uzbekistan 23.2 46 674 40 60 1010 19 95 3.6 55 EAST/SOUTH ASIA AND PACIFIC Australia 18.1 25 262 2 6 20090 -- 98 1.9 9 Bangladesh 120.1 48 3186 357 112 260 56 76 y 3.2 850 Bhutan 1.8 50 76 10 127 390 38 41 5.9 1600 Cambodia 10.3 47 360 61 170 300 40 -- 4.6 900 China 1232.1 31 20712 973 47 750 16 99 1.8 95 India 944.6 41 24381 2706 111 380 53 68 y 3.2 570 Indonesia 200.5 39 4732 336 71 1080 34 97 2.7 650 Japan 125.4 20 1281 8 6 40940 -- 100 1.5 18 Korea, Dem. 22.5 31 493 15 30 970 -- -- 2.1 70 Korea, Rep. 45.3 28 688 5 7 10610 -- 93 1.7 130 Lao Rep. 5.0 52 227 29 128 400 40 69 y 6.7 650 Malaysia 20.6 43 539 7 13 4370 20 91 3.4 80 Mongolia 2.5 44 70 11 150 360 12 80 3.4 65 Myanmar 45.9 42 1276 191 150 220 43 85 y 3.4 580 Nepal 22.0 50 822 95 116 210 47 65 y 5.1 1500 New Zealand 3.6 28 56 0 7 15720 -- 100 2.1 25 Pakistan 140.0 49 5207 708 136 480 38 66 y 5.2 340 Papua New Guinea 254.4 45 144 16 112 1150 -- 32 y 4.8 930 68
Philippines 6489.3 45 2029 77 38 1160 30 89 y 3.7 280 Singapore 503.4 26 56 0 4 30550 -- 100 1.8 10 Sri Lanka 1478.1 35 322 6 19 740 38 -- 2.1 140 Thailand 5318.7 33 996 38 38 2960 26 -- 1.8 200 Viet Nam 7415.2 43 1975 87 44 290 45 81 y 3.1 160 AMERICAS Argentina 3205.2 34 709 18 25 8380 -- 95 2.7 100 Bolivia 317.6 47 258 26 102 830 8 89 y 4.5 650 Brazil 16281.1 37 3211 148 46 4400 6 94 y 2.3 220 Canada 2529.7 24 367 2 7 19020 -- 95 1.6 6 Chile 1434.4 35 294 4 13 4860 1 86 2.5 65 Colombia 3446.4 40 878 27 31 2140 8 91 y 2.8 100 Costa Rica 423.5 40 86 1 15 2640 2 92 3.0 55 Cuba 1501.0 26 149 1 9 1170 -- 99 1.6 95 Dominican Rep. 288.0 41 198 11 56 1600 6 92 y 2.9 110 Ecuador 1491.7 43 309 12 40 1500 17 92 3.2 150 El Salvador 455.8 45 166 7 40 1700 11 79 3.2 300 Guatemala 1450.9 51 405 23 56 1470 27 58 y 5.0 200 Haiti 267.3 47 250 34 134 310 28 68 y 4.7 1000 Honduras 355.8 50 201 7 35 660 18 90 4.5 220 Jamaica 332.5 36 56 1 11 1600 10 100 2.5 120 Mexico 92.7 42 2351 75 32 3670 14 98 2.9 110 Nicaragua 4.2 50 145 8 57 380 12 83 4.0 160 Panama 2.7 37 62 1 20 3080 7 91 2.7 55 Paraguay 5.0 48 158 5 34 1850 4 89 4.3 160 Peru 23.9 42 615 36 58 2420 8 87 y 3.1 280 Trinidad/Tobago 1.3 38 21 0 17 3870 7 88 2.2 90 United States 269.4 26 3827 32 8 28020 1 96 2.0 12 Uruguay 3.2 28 54 1 22 5760 4 95 2.3 85 Venezuela 22.3 42 570 16 28 3020 5 88 3.1 120 EUROPE WEST 69
Austria 8.1 21 86 0 6 28110 -- 100 1.4 10 Belgium 10.2 22 115 1 7 26440 -- 98 1.6 10 Denmark 5.2 21 68 0 6 32100 -- 99 1.8 9 Finland 5.1 24 62 0 4 23240 -- 99 1.8 11 France 58.3 23 692 4 6 26270 -- 99 1.7 15 Germany 81.9 19 774 4 6 28870 -- 100 1.3 22 Greece 10.5 21 104 1 9 11460 -- 91 1.4 10 Ireland 3.6 28 46 0 7 17110 -- 100 1.9 10 Italy 57.2 18 528 4 7 19880 -- 97 1.2 12 Netherlands 15.6 22 190 1 6 25940 -- 99 1.6 12 Norway 4.3 23 59 0 6 34510 -- 99 1.9 6 Spain 39.7 21 387 2 5 14350 -- 100 1.2 7 Sweden 8.8 23 108 0 4 25710 -- 100 1.9 7 Switzerland 7.2 21 80 0 5 44350 -- 100 1.5 6 United Kingdom 58.1 23 706 5 7 19600 -- 100 1.7 9 EUROPE - EAST Albania 3.4 35 75 3 40 820 -- 96 2.7 65 Belarus 10.3 26 106 2 18 2070 -- 95 1.5 37 Bosnia/Herzegovina 3.6 25 43 1 17 * -- -- 1.4 -- Bulgaria 8.5 22 86 2 19 1190 -- 97 1.5 27 Croatia 4.5 22 48 1 11 3800 1 82 1.6 -- Czech Rep. 10.3 23 111 1 7 4740 1 98 1.5 15 Estonia 1.5 27 13 0 16 3080 -- 94 1.4 41 Hungary 10.0 23 104 1 12 4340 2 93 1.5 30 Latvia 2.5 24 25 1 20 2300 -- 84 1.5 40 Lithuania 3.7 27 41 1 18 2280 -- -- 1.6 36 Moldova 4.4 32 61 2 32 590 -- -- 1.9 60 Poland 38.6 27 463 6 14 3230 -- 97 1.7 19 Portugal 9.8 21 110 1 7 10160 -- 100 1.5 15 Romania 22.7 25 247 6 25 1600 6 92 1.4 130 Russian Federation 148.1 25 1427 36 25 2410 3 100 1.4 75 70
Slovakia 5.3 28 64 1 11 3410 -- -- 1.6 -- Slovenia 1.9 21 18 0 6 9240 -- 100 1.3 13 TFYR Macedonia 2.2 27 32 1 30 990 -- 85 2.0 -- Ukraine 51.6 24 511 12 24 1200 -- -- 1.5 50 Yugoslavia 10.3 26 131 3 22 ** 2 69 1.8 -- Notes: a. Enrolment/attendance is derived from net primary school enrolment rates as reported by UNESCO and from national household survey reports of attendance at primary school. b. Several of the maternal mortality rates vary substantially from government estimates. y. School attendance data derived from household surveys. * GNP per capita estimated range $785 or less. ** GNP per capita estimated range $9636 or more. Source: The Progress of Nations, 1998. United Nations. 71
Table 2. Population Size Age 15-24 Relative to Age 25-54. AFRICA 1989 Egypt 47.1 1995 Puerto Rico 26.1 1995 Egypt 45.6 1990 Suriname 55.7 1990 Mauritius 36.8 1995 Suriname 44.0 1995 Mauritius 34.2 1980 Trinidad and Tobago 53.5 1980 Niger 55.4 1996 Trinidad and Tobago 35.3 1990 Niger 56.2 1980 United States 28.5 AMERICAS 1997 United States 19.3 1980 Barbados 44.6 1984 Uruguay 28.8 1995 Barbados 27.3 1995 Uruguay 28.5 1990 Bolivia 50.9 1980 Venezuela 54.8 1996 Bolivia 49.6 1995 Venezuela 43.3 1985 Brazil 45.9 ASIA 1996 Brazil 39.1 1990 Bahrain 31.0 1980 Canada 34.7 1995 Bahrain 27.0 1997 Canada 20.1 1980 Cyprus 33.5 1980 Colombia 61.3 1995 Cyprus 24.4 1997 Colombia 37.4 1980 Hong Kong, China 44.9 1980 Costa Rica 59.4 1997 Hong Kong, China 20.4 1997 Costa Rica 38.7 India 1980 Chile 46.6 India 1997 Chile 29.8 1982 Indonesia 44.9 1990 Ecuador 50.3 1992 Indonesia 41.9 1997 Ecuador 45.7 1980 Israel 38.6 1980 El Salvador 50.0 1997 Israel 32.9 1996 El Salvador 51.0 1980 Japan 22.0 1986 Guadeloupe 43.9 1997 Japan 19.9 1990 Guadeloupe 37.1 1980 Korea, Republic of 40.3 1990 Honduras 58.5 1997 Korea, Republic of 26.4 1996 Honduras 37.7 1990 Macau 26.0 1991 Mexico 51.2 1997 Macau 20.9 1997 Mexico 44.7 *1983 Pakistan 46.4 1985 Nicaragua 54.1 1995 Pakistan 47.3 1990 Nicaragua 61.1* 1980 Philippines 58.0 1983 Panama 46.8 1997 Philippines 44.1 1995 Panama 39.8 1980 Singapore 51.9 1989 Paraguay 39.0 1997 Singapore 23.0 1995 Paraguay 47.4* 1985 Sri Lanka 46.4 1986 Peru 53.8 1995 Sri Lanka 37.0 1996 Peru 46.0 1995 Thailand 40.3 1980 Puerto Rico 38.6 1997 Thailand 34.5 72
