Shared Automated Vehicles: 2018 Update on Developments and Policies Susan Shaheen, PhD Email: sshaheen@berkeley.edu Twitter: SusanShaheen1 LinkedIn: Susan Shaheen
SAV Developments Low- Speed SAV Shuttles Optimus Ride, Boston, MA Optimus Ride testing AVs in South Boston Waterfront since June 2017. In January 2018, company approved to carry passengers within the Marine Park area. UC Berkeley, UC Berkeley, 2018 2015
SAV Developments Low- Speed SAV Shuttles May Mobility, Detroit, MI In June 2018, May Mobility launched fleet of five, 6-seater SAVs to serve passengers on a route in downtown Detroit. They are replacing an existing bus shuttle route and will run from 5 a.m. to midnight on weekdays. UC Berkeley, UC Berkeley, 2018 2015
SAV Development Updates Conventional Vehicle SAVs SAV pilots with conventional vehicles expanded, multiple programs planning to deploy commercial SAV services by 2019. Waymo moved safety engineer to back seat for testing with passengers in Phoenix, AZ. Waymo Cruise/GM Aptiv/Lyft Example Pilot: Early Rider Program, Phoenix, AZ Example Pilot: San Francisco, CA Example Pilot: Las Vegas, NV UC Berkeley, UC Berkeley, 2018 2015
SAV Developments Conventional Vehicle SAVs Waymo Early Rider Program, Phoenix, AZ Alphabet s Waymo Early Rider program operating since April 2017 and plans to launch a commercial SAV service in Phoenix area in late-2018. Chandler, a suburb of Phoenix, amended its zoning code in May 2018, reducing parking requirements for new developments by up to 40%, if studies show less demand for parking due to SAVs. In May 2018, Waymo ordered 62,000 AV minivans from Chrysler and also announced plans to launch in Europe following U.S. deployment. UC Berkeley, UC Berkeley, 2018 2015
SAV Developments Conventional Vehicle SAVs Cruise/GM, San Francisco, CA In August 2017, Cruise began offering employees work and nonwork trips in SAV testing in San Francisco. Talks between City of San Francisco and Cruise in early-july 2018 suggest may be planning a commercial launch in city, possibly in 2019. UC Berkeley, UC Berkeley, 2018 2015
SAV Developments Conventional Vehicle SAVs Aptiv/Lyft, Las Vegas, NV In May 2018, Aptiv deployed 30 SAVs in Las Vegas, NV, available for summon by public through Lyft s ridesourcing app. Launch came months after successful demonstrations at CES, held in Las Vegas in January 2018. UC Berkeley, UC Berkeley, 2018 2015
Shared Automated Vehicle (SAV) Pilots As of February 2018, 16 active SAV pilots across eight states around the U.S., half of which are serving passengers and other half are in testing phase only Stocker and Shaheen, 2018, Forthcoming UC Berkeley, 2018
AV Policy Developments Very few developments, at present, on SAV-specific policies or regulations Most legislation, to date, relates to AV road safety, liability and insurance, vehicle design requirements, and operational area Most existing U.S. AV legislation is at state and local levels. No enacted federal level AV policy, at present Stocker and Shaheen, 2018, Forthcoming UC Berkeley, 2018
AV Policy Developments - State As of February 2018, 16 states and District of Columbia (DC) passed legislation or issued an executive order that allows for either AV testing or deployment on public roads. Only a few states include provisions in AV legislation that specifically relate to SAV regulation, at present Nevada s AB 69 = 3% excise tax of total SAV fare Tennessee s SB 1561 = one cent-per-mile tax on AV passenger vehicles, 2.6 cent-per-mile tax on AV trucks Unclear if these regulations are being enforced, at present Data collection from operators and auditing processes are also unclear Stocker and Shaheen, forthcoming NCSL and Eno, 2018
AV Policy Developments - Local City of Boston passed executive order in October 2016 that establishes a multi-phase testing program for entities wishing to operate AVs city. Order regulates time, place, and manner of testing and is initially restricting testing to a 1,000-acre area of the South Boston Waterfront. City also requires quarterly data reports of both companies currently testing in Boston (nutonomy and Optimus Ride). Reports consist of metrics like: number of passenger trips, passenger home zip codes, trip origin and destination, and qualitative user feedback City of Boston, 2018 UC Berkeley, 2018
Potential Future SAV Policy Developments SAV-specific policy and data sharing are sparse to non-existent, at present, and only a few states have bills that claim to impose operating fees on fleet-based SAVs Additional SAV legislation and data sharing will be necessary as an increasing number of SAV pilots are deployed over coming years. Potential adverse impacts (on safety, congestion, and sprawl) of AVs/SAVs will have to be considered when crafting regulations UC Berkeley, 2018
Challenges of Regulation & Data Sharing Public-private data sharing needed for informed and effective public policymaking Modes needing access to fixed rights-of-way (carsharing, microtransit, docked bikesharing) = may be easier to regulate / obtain data from More dynamic modes with less need for fixed rights-of-way (ridesourcing/tncs, dockless bike- and scooter sharing, SAVs?) = may be harder to regulate / obtain data from Collaboration needed among public, private, university sectors to align incentives and achieve information sharing needed for effective policy UC Berkeley, 2018
Concluding Thoughts & Recommendations Need to consider what regulations make sense not just for shared mobility providers but for all transportation modes, especially in rapidly evolving landscape Stakeholders are beginning to discuss usage-based pricing mechanisms in some cities, which could possible include: Trip-based fees; Mileage-based pricing; Spatio-temporal pricing (cordon pricing, express lanes, curb pricing); Mode or occupancy-based fees; Access to high occupancy vehicle lanes or express lanes; Others? UC Berkeley, 2018
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Acknowledgements www.its.berkeley.edu/sustainabilitycenter www.innovativemobility.org Shared mobility operators, experts, and industry associations Federal Highway Administration California Department of Transportation Adam Cohen, Rachel Finson, Elliot Martin, Adam Stocker, Hannah Totte, Mark Jaffee, Marcel Moran, Mikela Hoffman-Stapleton, TSRC, UC Berkeley Susan Shaheen, Ph.D. Email: sshaheen@berkeley.edu Twitter: SusanShaheen1 LinkedIn: Susan Shaheen @UC UC Berkeley, Berkeley, 2018 2018