REMOTE SENSING RDE: ITS, University of Leeds UK urban Air Quality exceedance areas: 2007 present > 1 million pass-by measurements Dr James TATE Associate Professor, Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, UK Email: j.e.tate@its.leeds.ac.uk Twitter: drjamestate
REMOTE SENSING RDE: AWEL, Zurich, CH: 2000, 2001, 2002 2016
EMISSION FACTOR ESTIMATES (2010) EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE FFFFFFFFFFFF gggg. kkkk 1 RRRRRR = NNNN XX CCCC 2 RRRRDD CCCC 2 kkkk MMMMMMMM CCCC 2 CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC FFFFFFFFFFFF IIIIIIII,2015 Carslaw, D., Beevers, S., Tate, J., Westmoreland, E., Williams, M. 2011. Recent evidence concerning higher NOx emissions from passenger cars and light duty vehicles. Atmospheric Environment, 45, December 2011, pg 7053-7063, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.09.063
INFLUENCE HIGH VEHICLE POWER: Analysis RSD NO X /CO 2 & Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) PETROL DIESEL Carslaw, D., Williams, M., Tate, J., Beevers, S. 2013. The importance of high vehicle power for passenger car emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 68, April 2013, pp 8-16, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.033
#DIESELGATE NO X emissions of 2.0 litre diesels by marque & Year registration Surveys 2015: Leeds & Aberdeen, UK NO X (grams.km 1 ) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Euro III Euro IV Euro V Euro VI Emission stand 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Year of registration
#DIESELGATE NO X emissions of common marques & models Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5 2.5 AUDI BMW FORD LANDROVER MERCEDES 2.0 1.5 1.0 NO X (grams.km 1 ) 0.5 PEUGEOT SKODA VAUXHALL VOLKSWAGEN VOLVO 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5 Euro Standard Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
RDE CONTROLLED VARIABLES e.g. Temp, Fuel IN-SERVICE & TRENDS SAMPLE SIZE LAB PEMS REMOTE SENSING 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
LABORATORY: Taking the road into the Laboratory Laboratory test so direct comparisons between vehicles can be made Transport for London (TfL) testing over a REAL London Drive Cycle developed from a sample of vehicle tracking data Time periods: AM peak, Inter-peak, Free-flow Road types: urban, suburban, motorway (urban) TOTAL = 140 kms Speed (km/h) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 motorway suburban urban 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 8 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Time (seconds)
TfL EURO 6 / VI LABORATORY TESTING 12 PASSENGER CARS: tested over the entire LDC (140 kms) Powertrains petrol (2), diesel (9) and petrol-hev (1); Exhaust after-treatments 3 way Cat, LNT and SCR; Market segments Compact, Supermini, Small family, Family/MPV, SUV/4x4, Prestige/sports and Hybrid; and Marques BMW, Fiat, Lexus, Mercedes, Peugeot, Volvo and Volkswagen. 3 HEAVY-GOODS VEHICLES: tested over the suburban sub-cycles only Rigid HGV N2 7500kg Rigid HGV N3 18000kg Artic HGV N3 40000kg LADEN and UN-LADEN 1 Millbrook Vehicle Emission testing laboratories that meet the requirements of Directive 2007/46 EC Article 41, Section 3 and have been designated as a Category A Technical Service for Individual Vehicle Approvals (IVA). 9
TfL PASSENGER CAR RESULTS 1.2 Supermini 1.0 0.8 Average NO X [g/km] 0.6 0.4 Family/MPV Small family Small family SUV/4x4 Small family 0.2 Family/MPV Euro 5b/b+ diesel limit Prestige/sports Family/MPV 0.0 Euro 6b/c diesel limit Prestige/sports 100 120 140 Compact Petrol-Hybrid 160 180 Average CO 2 (as % of type-approval [g/km])
RDE CONTROLLED VARIABLES e.g. Temp, Fuel IN-SERVICE & TRENDS SAMPLE SIZE LAB PEMS REMOTE SENSING 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
Remote Sensing RDE: OUTLOOK Euro 6 and Euro 6c diesel analysis Primary NO 2 emissions speciation Continuous operation more measurements Data sharing (RSD workshop September) BIG data analysis techniques to answer research questions e.g. Screening of clean and polluting marques & models (including less common vehicles) Engine down- & right- sizing Influence ambient TEMP & Relative Humidity (RH) In-service deterioration