Table 2 (continued) EUROPE AUSTRALASIA 1994 Austria 18.9 1980 Australia 30.4 1997 Austria 17.2 1997 Australia 22.3 1983 Belgium 25.6 1986 New Zealand 30.7 1997 Belgium 17.9 1997 New Zealand 23.8 1983 Denmark 23.5 EUROPE - EAST 1997 Denmark 18.2 1990 Bulgaria 21.5 1980 Finland 26.9 1995 Bulgaria 22.3 1997 Finland 19.8 1993 Czech Republic 24.3 1980 France 25.5 1997 Czech Republic 25.2 1997 France 19.7 1992 Hungary 24.3 1980 Germany 24.4 1997 Hungary 26.1 1990 Germany 19.7 1995 Latvia 20.3 1983 Greece 21.0 1997 Latvia 20.0 1997 Greece 18.8 1995 Lithuania 22.2 1990 Iceland 28.2 1997 Lithuania 24.5 1997 Iceland 25.1 1990 Macedonia 29.0 1981 Ireland 33.5 1996 Macedonia 28.0 1997 Ireland 29.6 1993 Poland 21.6 1980 Italy 26.2 1997 Poland 22.9 1997 Italy 20.9 1995 Romania 26.8 1983 Luxembourg 23.8 1997 Romania 26.4 1997 Luxembourg 16.6 1992 Russian Federation 21.2 1980 Netherlands 28.8 1995 Russian Federation 22.0 1997 Netherlands 15.3 1993 Slovakia 26.7 1980 Norway 24.3 1997 Slovakia 27.9 1997 Norway 19.0 1990 Slovenia 23.0 1980 Portugal 27.9 1997 Slovenia 23.4 1997 Portugal 22.9 1980 Spain 25.1 1997 Spain 23.0 1980 Switzerland 23.6 1997 Switzerland 16.6 1980 Sweden 19.9 1997 Sweden 17.9 1980 Turkey 49.8 1997 Turkey 36.1 1984 United Kingdom 23.0 1997 United Kingdom 16.2 Source United Nations Database 73
Table 3. Labor Force Participation Rates, 1980-1995 -- SOME GAPS TO CHECK. Proportion economically active (%) Econ active population, aged 15-24 Aged 15-19 Aged 15-19 Aged 20-24 Aged 20-24 Women as a Change per year Male Female Male Female of total 15-24 1990-1995 (%) Country or area 1980 1995 1980 1995 1980 1995 1980 1995 1980 1995 Male Female EUROPE WEST 48 33 41 33 84 76 66 70 43 46-1.6-1.4 Austria 62 49 54 42 86 75 74 72 46 46-2.8-3.1 Belgium 25 12 22 9 81 66 69 61 45 47-2.1-1.7 Denmark 68 66 54 60 90 86 86 80 46 47-2.4-2.4 Finland 43 33 37 33 79 79 69 68 45 46-2.0-2.0 France 25 13 18 7 80 63 68 56 44 44-0.7-0.7 Germany 57 41 51 36 85 80 71 76 45 46-3.8-4.3 Greece 44 26 22 18 79 73 39 57 32 42-0.6 0.1 Iceland 60 28 60 47 90 80 79 69 47 46 0.0 0.0 Ireland 48 31 39 21 89 75 70 74 43 45 1.8 2.3 Italy 41 18 34 24 78 74 57 64 43 45-2.5-2.0 Luxembourg 47 39 45 25 81 81 69 70 46 46 0.0 0.0 Malta 57 42 33 32 89 76 34 70 28 43 1.2 1.6 Netherlands 41 33 40 39 79 76 66 75 46 48-3.7-3.6 Spain 46 52 33 24 85 83 55 64 40 44-1.0-0.1 Sweden 44 21 44 38 84 76 71 80 46 49-1.8-1.7 Switzerland 57 26 52 46 85 79 76 80 47 48-3.7-2.9 United Kingdom 59 24 53 53 90 76 65 75 43 46-2.7-3.3 EUROPE EAST 38 32 31 26 85 80 74 73 45 46-0.2 0.0 Albania 55 49 31 28 88 86 68 72 38 41-1.3-0.4 Belarus 36 25 30 23 86 80 86 81 48 50 0.9 0.6 Bosnia and Herzegovina 25 21 21 18 81 81 55 62 41 43-6.3-6.1 Bulgaria 27 15 33 26 83 80 78 83 49 53 0.8-0.4 Croatia 24 21 20 18 79 77 69 65 46 45 0.1-0.2 Czech Republic 28 32 30 31 87 87 84 86 49 49 2.5 2.6 Estonia 34 30 27 24 86 79 83 74 46 46-1.3-0.8 Hungary 60 47 47 40 92 78 60 62 40 42 1.2 1.6 74
Latvia 33 25 31 26 85 78 83 81 48 49-2.4-1.5 Lithuania 27 29 21 19 83 74 79 71 47 46-1.2-0.7 Poland 46 27 31 23 83 82 68 63 43 43 2.2 2.4 Norway 40 48 36 32 81 81 65 68 44 47-2.3-2.2 Portugal 76 36 54 38 92 85 69 68 41 45-0.7-0.3 Republic of Moldova 39 28 38 27 85 80 89 79 52 49 1.9 1.8 Romania 38 33 32 30 87 87 75 72 45 45-1.6-1.4 Russian Federation 38 25 32 23 87 78 84 78 47 48 0.7 1.2 Slovakia 32 33 30 31 87 75 81 86 47 48 2.1 2.1 Slovenia 34 35 28 21 86 83 82 74 47 46 0.0-0.3 TFYR of Macedonia 27 56 22 17 77 85 51 62 39 43-0.2 0.0 Ukraine 38 43 33 24 82 79 85 77 49 48 1.1 0.9 Yugoslavia 31 19 25 19 82 62 61 62 42 43 0.5 0.6 OCEANIA 63 49 57 52 90 84 65 71 44 45 0.3 0.4 Australia 65 57 62 56 91 88 71 79 45 47-0.9-0.8 New Zealand 57 32 56 51 90 78 63 72 44 46-0.3-0.5 AFRICA 66 59 52 49 89 87 62 63 42 43 2.2 2.5 Algeria 43 33 15 13 86 83 22 33 22 27 2.4 5.9 Angola 84 81 71 69 87 86 76 74 47 46 3.4 3.3 Benin 61 52 59 56 87 84 84 81 53 51 2.5 2.1 Botswana 54 44 51 40 90 87 80 76 48 47 2.4 2.5 Burkina Faso 86 78 78 71 93 90 81 78 47 47 2.4 2.5 Burundi 86 84 85 82 95 94 89 87 50 49 1.2 1.3 Cameroon 69 60 39 38 89 87 46 47 35 37 3.0 3.6 Cape Verde 73 70 40 42 95 94 48 53 38 38 0.0 1.0 Central African Republic 71 61 67 56 89 85 73 62 48 47 2.8 2.9 Chad 71 67 59 59 94 93 69 71 44 45 2.5 3.0 Comoros 61 59 56 53 84 83 63 62 45 43 3.5 3.2 Congo 54 51 41 43 84 82 47 53 40 43 3.0 3.2 Democratic Republic of the Congo 63 57 58 55 87 86 63 61 45 45 3.8 3.7 Egypt 48 42 23 18 80 78 34 44 29 33 1.6 3.3 75
Equatorial Guinea 78 73 40 38 96 95 45 44 32 33 2.1 1.4 Eritrea 67 63 69 67 85 84 76 75 49 50 1.2 1.5 Ethiopia 65 61 56 54 81 80 61 60 45 44 2.6 2.7 Gabon 60 54 60 54 87 84 63 63 45 45 2.7 2.4 Gambia 78 70 62 59 92 90 69 69 44 45 3.3 3.8 Ghana 42 40 66 57 83 82 82 82 55 54 2.9 2.4 Guinea 76 65 71 66 92 88 80 78 47 48 4.5 4.6 Guinea-Bissau 70 67 52 52 92 91 59 59 41 42 2.0 2.4 Kenya 77 73 69 66 92 91 73 73 45 46 4.3 4.6 Lesotho 57 51 41 37 89 88 54 54 41 39 3.0 3.3 Liberia 53 45 50 42 86 85 55 59 43 44-2.9-2.5 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 43 34 15 10 84 80 28 38 24 29 3.3 5.9 Madagascar 73 66 57 54 90 88 69 68 44 44 3.2 3.3 Malawi 65 60 66 62 89 87 78 78 50 49 1.0 0.4 Mali 81 73 70 67 91 90 74 73 46 47 2.5 2.4 Mauritania 73 64 55 53 92 90 71 66 44 44 2.9 2.9 Mauritius 58 48 20 27 92 90 32 46 25 34-0.6 1.1 Morocco 57 46 37 36 81 80 39 48 36 39 1.7 2.5 Mozambique 72 68 69 63 94 92 88 86 49 48 3.5 3.6 Namibia 61 52 41 30 86 81 61 59 41 40 2.6 2.3 Niger 88 85 64 62 94 91 70 68 43 43 3.0 3.1 Nigeria 69 63 38 35 87 84 43 43 35 35 2.7 3.7 Reunion 36 18 21 13 81 76 53 65 40 45 0.0 0.0 Rwanda 87 86 85 82 97 96 89 87 49 49-5.3-5.3 Senegal 69 63 57 56 88 89 61 61 43 44 2.9 3.1 Sierra Leone 57 53 36 33 86 85 44 46 37 37 0.7 1.5 Somalia 69 65 57 55 89 88 62 62 43 44 1.7 1.8 South Africa 52 41 43 37 85 80 55 52 41 43 2.1 2.3 Sudan 62 56 27 26 87 83 28 32 27 29 3.0 4.2 Swaziland 55 46 34 32 90 88 50 51 37 39 3.3 3.4 Togo 69 62 46 45 91 90 51 52 38 39 2.8 3.3 76
