Th 3 th Intrnational Confrnc RELIABILITY an TATITIC in TRANPORTATION an COMMUNICATION - 3 Procings of th 3 th Intrnational Confrnc Rliability an tatistics in Transportation an Communication (Rltat 3), 6 9 Octobr 3, Riga, Latia, p. 77 8. IBN 978-9984-88-58- Transport an Tlcommunication Institut, Lomonosoa, LV-9, Riga, Latia ECONOMIC LOE AT BU TOP AREA Dzianis apski, Tatiana amailoich, Dpt of Transport Managmnt an Roa afty, Blarusian National Tchnical Unirsity Inpnnc Anu, 65, 3 Minsk, Rpublic of Blarus Phons: +375 9 686533; +375 97676 E-mail: Dnis_@tut.by; Tanus-sam@yanx.ru Th papr als with th mtho of calculation of conomic losss at bus stop ara. Th aim of th mtho is to compar th losss on bus stops with iffrnt paramtrs. Th losss shall b unrstoo to man alu of thos costs, which coul ha bn aoi in absnc of any rstrictions (in this cas th bus stop with its paramtrs). ywors: Bus stop, public transport, conomic losss, locity losss, bus stop bay, bus stop lngth, roa lan. Introuction Unr th loss in traffic w unrstan social conomic cost of th optional, unforc costs, which appar uring th momnt. [] In gnral, all of th losss ar ii into conomic, cologic an accint. Economic losss consist of losss from lays an loss of hicl stops. Th lss influnc on th main traffic flow caus by bus stop, th fwr stops an lays occur. In orr to minimiz conomic losss at bus stop aras, it is ncssary to trmin th mtho of calculating th losss, which taks into account not only th lay an stopping of main traffic flow, but also lays of public transport units. Thus, th organization of th bus bay contributs to a slight incras of tim of PT unit laing but significantly rucs th lay of th main traffic flow. This papr proposs a mtho of calculating of th conomic losss at bus stop ara at arious paramtrs of a bus stop.. Dscription of th Rsarch Th calculation of conomic losss is carri out by th gnral mtho propos in [], []. Economic losss ar trmin by th quation: Lcn,5 ( L Lо ), c.u./yar, () I whr I total intral of arrial of public traffic (PT) to th bus stop, min; L conomic lossscausbytrafficlays, c.u./yar; L conomic lossscausbytraffic stoppings, c.u./yar; о L Q F С () c y ес TF L о о Q k Fy Со TF, (3) whr spcific lay of total traffic flow, sc/h.; spcific stopping, stop/h.; Q traffic intncity (TI), physical, h/h, p./h; К conomic ruction cofficint (Tabl ). For pstrians К ; F y annual fun tim, h/yar (Tabl ); С, С о pric of costs (Tabl 3); 77
ssion 3. Transport ystms К ес conomic ruction cofficint for imntions, for calculation; traffic an pstrian lays. К ес=/36, for othr costs К ес=; TF corrction cofficint of annual fun tim, which consirs hicls passing th objct instigat in arly morning an lat ning (Tabl ). Tabl. Economic ruction cofficints for hicls Typ of hicl Group Motorcycls, scootrs, mops motorcycls Motorcycls,7,4 Cars, minibuss Cars,, Trucks, tractors,agricultural machinry Trucks,4,7 Truck trailrs, tractor trailrs Truck trailrs,3 3, Public traffic (bus) Buss, 8, Public traffic (bus)articulat Buss articulat,6 4 Public traffic (trollybus) Trollybuss, 8, Public traffic (trollybus) articulat Trollybuss articulat,6 4 Tabl. Annual fun tim Loa ll Th total intnsity of th conflicting traffic flows (at th ratio of main an sconary flow), h/ h Annual fun tim for unrgulat objcts F y, h/yar Corrction cofficint of annual fun tim TF Light Lss than 5 36,43 Arag Mor than 5 4,67 trong Mor than 48, Tabl 3. Pric of costs Nam Dsignation Dimnsion Valu Th cost of on hour of lay for ruc car С c.u./h,8 Th cost of on hour of lay for pstrian Сn c.u./h,5 Pris of on stopping for country roas С for th strts of sttlmnts о c.u./stop,4 for rsintial aras an yars,,6 Th cost of on kilomtr of or walk Th cost of on kilomtr of orruning Th cost of a litr of ful Cost of on hour lay of public traffic Сsn c.u./km, Сs c.u./km,9 СF c.u./litr,4 СB c.u./h 58,7 Th bus stop impacts th following costs.. If thr is no bus bay (or insufficint lngth or with of th bus bay) thr ar isplacmnts from right lan in orr to tour a bus stop. pcific lay of isplacmnts is qual: is whr q T q q T, (4) q TI on th scon roa lan, h./sc; T accptabl intral in th main conflict traffic flow, sc. T 3, sc, (5) whr ynamic ruction cofficint (Tabl ). 78
