1 Th ETH Conference Performance of HORIBA-SPCS in the PMP LDD ILCE Rahman Montajir, Asano Ichiro, Takeshi Kusaka, HORIBA Ltd, Japan Qiang Wei HORIBA Instrument Inc. USA
Acknowledgement Dr. Y. Goto National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory J. Andersson RICARDO Consulting Engineers Dr. P. Dilara Joint Research Center
Motivation of Development Conventional PM Measurement Mass Measurement is approaching to limit Variation of Measurement is very high PMP Background Alternative/Improvement of Mass Measurement Considering danger of Nano-Particles ECE Draft Regulation from PMP Number Counting of Particles (Keeping Mass Measurement Active)
PMP Recommended System Dilution Air PND 2 :Cold Dilution PND 1 :Hot Dilution CVS Tunnel CPC PND 1 PND 2 EU Pre-classifier PNC @25C @32C @15C VPR Pump Stable Evaporation Unstable
SPCS Flow Schematic Dil Air Dil Air MFC MFC @Room Temp Sample @15 FM-1 PND1 FM-2 EU PND2 CPC VP @32 MFC MFC VP
Detail of SPCS Design ETH 25 SAE Paper 26-1 1-864864 SAE Paper 26-1 1-865865 JSAE Paper 26544
Prototype HORIBA SPCS Front Back
Basic Performances In Brief
Penetration of Solid Particles 1 Penetration = PMP >9% Concentration after SPCS x DR Raw Concentration Before SPCS X 1 Raw sample Raw Diluted sample Diluted Penetration % 8 6 4 2 Penetration >97% Particle Loss <3% 2 3 5 75 1 Low Dilution Ratio High Dilution ratio
Dilution Ratio Check with C 3 H 8 Raw Concentration (C 3 H 8 ) Actual DF = Diluted Conc. - Background Error in DF = x 1 Ref. DF Act. DF Ref. DF Error in DF % 1 8 6 4 2-2 -4-6 -8-1 Unit-1 Unit-2 Unit-3 1 3 5 7 9 11 PMP Recommendation Ref. Dilution Factor DF < 2% DF Error <6%
Removal of 5nm C4 Particles Evaporator 99% Removal 12 1 25 EU: OFF Particle Number 8 6 4 2 Removal > 99% 32 EU: ON - 2 5 1 15 2 25 Time sec
Linearity of Counter Particle Only Particle + Air Fraction 1% 8% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % Reference 72 576 432 36 288 216 144 72 HORIBA-SPCS 72 5757 4317 3598 2877 2164 1445 728 4 Air Only Calculated Actual CPC Concentration 8 6 4 2 y =.994x - 33.463 R 2 =.9997 2 4 6 8 Reference Concentration Good linearity R 2 =.9997
Inter-Lab Correlation Test AVL-MTC (Sweden) JRC (EC) UTAC (France) Ricardo (UK) Shell (UK) RWTÜV (Germany) Aristotle Univ. (Greece) JRC (EC) NTSEL (Japan) NMVERL (Korea) HORIBA
Test Vehicles Engine Swept Vol. After Treatment system Mileage Transmission GV TC-DI Diesel 2. L SiC + FBC 2898 km Manual 6 AV-1 TC-DI Diesel 2. L DPF + DOC 214 km Manual 5 AV-2 NA-DI Gasoline 3. L TWC + NRC 9317 km Automatic
Real Time Emission from GC Particle #/ cc Particle #/ cc 2.E+5 1.E+5 5.E+4.E+ 2.E+5 1.E+5 5.E+4.E+ Measured by SPCS 2 4 6 8 1 12 Highly Repeatable Test #1 Test #2 Test #3 Test #4 Test #5 Test #6 Test#7 Time sec Speed Test #1 Test #2 Test #3 Test #4 Test #5 Test #6 Golden Vehicle NEDC Mode 4 8 12 16 2 24 28 32 36 Test#7 Time sec Speed 12 1 8 6 4 2 12 1 8 6 4 2 Speed x1 km/ h Speed x1 km/ h
Particle Emission Rate Particle Emission Rate = 1 x T=t N T=12 N 12. Particle Emission Rate % 1. 8. 6. 4. 2. Golden Vehicle NEDC Mode. 2 4 6 8 1 12 Time sec
Test under JC8 Driving Mode Particle #/ cc 2.E+5 1.5E+5 1.E+5 5.E+4 Golden Golden Vehicle Vehicle CD34 Mode Test#1 Test#2 Test#3 Test#4 Test#5 Test#6 Speed km/ h 1 8 6 4 2 Speed km/ h Particle #/ cc.e+ 2 4 6 8 1 12 2.E+5 1.5E+5 1.E+5 5.E+4 Highly Repeatable Time sec.e+ 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 Time sec Test#1 Test#2 Test#3 Test#4 Test#5 Test#6 Speed km/ h 1 17 1 8 6 4 2 Speed km/ h
Emission from DI Gasoline Highly Repeatable
Particle Emission Rate GDI Vehicle NEDC Mode
Repeatability of PM Mass 1.5 1.2 GV AV-1 AV-2 14 12 7 6 GV PM gm/km.9.6 1 8 6 PM gm/km COV (%) 5 4 3 AV-1.3 4 2 2 1 AV-2 1 2 3 2 4 6 8 Test No.
Repeatability of PM Number Golden vehicle driven under NEDC mode 2.E+11 Particles Number (#/km) 1.6E+11 1.2E+11 8.E+1 4.E+1 GPMS SPCS NTSEL.E+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Test No 1 21
Co-Efficient of Variation Coefficient of variance 4% 35% 32.9% 3% 25% 2% 15% 11.8% 6.8% 1% 5% % GPMS GV JV-1 AV-2 JV-2 AV-1 7.1% 3.6% SPCS 21.2% 1 22
Conclusions A solid particle counting system has been developed according to PMP recommendation. The SPCS shows excellent sensitivity and repeatability for vehicle test. The SPCS exhibits over 97% penetration for solid particles and error in dilution ratios less than ± 6%. The system participated to the LDD_ILCE@NTSEL successfully. Number counting of solid particles shows better repeatability than the conventional gravimetric mass measurement if the car is conditioned appropriately. 1 23
Thanking you Explore the future HORIBA Ltd. 1 24