Tunisia 57 44 38 31 89 86 45 53 35 38 1.1 1.9 Uganda 82 78 75 73 94 93 78 77 47 47 3.4 3.4 United Republic of Tanzania 71 69 77 74 84 83 83 81 51 51 3.3 2.9 Zambia 71 69 64 61 89 90 74 73 49 46 3.4 2.7 Zimbabwe 59 54 45 44 91 90 65 64 43 43 1.9 1.9 AMERICAS 54 46 26 24 87 85 46 53 33 36 0.7 1.7 Argentina 60 55 28 24 87 86 47 56 34 35 2.6 3.8 Bahamas 47 39 35 29 88 86 72 76 43 48 0.0 1.4 Barbados 60 42 40 33 92 90 70 86 43 45-2.5-1.5 Belize 67 62 27 16 94 94 32 36 25 25 2.4 3.6 Bolivia 54 48 35 36 83 80 40 45 36 39 2.4 2.8 Brazil 75 69 34 43 93 91 43 52 31 37 1.1 1.9 Canada 58 54 52 52 87 82 72 77 46 48-1.6-1.4 Chile 40 31 16 18 83 82 35 42 29 34-0.7 1.1 Colombia 50 44 19 29 83 81 28 55 26 40-0.6 0.7 Costa Rica 67 55 19 26 89 87 28 46 23 33 0.4 1.6 Cuba 44 36 21 14 89 85 48 56 34 37-3.4-1.2 Dominican Republic 59 52 21 19 86 84 33 43 26 31 0.3 2.3 Ecuador 59 54 18 18 85 83 26 33 23 27 1.9 3.6 El Salvador 68 63 25 25 91 87 41 52 30 33 3.8 5.1 Guadeloupe 31 19 19 12 84 82 66 68 44 45 2.0 2.5 Guatemala 73 67 25 27 93 91 29 36 24 28 2.6 5.8 Guyana 65 58 25 23 94 91 37 47 29 32-2.2-0.7 Haiti 53 44 48 38 84 81 65 59 46 44 1.4 1.4 Honduras 73 63 21 24 92 89 36 42 25 30 2.5 4.7 Jamaica 52 37 40 30 95 90 83 80 46 45-1.4-2.0 Martinique 29 19 20 8 84 82 70 66 41 40 0.0-1.6 Mexico 58 55 27 31 85 84 37 44 31 35 1.6 3.1 Netherlands Antilles 35 31 27 22 86 83 74 71 47 47 0.0 0.0 Nicaragua 66 62 22 26 89 88 35 47 27 33 3.2 4.9 Panama 47 44 20 21 85 83 48 46 33 34 0.5 1.0 77
Paraguay 75 60 30 28 93 90 35 41 27 31 1.5 2.5 Peru 38 33 18 14 82 79 29 39 28 32 1.5 3.2 Puerto Rico 27 24 10 7 77 74 37 35 33 30 2.2 2.5 Suriname 35 34 10 9 80 80 28 38 24 29-0.8 0.0 Trinidad and Tobago 56 38 20 18 93 88 50 56 31 33 1.0 1.6 United States 50 40 43 40 87 72 69 72 44 47-1.3-1.0 Uruguay 58 50 25 28 89 86 46 66 32 40 1.1 2.3 Venezuela 53 46 18 18 85 82 36 42 27 31 1.3 2.8 ASIA 51 41 36 31 88 84 54 58 36 39 1.2 2.2 Afghanistan 65 59 44 42 90 87 50 49 36 37 5.4 6.2 Armenia 32 26 31 25 75 74 70 71 49 48 0.0-0.8 Azerbaijan 35 28 36 27 80 75 75 61 49 44-1.0-1.5 Bahrain 31 23 8 8 89 87 30 40 18 30 4.3 2.4 Bangladesh 71 67 57 54 88 83 67 65 41 43 3.0 3.0 Bhutan 82 75 69 63 93 91 64 62 42 43 0.9 1.4 Brunei Darussalam 35 22 17 14 86 83 46 62 35 41-1.5 2.4 Cambodia 56 69 69 88 88 88 88 56 52-0.9-1.9 China 75 60 79 66 97 93 90 91 48 49-3.0-3.0 China, Hong Kong SAR 46 31 39 26 91 86 80 84 44 46 0.0-1.2 Cyprus 61 56 31 33 84 82 57 66 36 41 0.5 1.6 Fiji 57 50 15 26 91 88 26 39 22 30 2.3 4.7 Gaza Strip 23 22 3 3 75 74 11 13 11 13 5.2 10.2 Georgia 34 28 35 26 80 74 73 60 49 44-0.4-0.5 India 62 56 41 35 89 87 45 42 34 33 0.8 1.8 Indonesia 54 45 35 35 85 81 40 53 35 40 1.2 2.1 Iran, Islamic Republic of 51 41 19 22 86 83 22 31 23 29 2.2 5.5 Iraq 40 27 10 6 83 80 16 20 17 19 2.2 4.2 Israel 35 27 20 15 82 78 55 60 38 41 3.0 4.2 Japan 19 30 19 16 75 81 71 74 48 48 0.8 0.7 Jordan 37 29 9 8 85 83 23 35 20 26 3.5 7.4 Kazakhstan 38 32 32 24 88 82 81 74 46 45 0.1 1.2 78
Korea, Republic of 30 39 19 79 76 64 68 47 48 0.1-0.2 Kuwait 34 86 82 22 52 14 35-6.2-3.3 Kyrgyzstan 36 26 32 24 87 80 83 74 47 48 0.3 1.0 Lebanon 37 34 18 22 81 80 33 46 33 37 0.8 2.7 Macau 59 38 56 34 95 90 81 84 47 49 2.4-5.2 Malaysia 50 40 32 30 91 85 53 62 38 42 0.5 1.7 Maldives 75 56 53 52 96 91 64 67 38 45 2.4 3.1 Mongolia 71 59 61 52 92 88 80 80 45 46 1.5 1.6 Myanmar 73 69 63 58 91 90 69 68 44 43 1.3 0.9 Nepal 73 65 61 54 90 88 59 58 41 42 3.4 1.8 Oman 46 27 4 7 95 84 7 17 6 18 2.4 9.0 Pakistan 66 57 24 25 89 87 27 32 23 27 1.2 3.4 Papua New Guinea 71 65 57 51 95 93 68 65 39 41 0.9 1.9 Philippines 50 39 28 30 85 83 49 50 36 39 1.7 2.1 Qatar 37 24 5 1 90 86 15 37 5 23-1.1 10.2 Saudi Arabia 49 31 7 7 87 83 13 25 10 21-0.2 6.5 Singapore 47 25 49 25 93 83 79 81 46 48-3.7-4.7 Solomon Islands 78 73 83 74 96 95 89 86 47 48 3.9 3.6 Sri Lanka 43 35 21 21 87 85 39 62 32 40 0.1 1.2 Syrian Arab Republic 52 42 23 22 81 80 25 31 26 30 2.7 4.8 Tajikistan 36 27 43 29 84 79 81 66 52 47 1.9 1.7 Thailand 71 66 73 65 88 88 82 80 49 48-0.5-0.6 Turkey 69 64 50 46 90 89 50 54 37 39 2.7 3.3 Turkmenistan 40 33 40 32 89 84 83 76 48 48 0.9 1.6 United Arab Emirates 46 19 5 7 95 87 15 37 6 24 3.7 7.0 Uzbekistan 36 27 40 31 84 80 85 76 51 50 2.0 1.6 Viet Nam 79 58 74 64 97 93 84 88 50 49-0.2-0.2 Yemen 54 50 28 25 88 86 26 29 33 26 5.3 4.6 Source: Calculated by the United Nations Statistics Division from the International Labour Office, Economically Active Population 1950-2010, 4th edition, 1996 (Paris). Group averages are unweighted. 79
Table 4. Unemployment Rates Across Countries Year COUNTRY Age All Male Female AFRICA 1997 Algeria 15+ 26.4 26.9 24.0 1995 Botswana 12+ 21.5 19.4 23.9 1995 Egypt 12-64 11.3 7.6 24.1 1995 Mauritius 12+ 9.8 7.8 13.9 AMERICAS 1991 Anguilla 15+ 7.2 6.3 9.0 1991 Antigua and Barbuda 15+ 6.0 6.4 5.6 1996 Argentina 10+ 16.3 15.4 17.6 1994 Aruba 15+ 6.5 5.4 7.9 1995 Bahamas 15+ 11.1 10.3 12.0 1995 Barbados 15+ 19.7 16.5 22.9 1996 Belize 14+ 13.8 11.7 18.6 1996 Bolivia 10+ 4.2 3.7 4.5 1996 Brazil 10+ 6.9 5.7 8.8 1997 Canada 15+ 9.2 9.2 9.2 1997 Colombia 12+ 12.1 9.8 15.1 1997 Costa Rica 12+ 5.7 4.9 7.5 1997 Chile 15+ 5.3 4.7 6.6 1997 Dominican Republic 14+ 15.9 9.5 28.6 1997 Ecuador 10+ 9.2 7.0 12.7 1997 El Salvador 10+ 8.0 9.5 5.3 1991 Grenada 15+ 13.9 14.6 12.7 1989 Guadeloupe 16+ 24.0 16.0 34.0 1992 Guyana 15+ 11.7 8.4 18.1 1991 French Guiana 16+ 9.7 8.2 11.6 1997 Honduras 10+ 3.2 3.2 3.2 1996 Jamaica 14+ 16.0 9.9 23.0 1997 Mexico 15+ 3.5 2.9 4.7 1997 Nicaragua 10+ 13.3 12.6 14.8 1996 Panama 15+ 14.3 11.3 20.0 1996 Paraguay 10+ 8.2 7.8 8.6 1997 Peru 14+ 7.7 6.8 8.9 1997 Puerto Rico 16+ 13.5 14.4 12.1 1996 Saint Lucia 15+ 16.3 13.8 19.3 1991 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 15+ 19.8 18.4 22.1 1996 Suriname 15+ 10.9 7.9 16.4 1996 Trinidad and Tobago 15+ 16.2 13.2 21.0 80