Th 3 th Intrnational Confrnc RELIABILITY an TATITIC in TRANPORTATION an COMMUNICATION - 3. toppings of hicls, which wr unabl to mak th manur of isplacmnt: 7 ( qt (,5q 6,5q qt ) ), (6) whr lngth of a span, fr from th influnc of th bus stop. During instigation of influnc of th bus stop impact on traffic flow it has bn foun that PT starts clration bfor th bus stop at a istanc of 75 m, whrin th part of hicls slows own aftr th PT, a part maks a manur of isplacmnt, thus, th lngth of a span, fr from th influnc of a bus stop is calculat as th istanc to th narst intrsction bfor th bus stop or to th prious bus stop minus 75 m an plus th lngth of th acclration sction from th prious bus stop. sp of momnt on th first (right) roa lan of th sit, (7) whr ara of bus stop influnc. Distanc of influnc of a bus stop on th main traffic flow compriss istanc of clration of PT. Distanc of clration is qual 75 m bfor a bus stop. Lngth of a bus stop L bs is calculat by th mtho scrib blow. Whn PT las a bus stop, it gts th rquir sp not at onc, thrin th othr mmbrs of traffic flow ortak it or mak a manur of isplacmnt. It is possibl whn th sp of ortaking hicl is - km/h mor, than ortakn. Thus ortaking (isplacmnt) taks plac whil th sp of PT is lss than 4 km/h (accounting th rstriction of sp mor than 6 km/h in sttlmnts). Th PT acclration is,5 m/sc, sp of 4 km/h is achi through m. Whn th sp of traffic flow is low, this istanc crass. Lc Lbs. Lac, m. (8) L МПТС k bs lk ( Part ) lsc k l rb l rt (9) whr l lngth of safty claranc(th istanc btwn staning PT units), l зб =m; sc l lngth of roa broaning. It is qual -3 m, in confin spacs - m; rb l lngth of rout taxi (accoring to Tabl 3). rt n P ART P i P TU ART, () i whr ART shar of articulat PT units on th rout. N Quantity of th PT units on th i -th rout, arriing uring an hour: 6, () I whr I P TUi intral of PT arrial on i -th rout, min. Probability of arrial of PT unit of i -th rout: 79
ssion 3. Transport ystms P N ip TU n, i N () whr n numbr of routs. Tabl 4. Lngth of plac occupi on th bus stop by th rout taxi Lngth (accounting safty claranc), l rt,m har of rout taxi, rt 6-8,, Tabl 5. Numbr of PT units for bus stop lngth trmination in pnnc of th total arrial intral Estimat numbr of PT unit on th bus stop, PTU Total intral of momnt I,min mor than, [,9 -,] 3 [,7 -,9] 4 lss than,7 Tabl 6. Effcti lngth of PT unit in pnnc of probability of arrial of on articulat PT unit. Effcti lngth of PT unit, l k,m (if th bus stop srs just bus routs) 4,5 8,4 Probability of arrial of on articulat PTU. k P art <,5 k Part,5 Tabl 7. Effcti numbr of PT units for finition of bus stop lngth rgaring to total intral of arrial Effcti nimbr of PT units on th bus stop, PTU Total intral of arrial, min mor than, [,9 -,] 3 [,7 -,9] 4 lss than,7, (3) см 64,5 Q 6 km/h, (4) whr Q TI on th scon roa lan, h./h 8
