Transport and the Future of What do we mean by? To integrate (vb): Dr Marcus Enoch Transport Studies Group School of Civil and Building Engineering Loughborough University Email: m.p.enoch@lboro.ac.uk Lecture 1 Tel: 01509223408 1 (n): Lecture 1 2 What do we mean by? To integrate (vb): To make complete by adding parts or to absorb into an existing whole. What do we mean by? To integrate (vb): To make complete by adding parts or to absorb into an existing whole. (n): Lecture 1 3 (n): a process of summing infinitesimals, the coordination of. Webster s Dictionary 4 : 5 6
: Timetabling : Services connect in time. 7 : Timetabling : Services connect in time. Ticketing : Multimodal tickets 8 : Timetabling : Services connect in time. Ticketing : Multimodal tickets Information : Multimodal trip information 9 : Timetabling : Services connect in time. Ticketing : Multimodal tickets Information : Multimodal trip information Service Planning : legal and administrative structures permit/encourage integration 10 : Timetabling : Services connect in time. Ticketing : Multimodal tickets Information : Multimodal trip information Service Planning : legal and administrative structures permit/encourage integration Travel Generation : Integrating the planning of transport with the 11 generators of travel Physical s between different transport services Why do we get bad interchanges? It may make competitive sense may be a small market 12
Types of s Rail/Rail or Bus/Rail city centre or suburban Strasbourg LRT Types Coach/Bus interchange can be problematic Park and Ride getting widespread New Parkway Stations being developed London Suburban Rail/Bus Strasbourg LRT Park and Ride and 13 Maidstone Park and Ride Bus 14 More interchange types Bicycle to rail (and bus) Car and Bicycle Hire Even more interchange types City Hubs Bike parking at Leiden Station (Netherlands) and Cycleway and parking at bus stop in Southend 15 16 Surprising interchanges Timetabling Airports as multi modal Hubs Corlink Bus, St Austell Station, Cornwall 17 18
Timetabling Timetabling You need integration in time as well as space Corlink Bus, St Austell Station, Cornwall You need integration in time as well as space Done best for interchange within modes Corlink Bus, St Austell Station, Cornwall 19 20 Timetabling Timetabling You need integration in time as well as space Done best for interchange within modes Developing for between modes Corlink Bus, St Austell Station, Cornwall 21 You need integration in time as well as space Done best for interchange within modes Developing for between modes Less need if services are frequent Corlink Bus, St Austell Station, Cornwall 22 Demand Responsive Links Ticketing Timetable can include innovative service links Dutch Treintaxi Airport Shuttles 23 From separate to integrated ticketing Most developed in cities for local public transport networks London is major example Moving to smartcard systems Some other integrated ticket products offered 24
Towards greater ticketing integration Some countries have a national system Stored value cards now make this easier for mixed operator networks Allocation of revenues is key issue Information 25 26 Information Before travel Information Before travel At the start of travel Is it on time? Where s the right stop? 27 28 Information Before travel At the start of travel Is it on time? Where s the right stop? During a journey When will train/bus/ LRT arrive? Is it on time? 29 Information Before travel At the start of travel Is it on time? Where s the right stop? During a journey When will train/bus/ LRT arrive? Is it on time? Connections? IT developments may transform this 30
Service Planning Do legal structures encourage (or event permit) integration? Competitive regimes for public transport might be a difficult structure Travel Generation Integrating the planning of transport with the generators of travel Key markets New developments 31 32 Combining these Combining these Service Planning Physical Timetabling Ticketing Information Lecture 1 33 Physical Timetabling Ticketing Information Lecture 1 34 Combining these Travel Generation Service Planning The All are really needed for transport integration to work Rather patchy in the UK better in some places and for some trips than others. Physical Timetabling Ticketing Information Lecture 1 35 36
The Future of Travel Generation Service Planning Characterising Access Modes (walk aviation) facilities (basic advanced) Egress Modes (walk aviation) Physical Timetabling Ticketing Information Lecture 1 37 Lecture 1 38 40 Benefits of Theoretically appealing to operators as increased flexibility in matching demand to supply by disaggregating journeys into smaller pieces. So locations served by most appropriate vehicle/service type at certain times Thus, a traveller could use a car when in a rural area and then a bus in a congested urban area 41 Two towns and the countryside Lecture 1 42
Rural and Urban Trips Rural to Urban Trip - traditional Lecture 1 43 Lecture 1 44 Barriers to However, interchange is niche -about 10% of trips in the UK -because: is a (sometimes significant) cost to users (and therefore operators) s can be expensive for operators to construct and to operate. Also, uncertainty over responsibility, commercial pressures and legal barriers act against interchanging in some places. 45 Future trends Politically, drivers pushing privatisation and liberalisation, so reduced investment, improved efficiency, new revenues. Also increased opposition to development Economically, recession means less trips, and groups excluded from using cars. Socially, ageing population and less younger drivers. Use of social media despite privacy/personal safety concerns. Technologically, near universal adoption of the smart phone and new forms of 46 payment systems promise revolution. Future trends (2) Transport system changes include a new range of intermediate transport modes that are now entering the mainstream. Also important, is the growing reality of autonomous vehicles, which promise/threaten to deliver a revolution in how people and goods are transported in the near future. 47 48
49 50 Four Implications for the Transport 1.Informal cheap minimalist interchanges will become more common. 2.Large scale complex interchanges will become destinations of choice so as to become revenue generators. 3.Mid-spectrum interchanges will struggle, unless they reduce costs, or raise money 4.Ultimately, shift to intermediate modes will reduce need for physical interchange Lift sharing and 51 Lecture 1 52 Park and Share Site Low cost park-and-ride Lecture 1 53 Lecture 1 54
Pocket Park and Ride, Cotgrave Free parking at Shepherds Pub, near Nottingham. Users pay for bus to city Using existing car parks and buses costs 10% of purpose-built sites says County (so 500 not 5,000 a space). Council pays for resurfacing, marking the sites, lighting and CCTV, plus rent of 1,000 a year to the landlord. The pub site has 60 spaces. 55 Policy Implications Medium term future of the middle range interchange is bleak. Decision needed as to their future. Instead, should focus on developing informal minimalist interchanges, or possibly on identifying revenue streams. In addition, policy makers need to reflect on how current institutional operating environments can be better designed to support interchange activities where they are appropriate. 56 Questions? Further Information Dr Marcus Enoch Transport Studies Group School of Civil and Building Engineering Loughborough University Email: m.p.enoch@lboro.ac.uk Lecture 1 Tel: 01509223408 57