1997 United States 16+ 4.9 4.9 5.0 1995 Uruguay 14+ 10.2 8.0 13.2 1995 Venezuela 15+ 10.3 9.0 12.8 1991 British Virgin Islands 15+ 3.3 3.4 3.1 ASIA 1996 Bangladesh 10+ 2.5 2.7 2.3 1997 China... 3.0 1996 Cyprus 14+ 3.1 2.3 4.3 1997 Hong Kong, China 15+ 2.2 2.3 2.0 1996 Indonesia 10+ 4.0 3.3 5.1 1997 Israel 15+ 7.7 6.8 8.8 1997 Japan 15+ 3.4 3.4 3.4 1997 Korea, Republic of 15+ 2.6 2.8 2.3 1997 Macau 14+ 3.1 3.7 2.5 1995 Pakistan 10+ 5.4 4.1 13.7 1997 Philippines 15+ 7.9 7.5 8.5 1997 Singapore 15+ 2.4 2.4 2.4 1996 Sri Lanka 10+ 11.3 8.0 17.6 1991 Syrian Arab Republic 10+ 6.8 5.2 14.0 1997 Tajikistan... 2.7 2.4 2.9 1997 Thailand 13+ 0.9 0.9 0.9 1995 Uzbekistan... 0.4 0.3 0.5 EUROPE - WEST 1996 Austria 15+ 5.3 5.3 5.2 1997 Belgium 15+ 9.0 7.1 11.5 1997 Denmark 15+ 5.4 4.5 6.4 1997 Finland 15-74 14.4 13.8 15.1 1997 France 15+ 12.3 10.8 14.2 1997 Germany 15+ 9.8 8.9 10.9 1997 Germany (western) 15+ 7.7 7.8 7.6 1997 Greece 15+ 9.6 6.2 14.8 1997 Iceland 16-74 3.9 3.3 4.5 1997 Ireland 15+ 10.3 10.3 10.3 1993 Isle of Man... 5.0 6.3 3.1 1997 Italy 15+ 12.5 9.7 16.9 1997 Luxembourg 15+ 2.5 1.8 3.6 1997 Malta 16-61 5.0 5.8 2.8 1997 Netherlands 15+ 5.5 4.4 7.0 1997 Norway 16+ 4.1 4.0 4.3 1997 Poland 15+ 11.2 9.5 13.2 1996 Portugal 15+ 7.5 6.6 8.5 1997 San Marino 14+ 4.4 1.9 7.3 81
1997 Spain 16+ 20.6 15.8 28.3 1997 Switzerland 15+ 4.1 4.3 3.9 1997 Sweden 16+ 7.9 8.3 7.5 1997 Turkey 15+ 6.4 6.0 7.4 1997 United Kingdom 16+ 7.1 8.1 5.8 EUROPE - EAST 1995 Belarus... 2.7 2.2 3.3 1996 Bulgaria 15+ 14.2 14.2 14.1 1993 Croatia... 16.8 14.0 20.1 1997 Czech Republic 15+ 4.7 3.8 5.8 1996 Estonia 15-69 10.0 10.7 9.2 1997 Hungary 15-74 8.7 9.5 7.7 1997 Latvia 15+ 14.4 14.3 14.6 1997 Lithuania... 6.7 6.6 6.9 1996 Macedonia... 38.8 35.0 44.5 1997 Romania 15+ 6.0 5.7 6.4 1996 Russian Federation 15-72 9.3 9.6 9.0 1997 Slovakia 15+ 11.6 10.8 12.5 1997 Slovenia 15+ 7.1 7.0 7.3 1997 Ukraine 15-70 8.9 9.5 8.4 AUSTRALASIA 1997 Australia 15+ 8.4 8.6 8.1 1997 New Zealand 15+ 6.7 6.6 6.7 1997 Taiwan, China 15+ 2.7 1.5 4.5 82
Table 5. Age Specific Unemployment Rates by Country Year Country 15-24yrs >=25yrs Ratio (1)/(2) (1) (2) (3) AFRICA 1990 Algeria 38.7 7.9 4.9 1991 Burkina Faso 1.8 0.5 3.6 1990 Central African Republic 0.6 0.6 1.0 1995 Egypt 34.4 4.4 7.8 1990 Ethiopia 0.7 0-1995 Mauritius 23.8 5.8 4.1 1990 Niger 0.5 0.9 0.6 LATIN AMERICA 1995 Argentina 24.6 10.4 2.4 1994 Bahamas 23.7 10.1 2.3 1995 Barbados 38.1 15.1 2.5 1996 Belize 25.6 9.6 2.7 1996 Bolivia 7.0 3.4 2.1 1996 Brazil 12.6 4.6 2.7 1997 Canada 16.7 7.8 2.1 1997 Colombia 35.1 5.8 6.1 1997 Costa Rica 5.4 1.8 3.0 1997 Chile 13.0 4.0 3.3 1995 Dominican Republic 32.0 8.7 3.7 1997 Ecuador 18.9 6.2 3.0 1996 El Salvador 13.1 5.2 2.5 1990 Guadeloupe 29.5 13.5 2.2 1996 Honduras 10.6 1.3 8.2 1995 Jamaica 35.2 8.5 4.1 1997 Mexico 6.6 2.4 2.8 1996 Netherlands Antilles 29.3 11.6 2.5 1990 Nicaragua 11.1 11.9 0.9 1995 Panama 27.3 9.9 2.8 1995 Paraguay 6.0 2.4 2.5 1996 Peru 13.2 5.2 2.5 1995 Puerto Rico 26.4 11.6 2.3 1995 Suriname 26.1 4.4 5.9 1996 Trinidad and Tobago 28.5 12.7 2.2 1997 United States 11.3 3.8 3.0 1995 Uruguay 24.6 6.2 4.0 1995 Venezuela 19.1 7.6 2.5 ASIA 83
1995 Bahrain 12.6 0.6 21.0 1995 Cyprus 1.8 2.3 0.8 1997 Hong Kong, China 5.0 1.8 2.8 1992 Indonesia 8.7 1.0 8.7 1997 Israel 14.9 6.3 2.4 1997 Japan 6.6 2.9 2.3 1997 Korea, Republic of 7.7 1.9 4.1 1995 Kyrgyzstan 2.3 2.8 0.8 1997 Macau 8.0 2.6 3.1 1995 Pakistan 9.0 3.7 2.4 1997 Philippines 15.7 5.5 2.9 1997 Singapore 5.1 2.0 2.6 1995 Sri Lanka 24.7 6.0 4.1 1997 Thailand 2.2 0.5 4.4 EUROPE WEST 1997 Austria 6.5 4.1 1.6 1997 Belgium 21.3 7.6 2.8 1997 Denmark 8.1 4.8 1.7 1997 Finland 24.8 13.0 1.9 1997 France 28.1 10.9 2.6 1997 Germany 10.0 9.7 1.0 1997 Greece 31.0 6.8 4.6 1997 Iceland 7.4 3.2 2.3 1997 Ireland 16.1 9.0 1.8 1997 Italy 33.6 9.1 3.7 1997 Luxembourg 7.3 2.0 3.7 1995 Malta 5.2 3.5 1.5 1997 Netherlands 9.5 5.5 1.7 1997 Norway 10.6 3.1 3.4 1997 Spain 37.1 17.2 2.2 1997 Switzerland 5.9 3.8 1.6 1997 Sweden 15.4 7.0 2.2 1997 Turkey 15.4 3.9 3.9 1997 United Kingdom 13.5 5.9 2.3 EUROPE - EAST 1995 Belarus 5.9 1.9 3.1 1995 Bulgaria 26.3 7.0 3.8 1995 Croatia 22.6 8.7 2.6 1997 Czech Republic 8.4 4.0 2.1 1990 Estonia 1.8 0.5 3.6 1997 Hungary 15.9 7.4 2.1 1997 Latvia 27.0 14.4 1.9 84
1997 Lithuania 26.2 12.1 2.2 1996 Macedonia 49.3 27.1 1.8 1997 Poland 24.6 9.4 2.6 1997 Portugal 11.8 5.3 2.2 1997 Romania 17.8 3.8 4.7 1995 Russian Federation 16.6 6.9 2.4 1997 Slovakia 22.2 9.5 2.3 1997 Slovenia 18.1 5.2 3.5 1995 Ukraine 14.3 4.3 3.3 OCEANIA 1997 Australia 15.9 6.6 2.4 1997 New Zealand 13.0 5.1 2.5 85
Table 6. Male and Female Unemployment rates by Age (%) Age 25 and over Ages 15-24 Year Country Female Male Female Male AFRICA 1990 Algeria 2.1 9.3 14.4 46.2 1991 Burkina Faso 0.1 0.9 0.7 2.7 1990 Central African Republic 0.1 1.0 0.1 1.0 1995 Egypt 9.8 3.0 59.0 24.5 1990 Ethiopia 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.7 1995 Mauritius 9.5 4.1 28.1 21.4 1990 Niger 0.1 1.6 0.1 0.8 AMERICAS 1995 Argentina 12.6 9.2 26.2 23.5 1995 Bahamas 9.0 7.4 23.6 18.1 1995 Barbados 18.1 12.1 43.2 33.3 1996 Belize 12.2 8.4 33.3 21.9 1996 Bolivia 3.3 3.5 8.5 5.5 1996 Brazil 6.0 3.7 16.1 10.3 1997 Canada 7.8 7.8 15.7 17.6 1997 Colombia 6.7 5.0 42.3 28.6 1997 Costa Rica 2.5 1.5 7.3 4.4 1997 Chile 4.9 3.5 14.7 12.0 1995 Dominican Republic 17.8 4.9 59.4 19.8 1997 Ecuador 8.8 4.5 24.5 15.1 1996 El Salvador 3.8 6.1 14.3 12.5 1990 Guadeloupe 18.7 9.6 40.4 21.1 1996 Honduras 1.0 1.4 13.3 9.5 1995 Jamaica 12.6 4.9 47.7 25.3 1997 Mexico 3.3 2.0 8.4 5.6 1996 Netherlands Antilles 15.4 8.3 36.9 23.3 1990 Nicaragua 16.4 9.6 16.7 8.6 1995 Panama 15.5 6.9 35.6 23.0 1995 Paraguay 4.4 1.7 7.9 5.2 1996 Peru 6.0 4.6 14.2 12.4 1995 Puerto Rico 8.5 13.7 23.3 28.3 1995 Suriname 12.4 2.8 28.2 25.1 1996 Trinidad and Tobago 16.5 10.4 36.0 23.5 1997 United States 3.9 3.6 10.7 11.8 1995 Venezuela 9.1 6.9 24.5 16.7 ASIA 1995 Bahrain 1.3 0.4 13.5 11.9 86