Th 3 th Intrnational Confrnc RELIABILITY an TATITIC in TRANPORTATION an COMMUNICATION - 3 3. Dlay uring mrging aftr stop: mr qt T 4,5 q q пн T, sc/h., (5), sc. (6) Vlocity of stopp hicls incluing clration an acclration (both 4 sc.), but xcluing losss of staning tim is qual: 3, km/h, (7) 4 4. Vlocity losss on th lft lan caus by r-istribution of TI; Traffic locity on th scon traffic lan in th ara of bus stop influnc: 64,5 ( Q ), km/h, (8) 4 Q Thus, haing istribution of TI, traffic locity an tim of roa sctions passing it is possibl to fin an arag tim of roa sction passing in prsnc of a bus stop: Qi t Qi ti, sc, (9) whr Q i TI on rgion, h/h Arag tim of passing of sction in absnc of parking is fin by th following quation: t, sc, () whr locity in absnc of parking, km/h 64,5Q,5, km/h, 3,6 t t, sc/h. () () If thr is parking in front of th bus stops PT units ha to go into th scon lan bcaus of th first occupi by parking an los thir priority of moing. It causs lays of PT, which ar fin by th quation 5. PT unit oprats in arag hours pr ay, maks 4 turns on th cycl an carris about 6 passngrs. Cost of passngr carrying is,44 c.u., thus uring a ay cost of lays is 74 c.u. (58,7 c.u./h). In this cas PT units acclrat an clrat on th scon traffic lan. In th prsnc of a bus bay ara of influnc of a bus stop on th traffic flow is ruc to a istanc of acclration an clration of PT uring coming an laing a bus stop. In this cas thr ar lays of PT units uring coming to th bus stop (minor) an uring laing ( sc.) accounting that rirs of hicls of th main traffic flow gi priority to PT, which las a bus stop. Th prsnc of traffic light causs consoliation of traffic flow in packs, an a issipation of packs caus by th prsnc of unrgulat pstrian crossings, intrsction, xits from th surrouning aras, prsnc of parking on th right traffic lan, prsnc of othr bus stop. On th homognous sction of th roa, issipation of a pack is only possibl bcaus of iffrnt sps of th hicls, so th impact of th traffic light applis to th bus stop if th traffic flow mos in a pack at th bus stop ara inpnntly on th istanc of traffic light location. 8
ssion 3. Transport ystms Th gr of lays of th main traffic flow pns on th numbr of phass of traffic light. In th prsnc of th lft (or th right) turn from th sconary irction in phas with grn signal for pstrians crossing th main traffic irction th saturation flow, thr is no accptabl gap for PT units for laing out th bay or orcoming th parking lot without making obstacls to main traffic flow. If th TI of hicls is lss than th traffic flow saturation or thr is no turning hicls in on phas with pstrians, thn 65% of th PT units las th bus bay without intrfring with th main traffic flow. In th prsnc of th intrsction in front of th bus stop appar th isplacs back to right lan in orr to turn right (whn thr is no bus bay). It must b not that on th roa, roaway of which has only on lan in ach irction in th ara of th bus stop th orchangs tak plac insta of isplacmnts or th main traffic flow has to mo on narrow ara (bcaus of prsnc of PT units on th bus stop). For th calculation th following initial ata ar ncssary: TI on roa lans, composition of traffic flow, PT intnsity (trollybuss, articulat trollybuss, buss, articulat buss, rout taxis); paramtrs of traffic light opration, passngr flowin orr to calculat th waiting tim an lays of passngrs; main traffic flow locity, istanc to th narst intrsction or prious bus stop. 3. Conclusions Th mtho scrib in th articl maks it possibl to aluat conomic losss at th bus stop ara that can b us for th analysis of th fficincy of bus stop oprating an for making corrctions in orr to compar possibl rsults. Rfrncs. Vrubl, U.A. (996). Minsk/Blorussian fun of roa traffic safty, Part. In Roa traffic organization, in Parts.. Vrubl, U.A. (3). Losss in roa traffic. Minsk. 38 p. 3. Vrubl, U.A. (6). Roa traffic costs fining: Monograph. Minsk: Blorussian National Tchnical Unirsity. 39 p. 8