1995 Cyprus 3.2 1.7 3.0 1.1 1997 Hong Kong, China 1.6 1.9 4.4 5.6 1992 Indonesia 1.0 1.0 9.1 8.5 1997 Israel 7.2 5.7 16.0 13.9 1997 Japan 2.9 2.9 6.3 6.9 1997 Korea, Republic of 1.4 2.2 6.6 9.4 1995 Kyrgyzstan 3.7 2.1 2.6 2.0 1997 Macau 2.2 3.0 5.3 10.8 1995 Pakistan 12.6 2.4 18.1 7.6 1997 Philippines 5.7 5.5 18.5 14.1 1997 Singapore 1.8 2.2 5.6 4.5 1995 Sri Lanka 9.8 4.0 31.2 20.2 1997 Thailand 0.7 0.4 1.8 2.5 EUROPE - WEST 1997 Austria 4.4 3.9 7.6 5.5 1997 Belgium 9.9 6.0 25.7 17.6 1997 Denmark 5.7 4.1 9.9 6.6 1997 Finland 13.6 12.4 26.6 23.3 1997 France 12.5 9.5 32.8 24.6 1997 Germany 11.1 8.7 9.6 10.3 1997 Greece 10.6 4.5 40.6 22.2 1997 Iceland 3.9 2.5 6.7 8.1 1997 Ireland 8.9 9.0 15.2 16.9 1997 Italy 12.7 7.0 39.3 29.1 1997 Luxembourg 2.8 1.5 9.2 5.6 1995 Malta 2.0 3.8 2.8 7.2 1997 Netherlands 6.9 4.4 10.0 9.1 1997 Norway 3.2 3.0 11.1 10.1 1997 Portugal 5.7 5.0 12.4 11.3 1997 Spain 24.1 13.1 46.1 30.3 1997 Switzerland 3.9 3.7 3.8 7.9 1997 Sweden 6.7 7.4 14.3 16.3 1997 Turkey 4.0 3.9 17.5 14.2 1997 United Kingdom 4.7 6.8 11.0 15.6 EUROPE - EAST 1995 Belarus 2.5 1.3 7.6 4.3 1995 Bulgaria 8.2 5.8 27.4 25.1 1995 Croatia 10.3 7.4 26.5 19.6 1997 Czech Republic 5.0 3.1 9.9 7.3 1990 Estonia 0.6 0.5 1.8 1.8 1997 Hungary 6.7 8.1 14.5 16.9 1997 Latvia 14.0 14.8 28.0 26.4 87
1997 Lithuania 12.8 11.5 23.0 28.3 1996 Macedonia 32.2 23.9 54.4 45.7 1997 Poland 11.2 7.8 28.0 21.9 1997 Romania 4.0 3.7 21.0 15.5 1995 Russian Federation 6.4 7.5 17.1 16.2 1997 Slovakia 10.7 8.5 21.9 22.5 1997 Slovenia 5.2 5.3 20.0 16.5 1995 Ukraine 3.8 4.8 12.7 16.0 OCEANIA 1997 Australia 6.3 6.8 14.6 17.2 1997 New Zealand 5.1 5.1 12.9 13.1 88
Table 7. Growth per annum in % in third-level or higher education, 1990-1995. Men Women Men Women OECD Egypt 6.4 8.8 Australia 14.8 12.7 Lesotho 21.0 17.7 Austria 2.2 4.3 Madagascar -3.3-3.8 Belgium 4.4 5.9 Malawi 2.5 5.2 Canada 2.7 0.7 Mauritania 17.2 26.4 Denmark 4.4 4.2 Morocco 1.6 6.6 Finland 4.9 5.7 Mozambique 14.5 14.0 France 5.7 7.7 Namibia 27.2 23.8 Germany -0.2 1.8 South Africa 6.9 10.5 Ireland 5.9 9.2 Swaziland 7.9 10.3 Italy 2.8 7.7 Togo 7.1 7.3 Japan 8.0 12.8 Tunisia 8.5 12.0 Netherlands 2.4 4.9 UAE 3.2 1.7 New Zealand 6.1 9.1 Uganda 10.0 14.2 Norway 3.9 5.6 U.R. Tanzania 14.6 15.7 Portugal 10.8 12.2 Zimbabwe -3.9-2.1 Spain 4.8 6.3 LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN Sweden 5.5 6.6 Bahamas -7.1 5.4 Turkey 9.4 14.4 Brazil 2.4 3.0 UK 7.8 10.5 Chile 4.9 4.3 USA 0.5 1.4 Colombia 3.8 3.3 EUROPE - EAST Cuba -14.8-12.9 Belarus -8.4 10.5 Dominica 0.8 12.4 Bulgaria 0.7 9.4 El Salvador 1.7 16.2 Czech Republic 17.9 25.5 Guyana 5.6 10.6 Estonia 7.6 9.5 Honduras 5.3 6.2 Hungary 9.1 11.5 Mexico 2.9 6.0 Latvia -2.0 0.0 Nicaragua 9.7 5.4 Lithuania 0.0 1.9 Trinidad & Tobago 4.3 8.0 Macedonia 1.0 3.2 Asia Russia -3.9-2.9 Bahrain 2.0 5.0 Slovakia 10.0 11.9 China 5.7 7.9 Slovenia 2.2 6.4 Hong Kong 4.6 9.6 Ukraine -2.9-1.0 Cyprus 2.6 8.9 Africa India 1.6 4.0 Botswana 10.2 10.2 Iran 21.5 30.1 Burkina Faso 14.2 12.7 Israel 5.5 9.8 Burundi 8.6 8.2 Jordan 5.0 3.2 Central African Republic 3.7-2.1 Korea 4.4 7.6 89
Men Women Men Women Chad 3.4 4.5 Qatar 3.1 5.6 Congo 11.0 17.3 Saudi Arabia 8.6 12.7 Cote d Ivoire 20.1 23.8 Source: Statistical Charts and Indicators on the Situation of Youth, 1980-1995, UN, New York, 1998. 90
Table 8. Education and employment activities of persons 18 and 22 years of age, 1984 and 1997 Percentages In education or training Not in education and training In employment Not in employment In employment Not in employment 1984 1997 1984 1997 1984 1997 1984 1997 Men Australia a 27.5 23.6 17.0 30.0 38.5 30.1 17.0 16.4 18-year-olds Austria.. 33.1.. 43.9.. 18.6.. 4.5 Belgium 3.7 1.7 71.0 82.9 14.4 3.4 10.9 12.0 Canada b 20.8 27.6 38.0 44.9 23.0 15.6 18.2 11.9 Denmark b 44.8 57.8 27.3 22.9 21.5 13.3 6.4 6.0 Finland b.. 14.2.. 71.9.. 5.8.. 8.1 France 8.6 11.0 54.3 78.0 19.1 4.0 18.0 7.0 Germany b 45.2 46.0 33.0 40.9 16.6 7.2 5.3 6.0 Greece b 2.2 1.5 55.2 68.1 31.1 16.7 11.4 13.8 Ireland b 8.7 4.8 39.1 61.1 34.8 22.4 17.4 11.7 Italy 1.2 1.3 55.5 67.4 29.6 17.6 13.7 13.7 Luxembourg b 22.2 4.2 43.5 74.6 28.1 12.1 6.2 9.1 Netherlands c 10.0 45.5 61.4 34.5 16.4 11.2 12.2 8.7 Portugal d 5.9 2.1 29.0 62.6 51.9 28.7 13.2 6.6 Spain d 0.5 2.9 48.8 66.8 25.3 15.1 25.4 15.2 United Kingdom 24.7 29.8 19.6 17.2 34.4 32.0 21.4 21.0 United States e 20.8 24.6 40.1 42.7 25.5 18.7 13.7 13.9 OECD unweighted average 16.5 19.5 42.2 53.5 27.3 16.0 14.0 10.9 Men Australia a 12.1 13.1 5.9 8.3 69.2 60.0 12.8 18.6 22-year-olds Austria.. 10.2.. 24.0.. 59.0.. 6.7 Belgium 4.9 2.6 33.7 36.3 46.9 44.1 14.6 17.0 Canada b 8.4 15.9 14.9 21.5 54.0 46.7 22.8 15.9 Denmark b 13.8 21.9 14.0 22.2 61.5 45.0 10.7 10.9 Finland b.. 9.7.. 37.5.. 32.2.. 20.6 France 4.3 5.7 11.0 39.5 68.5 36.6 16.2 18.3 Germany b 6.7 13.6 22.3 21.5 61.6 52.9 9.5 12.0 Greece b 1.3 1.6 20.7 28.4 63.1 53.4 15.0 16.7 Ireland b 4.3 4.8 9.4 20.7 65.1 56.8 21.2 17.7 Italy 1.9 1.4 22.8 28.4 56.8 44.6 18.5 25.7 Luxembourg b 4.2 2.3 14.5 27.2 77.9 63.0 3.4 7.5 Netherlands c 15.3 32.0 26.6 20.4 43.0 40.7 15.0 7.0 Portugal d 5.6 8.1 14.0 28.3 65.3 54.5 15.1 9.1 Spain d 0.3 4.8 18.2 33.6 46.5 44.5 35.0 17.1 United Kingdom 8.8 13.1 7.1 8.6 67.3 59.7 16.8 18.5 United States e 13.7 17.8 11.8 11.8 62.4 60.4 12.1 10.0 OECD unweighted average 7.0 10.5 16.5 24.6 60.6 50.2 15.9 14.7 Women Australia a 12.9 26.4 22.1 32.5 46.4 24.6 18.6 16.6 18-year-olds Austria.. 22.6.. 49.0.. 22.3.. 6.2 Belgium 1.1 1.2 73.9 88.0 11.7 1.7 13.3 9.1 Canada b 20.6 29.6 38.9 44.0 23.0 15.2 17.5 11.3 Denmark b 36.7 44.5 34.7 39.9 20.6 9.9 7.9 5.7 Finland b.. 13.2.. 71.3.. 9.0.. 6.4 France 3.9 3.8 59.3 86.5 12.7 2.5 24.1 7.2 Germany b 33.8 33.9 39.1 51.2 19.3 6.1 7.8 8.8 Greece b 0.7 0.9 49.0 69.0 17.6 9.3 32.7 20.9 Ireland b 3.9 5.1 48.1 72.9 33.2 11.7 14.9 10.4 Italy 1.3 0.9 53.4 74.7 19.2 9.3 26.1 15.1 Luxembourg b 9.0 2.6 43.8 80.5 41.3 12.8 5.9 4.1 Netherlands c 7.4 44.6 59.3 38.7 20.1 9.3 13.1 7.4 Portugal d 1.7 2.4 37.9 70.5 37.3 16.3 23.2 10.8 Spain d 0.1 1.8 48.8 74.7 15.6 8.2 35.5 15.3 United Kingdom 15.6 29.3 20.3 18.7 40.8 30.2 23.3 21.7 United States e 20.5 28.3 35.7 37.4 22.0 18.7 21.8 15.5 OECD unweighted average 11.3 17.1 44.3 58.8 25.4 12.8 19.0 11.3 91
Table 8.Education and employment activities of persons 18 and 22 years of age, 1984 and 1997 (cont.) Percentages In education or training Not in education and training In employment Not in employment In employment Not in employment 1984 1997 1984 1997 1984 1997 1984 1997 Women Australia a 8.6 15.0 5.6 9.4 58.6 52.9 27.1 22.7 22-year-olds Austria.. 7.2.. 23.9.. 58.7.. 10.1 Belgium 2.5 1.9 24.5 33.4 47.6 42.0 25.4 22.7 Canada b 9.1 19.8 9.4 19.1 55.1 40.6 26.5 20.5 Denmark b 23.8 30.4 9.0 22.4 49.6 32.4 17.7 14.8 Finland b.. 12.1.. 42.6.. 29.5.. 15.8 France 5.3 8.2 11.7 37.6 53.8 30.5 29.2 23.7 Germany b 5.8 14.4 17.3 18.6 57.5 45.1 19.4 22.0 Greece b 2.2 2.2 12.3 28.5 33.1 32.5 52.4 36.7 Ireland b 2.5 4.0 5.4 20.4 66.6 59.3 25.6 16.2 Italy 1.3 2.5 18.3 37.7 40.0 27.7 40.4 32.1 Luxembourg b 2.1 1.3 7.8 25.0 76.5 60.2 13.6 13.4 Netherlands c 9.8 32.0 15.3 17.3 54.5 40.6 20.3 10.1 Portugal d 3.6 7.3 20.5 38.1 41.9 44.7 33.9 10.0 Spain d 0.3 4.9 24.6 45.7 28.0 28.2 47.1 21.2 United Kingdom 4.6 11.1 5.3 8.7 54.7 52.6 35.3 27.6 United States e 11.0 18.2 8.8 13.5 54.5 43.2 25.7 25.2 OECD unweighted average 6.2 11.3 13.1 26.0 51.5 42.4 29.3 20.3 Total Australia a 20.2 25.0 19.6 31.2 42.4 27.4 17.8 16.5 18-year-olds Austria.. 27.5.. 46.6.. 20.5.. 5.4 Belgium 2.5 1.4 72.4 85.3 13.2 2.6 12.0 10.6 Canada b 20.7 28.6 38.5 44.4 23.0 15.4 17.8 11.6 Denmark b 40.8 50.6 31.0 32.1 21.1 11.4 7.1 5.8 Finland b.. 13.7.. 71.6.. 7.4.. 7.3 France 6.1 7.5 57.0 82.1 15.7 3.3 21.2 7.1 Germany b 39.4 40.2 36.1 45.8 18.0 6.7 6.5 7.3 Greece b 1.4 1.2 51.9 68.6 24.0 12.7 22.6 17.6 Ireland b 6.3 4.9 43.6 66.6 34.0 17.4 16.1 11.1 Italy 1.2 1.1 54.5 70.8 24.3 13.7 20.0 14.4 Luxembourg b 16.0 3.4 43.7 77.6 34.3 12.5 6.1 6.6 Netherlands c 8.7 45.1 60.3 36.7 18.3 10.2 12.7 8.0 Portugal d 3.9 2.3 33.1 66.9 45.1 22.0 17.9 8.9 Spain d 0.3 2.3 48.8 70.8 20.4 11.6 30.5 15.2 United Kingdom 20.2 29.6 19.9 17.9 37.6 31.1 22.3 21.4 United States e 20.6 26.5 37.9 40.1 23.8 18.7 17.6 14.7 OECD unweighted average 13.9 18.3 43.2 56.2 26.3 14.4 16.5 11.1 Total Australia a 10.3 14.1 5.8 8.9 63.8 56.5 20.2 20.6 22-year-olds Austria.. 8.7.. 24.0.. 58.9.. 8.5 Belgium 3.8 2.3 29.4 34.9 47.2 43.1 19.6 19.7 Canada b 8.7 17.8 12.1 20.3 54.5 43.7 24.6 18.2 Denmark b 18.8 25.8 11.5 22.3 55.6 39.3 14.2 12.7 Finland b.. 10.8.. 39.8.. 31.0.. 18.4 France 4.8 7.0 11.4 38.5 60.5 33.3 23.3 21.2 Germany b 6.2 14.0 19.8 20.0 59.5 49.0 14.4 17.0 Greece b 1.8 1.9 16.1 28.5 46.6 42.3 35.6 27.3 Ireland b 3.4 4.4 7.5 20.5 65.8 58.1 23.3 17.0 Italy 1.6 1.9 20.5 33.1 48.2 36.0 29.8 28.9 Luxembourg b 3.2 1.8 11.0 26.1 77.1 61.7 8.7 10.4 Netherlands c 12.6 32.0 21.0 18.9 48.7 40.6 17.7 8.5 Portugal d 4.5 7.7 17.6 33.5 52.4 49.3 25.5 9.5 Spain d 0.3 4.9 21.3 39.4 37.8 36.7 40.7 19.1 United Kingdom 6.8 12.1 6.3 8.6 61.2 56.2 25.8 23.0 United States e 12.3 18.0 10.2 12.7 58.2 51.9 19.3 17.5 OECD unweighted average 6.6 10.9 14.8 25.3 55.8 46.3 22.8 17.5.. Data not available. a) 1994. b) 1996. c) 1983 d) 1986. e) 1995. Source: OECD School-to-Work Database. 92
Table 9.Labour market and schooling status of persons 18 and 22 years of age, 1984 and 1997 Percentages Proportion attending school Proportion not Proportion in some attending school and form of apprenticeship not in the labour force Employment/ population ratio Unemployment/ population ratio 1984 1997 1984 1997 1984 1997 1984 1997 1984 1997 Men Australia a 26.4 41.6 18.1 11.9 2.1 3.8 66.0 53.7 17.2 16.3 18-year-olds Austria.. 42.8.. 34.1.. 2.1.. 51.6.. 5.0 Belgium 72.6 82.5 2.1 2.1 4.2 7.9 18.1 5.1 8.1 4.3 Canada b 58.8 72.5.... 6.1 5.6 43.8 43.2 15.3 12.3 Denmark b 41.5 51.7 30.6 29.1 1.7 2.3 66.3 70.3 8.0 9.3 Finland b.. 86.1...... 1.0.. 19.1.. 19.1 France 54.8 80.7 8.1 8.3 3.2 2.6 27.2 15.0 15.3 5.2 Germany b 37.1 41.1 41.1 45.8 1.0 3.4 61.8 53.0 5.0 2.8 Greece b 56.8 69.1 0.6 0.5 5.5 6.0 33.4 18.1 7.1 8.3 Ireland b 41.8 63.5 6.1 2.4 1.3 3.4 43.5 27.1 18.3 8.6 Italy 56.4 68.7 0.4 0.0 2.9 6.4 30.8 18.9 12.2 8.1 Luxembourg b 44.0 72.1 21.8 6.7 3.1 3.6 50.5 16.3 3.6 5.5 Netherlands c 68.1 73.0 3.3 7.1 4.5 6.3 26.3 56.8 10.6 5.5 Portugal d 34.9 64.7 - - 3.8 2.7 57.9 30.2 11.9 6.0 Spain d 49.3 69.7 - - 1.6 5.0 25.8 18.0 23.8 13.9 United Kingdom 29.2 34.6 15.1 12.4 2.4 11.4 59.0 61.8 21.0 12.4 United States e 60.9 67.4.... 1.1 6.8 46.3 43.3 17.9 12.7 OECD unweighted average 48.8 63.6 11.3 11.5 3.0 4.7 43.8 35.4 13.0 9.1 Men Australia a 10.2 17.2 7.8 4.3 1.9 4.3 81.3 73.1 12.2 16.7 22-year-olds Austria.. 32.6.. 1.6.. 3.8.. 69.3.. 4.4 Belgium 36.9 38.0 1.7 0.9 2.4 6.0 51.8 46.7 14.7 11.9 Canada b 23.3 37.4.... 6.4 5.6 62.4 62.6 17.3 11.5 Denmark b 20.0 33.2 7.8 10.9 3.7 6.7 75.3 66.9 8.4 8.1 Finland b.. 47.2...... 1.9.. 41.3.. 29.1 France 15.0 43.1 0.4 2.0 2.6 3.3 72.6 42.1 14.3 15.6 Germany b 23.8 26.1 5.1 9.0 1.4 4.2 68.3 66.4 8.5 8.4 Greece b 21.9 29.8 0.1 0.2 3.4 3.7 64.3 54.9 13.1 13.8 Ireland b 11.9 22.4 1.8 3.1 2.4 4.0 69.4 60.7 20.1 14.4 Italy 24.5 29.5 0.2 0.2 3.4 9.1 58.7 46.0 17.3 18.1 Luxembourg b 16.8 28.2 1.9 1.3 1.0 1.7 82.2 65.3 2.9 5.9 Netherlands c 39.6 48.5 2.4 3.9 2.8 4.9 58.2 72.7 16.0 3.6 Portugal d 19.6 36.4 - - 4.9 2.9 70.9 62.4 11.9 9.6 Spain d 18.5 38.3-0.0 2.3 2.8 46.8 49.3 32.6 17.8 United Kingdom 14.6 18.2 1.3 3.5 2.3 8.4 76.0 72.8 15.1 11.5 United States e 25.5 29.6.... 0.9 5.6 76.1 78.2 12.4 5.0 OECD unweighted average 21.5 32.7 2.3 2.9 2.8 4.6 67.6 60.6 14.4 12.1 Women Australia a 28.6 51.4 6.5 7.5 6.9 5.5 59.3 50.9 14.6 17.5 18-year-olds Austria.. 49.4.. 22.2.. 2.0.. 44.9.. 5.8 Belgium 74.3 88.1 0.7 1.0 5.9 6.0 12.8 2.8 9.6 3.4 Canada b 59.5 73.6.... 7.9 5.6 43.6 44.8 11.8 10.3 Denmark b 50.2 78.3 21.3 6.1 3.3 1.7 57.3 54.4 7.1 12.1 Finland b.. 84.6...... 2.1.. 22.6.. 23.7 France 61.0 86.5 2.3 3.8 4.4 2.7 16.3 6.3 20.5 5.7 Germany b 43.3 49.4 29.6 35.6 2.5 5.5 53.1 39.6 6.6 4.1 Greece b 49.5 69.8 0.2 0.1 22.4 8.8 18.3 10.1 14.4 14.6 Ireland b 50.6 77.0 1.4 1.0 2.2 3.8 37.1 16.4 18.6 7.9 Italy 54.3 75.3 0.4 0.2 11.9 9.0 20.5 10.3 16.6 7.2 Luxembourg b 45.4 81.0 7.5 2.1 3.4 1.9 50.3 15.4 3.0 2.2 Netherlands c 65.9 78.0 0.8 5.3 4.8 4.9 27.4 54.0 12.8 7.8 Portugal d 39.5 72.9 0.1-11.8 6.4 38.9 18.6 14.5 6.3 Spain d 48.9 76.5 - - 15.2 4.3 15.6 10.1 20.3 15.2 United Kingdom 31.5 41.9 4.4 6.1 10.8 16.2 56.4 59.5 14.9 7.2 United States e 56.2 65.7.... 8.6 11.6 42.5 47.1 17.7 8.0 OECD unweighted average 50.6 70.6 5.8 6.5 8.1 5.8 36.6 29.9 13.5 9.4 93
Table 9.Labour market and schooling status of persons 18 and 22 years of age, 1984 and 1997 (cont.) Percentages Proportion attending school Proportion not Proportion in some attending school and form of apprenticeship not in the labour force Employment/ population ratio Unemployment/ population ratio 1984 1997 1984 1997 1984 1997 1984 1997 1984 1997 Women Australia a 10.8 20.3 3.4 4.0 20.5 13.5 67.2 67.9 7.7 11.8 22-year-olds Austria.. 29.6.. 1.6.. 5.5.. 65.9.. 5.5 Belgium 26.1 35.3 0.9.. 9.2 11.7 50.1 43.9 19.1 12.2 Canada b 18.4 38.8.... 16.6 13.0 64.1 60.4 10.8 8.6 Denmark b 17.4 38.8 15.3 14.0 7.5 6.5 73.4 62.7 11.1 11.6 Finland b.. 54.7...... 5.6.. 41.4.. 23.6 France 16.7 44.3 0.2 1.5 14.4 7.8 59.1 38.5 16.1 17.8 Germany b 19.7 23.7 3.4 9.2 12.7 15.2 63.3 59.5 7.2 7.4 Greece b 14.3 30.5 0.2 0.2 41.8 18.6 35.3 34.7 12.1 19.9 Ireland b 7.1 22.0 0.7 2.4 16.0 7.6 69.0 62.5 10.4 8.9 Italy 19.5 39.9 0.2 0.3 22.7 16.5 41.3 30.2 20.0 18.2 Luxembourg b 8.7 24.5 1.3 1.8 13.0 9.6 78.6 61.5 0.5 3.9 Netherlands c 24.0 48.2 1.1 1.2 14.0 8.6 64.3 72.6 9.3 4.8 Portugal d 24.2 45.4 - - 21.3 5.0 45.5 51.3 14.3 6.7 Spain d 24.9 50.5-0.1 21.3 5.3 28.3 33.2 25.8 22.1 United Kingdom 9.2 18.2 0.8 1.6 26.1 21.4 59.4 63.7 10.1 6.8 United States e 19.8 31.7.... 15.8 19.8 65.5 61.3 11.3 6.9 OECD unweighted average 17.4 35.1 2.1 2.9 18.2 11.2 57.6 53.6 12.4 11.6 Total Australia a 27.5 46.4 12.3 9.7 4.5 4.6 62.6 52.3 15.9 16.9 18-year-olds Austria.. 46.4.. 27.7.. 2.1.. 48.0.. 5.4 Belgium 73.4 85.1 1.4 1.6 5.0 7.0 15.6 4.0 8.8 3.9 Canada b 59.1 73.0.... 7.0 5.6 43.7 44.0 13.5 11.3 Denmark b 45.8 66.1 26.0 16.6 2.5 2.0 61.9 61.7 7.5 10.8 Finland b.. 85.4...... 1.6.. 20.8.. 21.3 France 58.0 83.5 5.1 6.1 3.8 2.6 21.5 10.8 18.0 5.4 Germany b 40.2 45.0 35.3 40.9 1.7 4.4 57.4 46.6 5.8 3.4 Greece b 52.9 69.5 0.4 0.3 14.4 7.5 25.4 13.9 11.0 11.7 Ireland b 46.1 69.8 3.8 1.7 1.7 3.6 40.3 22.1 18.4 8.3 Italy 55.3 71.8 0.4 0.1 7.4 7.7 25.6 14.8 14.4 7.6 Luxembourg b 44.6 76.7 15.0 4.3 3.2 2.7 50.4 15.8 3.3 3.9 Netherlands c 67.0 75.6 2.0 6.2 4.7 5.6 26.9 55.3 11.7 6.7 Portugal d 37.0 69.1 0.1-7.6 4.7 49.0 23.9 13.1 6.2 Spain d 49.1 73.1 - - 8.5 4.6 20.7 14.0 22.1 14.6 United Kingdom 30.3 38.2 9.8 9.4 6.6 13.7 57.8 60.7 17.9 9.9 United States e 58.6 66.6.... 4.7 9.2 44.4 45.2 17.8 10.4 OECD unweighted average 49.7 67.1 8.6 8.9 5.6 5.2 40.2 32.6 13.3 9.3 Total Australia a 10.5 18.8 5.5 4.1 11.5 8.9 74.1 70.5 9.9 14.3 22-year-olds Austria.. 31.1.. 1.6.. 4.6.. 67.6.. 5.0 Belgium 31.8 36.7 1.3 0.5 5.6 8.7 51.0 45.4 16.7 12.1 Canada b 20.9 38.1.... 11.5 9.3 63.3 61.5 14.1 10.0 Denmark b 18.7 35.7 11.5 12.3 5.6 6.6 74.3 65.0 9.7 9.7 Finland b.. 50.7...... 3.6.. 41.3.. 26.6 France 15.9 43.7 0.3 1.8 9.0 5.7 65.2 40.2 15.3 16.8 Germany b 21.8 24.9 4.3 9.1 7.0 9.7 65.8 62.9 7.9 7.9 Greece b 17.7 30.2 0.2 0.2 24.5 11.6 48.3 44.2 12.5 17.0 Ireland b 9.7 22.2 1.3 2.7 8.8 5.8 69.2 61.6 15.5 11.6 Italy 21.9 34.8 0.2 0.3 13.3 12.9 49.8 38.0 18.7 18.2 Luxembourg b 12.6 26.4 1.6 1.5 7.2 5.5 80.3 63.5 1.7 4.9 Netherlands c 31.9 48.3 1.8 2.6 8.4 6.7 61.2 72.6 12.7 4.2 Portugal d 22.1 41.2 - - 14.0 4.0 56.9 56.5 13.2 8.0 Spain d 21.5 44.2-0.1 11.3 4.0 38.1 41.6 29.4 19.9 United Kingdom 12.0 18.2 1.1 2.6 13.9 14.7 67.9 68.4 12.7 9.2 United States e 22.5 30.6.... 8.8 12.6 70.5 69.9 11.8 6.0 OECD unweighted average 19.4 33.9 2.2 2.8 10.7 7.9 62.4 57.1 13.4 11.8.. Data not available. - Nil lor less than half of the last digit used. a) 1994 b) 1996. c) 1983. d) 1986 e) 1995. Source : OECD, School-to-Work Database. 94
Table 10. Unemployment rates of new school leavers one year after leaving education, 1996 MALES FEMALES Less than upper Upper University/ Less than upper Upper University/ Secondary secondary tertiary secondary secondary tertiary Belgium 68.0 37.5 16.1 71.9 51.2 25.8 Denmark 41.6 11.8 3.2 24.6 10.7 29.1 Finland 31.0 48.8 22.6 58.4 58.3 28.2 France 38.7 30.8 27.4 38.3 37.6 31.3 Germany a 9.7 8.9 15.2 13.0 7.6 15.1 Greece 32.1 46.7 41.3 74.3 65.5 55.5 Ireland 33.7 17.5 15.8 12.9 16.4 9.9 Italy 43.0 53.2 63.4 64.5 72.6 61.8 Netherlands 30.6 16.9 23.7 42.5 24.2 30.6 Portugal 35.6 48.5 42.9 57.8 52.6 43.3 Spain 45.3 51.4 50.7 58.3 59.8 61.8 UK 25.6 22.6 25.9 19.3 19.6 12.7 USA a 25.6 12.0 11.5 61.6 15.0 9.3 OECD average 33.8 30.2 27.7 43.6 34.4 30.5 OECD unweighted average also includes Austria and Luxembourg. a=1995. Source: OECD, 1999. 95
Table 11. Proportion of unemployed youths in households where no other person is employed, 1985 & 1996 (%) 15-19 20-24 1985 1996 1985 1996 Australia a 26.4 22.8 37.1 36.3 Austria.. 18.4.. 21.6 Belgium 20.2 33.9 28.3 38.8 Canada 21.7 24.1 39.7 40.9 Finland.. 23.5.. 64.6 France 19.2 25.8 27.9 29.8 Germany b 17.5 36.3 36.6 45.5 Greece 18.6 16.1 25.7 23.6 Ireland 27.9 40.5 35.0 43.5 Italy 12.4 21.5 21.1 27.2 Mexico.. 8.5.. 8.5 Netherlands c 22.3 17.8 48.6 44.5 Portugal 8.9 9.5 15.1 18.6 Spain 20.0 22.6 24.1 26.2 Switzerland.. 4.8.. 22.5 UK 26.6 32.4 44.1 48.7 USA a 20.6 18.8 39.6 40.1 European Union 19.4 24.9 d 30.6 36.0 d OECD 20.2 22.2 e 32.5 34.2 e Notes:.. data not available a) 1986 instead of 1985 b) data for Germany relate to West Germany in 1985 and the whole of Germany in 1996 c) 1988 instead of 1985 d) The averages are respectively 25.6 and 34.6 for the 15-19 group and 20-24 group when Austria and Finland are not included. e) The averages are respectively 24.3 and 36.7 for the 15-19 group and 20-24 group when Austria, Finland, Mexico and Switzerland are not included 96
Table 12. Young people living with their parents by gender, 1985 and 1996/97 15-19 20-24 25-29 Men Women Men Women Men Women 1985 1996 1985 1996 1985 1997 1985 1997 1997 1997 Australia a 87.4 87.3 83.1 81.9 49.6 50.2 30.5 36.5.... Austria.. 94.8.. 91.8.. 76.5.. 58.7 40.7 20.5 Belgium 97.1 92.6 94.8 93.5 76.3 68.7 57.7 58.6 23.5 13.5 Canada b 88.9 90.8 82.2 84.7 49.8 53.4 30.4 39.1.... Finland.. 50.9.. 47.5.. 17.6.. 9.4 7.0 2.3 France 94.9 94.1 88.8 91.1 55.8 62.4 35.7 44.1 23.2 11.4 Germany 95.1 95.5 91.8 92.1 64.3 65.1 42.9 45.1 27.1 11.9 Greece 93.8 94.8 88.4 92.7 74.2 80.6 48.6 68.2 65.5 38.7 Ireland 95.3 91.1 93.4 88.0 73.0 66.3 56.0 49.5 39.3 25.2 Italy 97.2 96.6 95.9 95.8 87.4 92.7 67.7 85.1 72.5 51.8 Luxembourg 92.8 95.2 89.8 93.4 74.0 71.8 55.0 57.1 36.6 21.9 Netherlands c 95.6 96.7 92.4 93.3 64.0 61.3 39.6 37.2 19.5 6.1 Portugal c 93.7 92.9 90.3 89.5 80.6 87.9 68.1 76.3 65.9 50.3 Spain c 95.4 95.1 94.1 94.0 89.0 92.4 77.8 88.2 72.2 56.6 United Kingdom 94.4 92.9 87.2 87.3 56.9 55.0 33.8 35.8 22.5 11.9 United States a 89.9 87.9 85.4 83.7 49.5 50.0 36.3 38.0.... OECD unweighted average 93.7 90.6 d 89.8 87.5 e 67.5 65.7 f 48.6 51.7 g 39.7 24.8.. Data not available. a) 1986 and 1996. b) 1985 and 1996 c) 1988 instead of 1985. d) The average is 93 per cent when Austria and Finland are not included. e) The average is 90 per cent when Austria and Finland are not included. f) The average is 70 per cent when Austria and Finland are not included. g) The average is 54 per cent when Austria and Finland are not included. Sources: OECD (1998 b ) and EUROSTAT, Labour Force Surveys. 97
Table 13. Happiness over time, USA, 1972-1996 (%) All ages Age >=30 Age < 30 Age <30 and not married Year Not too Quite Very Not too Quite Very Not too Quite Very Not too Quite Very Happy Happy Happy Happy Happy Happy Happy Happy Happy Happy Happy Happy 1972 17 53 30 17 52 31 16 57 27 21 64 15 1973 13 51 36 13 49 39 14 58 28 18 64 18 1974 13 49 38 13 47 41 15 56 29 21 63 16 1975 13 54 33 13 53 35 14 58 28 19 63 18 1976 13 53 34 12 53 35 14 53 33 24 53 24 1977 12 53 35 12 51 37 13 59 28 14 63 23 1978 10 56 34 9 56 35 11 57 33 15 61 23 1980 13 53 34 13 52 35 14 56 29 17 58 25 1982 15 55 31 14 54 33 16 59 25 21 59 19 1983 13 56 31 12 56 32 14 57 29 14 59 27 1984 13 52 35 13 50 37 12 59 29 15 62 23 1985 11 60 29 12 59 29 9 62 29 12 62 26 1986 11 56 32 11 55 33 12 60 29 16 57 27 1987 13 57 29 13 57 30 14 60 27 17 62 22 1988 9 57 34 10 55 35 7 61 32 10 65 24 1989 10 58 33 10 57 33 10 60 30 11 59 31 1990 9 58 33 10 57 33 7 58 35 7 68 25 1991 11 58 31 12 56 32 9 65 27 10 66 24 1993 11 57 32 12 56 32 9 63 29 6 69 26 1994 12 59 29 12 58 30 12 63 25 15 67 18 1996 12 58 30 12 56 31 11 62 27 12 66 22 1998 12 56 32 11 55 33 15 59 26 16 64 19 Source: General Social Survey, NORC. Blanchflower and Oswald (1999) and own calculations. Notes: Answers to the question: "taken all together, how would you say things are these days -- would you say you are very happy, pretty happy or not too happy?". 98
Table 14. Death Rates by Suicide and Self-inflicted injuries. (Death Rates per 100,000 persons) Males Females Country 15-19 20-24 25-54 15-19 20-24 25-54 Australia 1970 8.4 16.7 26.2 2.6 6.9 11.2 1980 9.9 25.6 22.9 2.4 6.7 8.4 1992 19.6 34.6 26.3 4.8 6.4 6.5 Austria 1970 21.0 32.9 43.7 5.5 5.8 15.4 1980 18.5 40.4 45.6 7.3 6.0 15.1 1992 15.7 31.2 35.6 5.9 6.2 12.6 Canada 1970 10.1 21.9 24.6 3.9 5.8 11.1 1980 19.4 30.4 28.5 3.8 7.0 9.8 1992 20.1 29.0 27.3 5.4 6.6 7.5 Denmark 1970 3.7 17.8 39.4 1.1 9.9 20.8 1980 7.4 25.8 56.6 4.7 11.0 30.3 1992 5.5 19.2 35.0 2.3 4.4 16.1 France 1970 6.7 12.1 25.7 4.3 4.4 8.8 1980 7.4 24.2 32.6 2.9 8.0 12.3 1992 6.7 20.7 37.5 2.5 5.9 12.3 Greece 1970 0.6 2.7 5.5 1.4 1.7 3.6 1980 1.6 4.5 5.4 1.1 2.6 3.6 1992 1.4 4.0 5.9 1.3 2.1 3.6 Iceland 1970 9.7 22.2 38.2 0 0 6.1 1980 8.7 9.0 24.3 0 9.6 12.7 1992 18.5 19.2 27.9 0 0 5.8 Ireland 99
1970 0.7 6.6 3.6 0 1.0 0.9 1980 4.3 7.3 14.9 1.3 6.0 6.7 1991 14.9 29.2 24.8 1.3 2.9 4.4 Italy 1970 2.6 4.5 7.9 2.3 2.3 3.7 1980 3.2 7.6 10.3 1.6 3.3 4.7 1990 3.3 8.3 10.5 1.6 2.4 3.8 Japan 1970 8.7 18.8 19.4 6.9 16.2 12.8 1980 9.5 24.1 28.6 4.9 11.5 12.8 1992 5.3 15.3 25.9 3.2 6.3 10.1 Luxembourg 1970 0 17.4 23.9 0 8.8 15.0 1980 7.0 13.8 24.1 0 0 14.7 1992 0 14.1 15.4 9.6 7.5 16.2 Mexico 1970 2.2 3.6 3.3 0.8 1.2 0.7 1980 3.2 4.3 4.0 1.3 1.4 0.8 1991 3.8 8.1 6.4 0.9 1.5 1.1 Netherlands 1970 3.3 8.1 10.7 1.5 2.6 7.9 1980 3.7 13.1 15.6 0.8 6.6 9.5 1992 4.6 12.5 17.0 2.5 4.7 9.0 New Zealand 1970 9.0 15.6 19.0 2.4 5.4 7.6 1980 12.4 27.8 17.5 9.2 6.9 10.2 1992 27.7 52.2 28.7 3.7 8.7 7.0 Norway 1970 1.3 9.2 17.2 1.4 2.6 8.4 1980 14.3 26.5 21.8 1.3 5.3 9.7 1992 18.0 37.2 24.3 5.6 4.9 10.3 Portugal 1970 5.1 6.4 15.3 3.2 4.2 3.4 100
1980 3.2 7.4 13.1 5.1 2.9 4.5 1992 3.5 8.1 12.6 2.2 2.1 4.8 Spain 1970 1.3 2.7 6.8 1.0 0.8 2.2 1980 2.5 6.4 7.5 0.8 1.4 2.2 1991 4.7 9.4 10.4 1.4 3.0 3.0 Sweden 1970 10.2 25.4 41.3 4.8 10.5 20.2 1980 5.8 28.2 37.6 4.3 7.4 14.8 1992 5.4 14.4 27.5 4.5 8.7 11.1 Switzerland 1970 12.7 32.6 32.9 4.5 5.5 12.1 1980 22.9 48.0 40.9 6.9 18.4 17.6 1992 10.6 33.7 35.3 3.0 9.0 11.1 UK 1970 3.0 8.5 11.5 1.4 3.4 7.5 1980 4.1 9.6 14.8 1.9 4.1 7.7 1992 6.4 16.9 17.8 1.6 2.9 4.5 USA 1970 8.9 19.0 23.1 2.9 5.6 11.0 1980 13.8 26.6 23.6 3.0 5.5 8.2 1991 18.0 25.4 24.0 3.7 4.1 6.3 West Germany 1970 15.7 24.6 34.0 5.5 8.5 17.3 1980 11.8 27.0 33.6 4.2 7.1 14.6 1990 9.6 18.6 23.8 2.4 5.9 8.6 1992* 8.6 16.0 26.3 2.4 4.0 8.5 Notes: * 1992= Germany (East+West) Source: World Health Organisation Statistical Database 101