ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS parts I & II B.S. Tselentis Department of Maritime Studies University of Piraeus tselenti@unipi.gr
Today s agenda Introduction: Areas of concern Oil pollution Biodiversity Atmospheric Pollution Ballast Management Q+A
Sources of oil into the marine environment Source: GESAMP
Oil spill detection - CLEANSEANET Directive 2005/35/EC, as later amended by Directive 2009/123/EC, on shipsource pollution and on the introduction of penalties, including criminal penalties, for pollution offences, tasked EMSA to work with the Member States in developing technical solutions and providing technical assistance in actions such as tracing discharges by satellite monitoring and surveillance. To fulfil this mandate, the Agency has set up and operates CleanSeaNet, the European satellite oil spill monitoring and vessel detection service. The CleanSeaNet service is based on radar satellite images, covering all European sea areas, which are analysed in order to detect possible oil spills on the sea surface
OIL POLLUTION
Maersk Kiera case. February 2012
No of spills over 7 tones per decade, showing the influence of a small number of comparatively large spills on the overall picture.
BIODIVERSITY & EU 2010 - International Year of Biodiversity (UN) EU Biodiversity Action Plan COM(2006) 216, 22.5.2006 EU Communication Options for an EU vision and target for biodiversity beyond 2010 COM(2010) 4, 19.1.2010 EU 2020 Biodiversity Strategy (2011) COM(2011) 244 adopted on Friday 20 April 2012
EU 2020 Biodiversity Strategy 2011 halting the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystem services Six targets (and 20 Actions): 1. Full implementation of EU nature legislation to protect biodiversity 2. Better protection for ecosystems, and more use of green infrastructure 3. More sustainable agriculture and forestry 4. Better management of fish stocks Action 14: Eliminate adverse impacts on fish stocks, species, habitats and ecosystems 5. Tighter controls on invasive alien species 6. A bigger EU contribution to averting global biodiversity loss
Water Framework Directive
Describing Habitats
Port of Piraeus
The Port of Piraeus
Port of Piraeus
Corfu Port
Port of Corfu
Corfu Port
Igoumenitsa port
Phyto benthos Brown algae Indicators of good ecological status Green Algae Indicators of impaired ecological status
So how will it look like??
Basic Habitats
Exhaust emission composition
SO 2 Ship Emissions in European Seas
Port Emission Estimates Top 10 highest emission EU ports : Rotterdam Antwerp Milford Haven Hamburg Augusta Piraeus Gothenburg Of the top 50 highest emission EU ports : 10 have populations of 500,000 or more 4 have populations of 1 million or more 5 are capital cities.
18/1/2003
16/7/03
Exhaust emissions from the transportation sector
Crude LNG General Cargo Reefer Chemical Bulk Container LPG Range of typical CO2 efficiencies for various cargo carriers Crude Range of typical CO2 efficiencies for various cargo carriers General Cargo Reefer Chemical Bulk Container LPG Product RoRo / Vehicle Rail Road Air Freight 0 200 400 600 800 1000 g CO2 / ton*km Product RoRo / Vehicle Rail Road 0 50 100 150 200 250 g CO2 / ton*km LNG B.S. Tselentis Dept. Maritime Studies,
B.S. Tselentis Dept. Maritime Studies, Exhaust emissions from ships
Emission reductions achieved by MARPOL Annex VI ODS emissions from shipping Refrigerant emissions [tonnes /yr] 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 CFC HFC HCFC-22 1998 RTOC 2006 RTOC B.S. Tselentis Dept. Maritime Studies,
Emission reductions achieved by MARPOL Annex VI cont d 2008 Global SOx emissoins 2008 SECA SOx emissoins SO2 [million tonnes] 20,0 15,0 10,0 5,0 0,0 Hypothetical baseline MARPOL Annex VI SO2 [million tonnes] 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 Hypothetical baseline MARPOL Annex VI B.S. Tselentis Dept. Maritime Studies,
Indicative development in average ship design transport efficiency g CO2 / ton-nm (indicative value) ' 200 160 120 80 40 0 Gen cargo Container Bulk Tanker 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year of construction B.S. Tselentis Dept. Maritime Studies,
Mitigation Policies IMO GHG Correspondence Group Norway proposal MEPC 57 Αpril 2008 (MARPOL Annex VI) MEPC 58 Οctober 2008 MEPC 59, mid 2009, decisions on CO 2 emissions Ε.Ε Maritime emissions strategy (2002) Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution (2005) states clearly that : «Ship emissions jeopardise attainment of EU objectives for 2020» January 2007: Policies on climate change and energy (ΔΤ 2 0 C) Μarch 2007: The maritime industry and the new negotiations after the Kyoto Protocol July 2007: European parliament for introducing an emissions trading for the maritime sector (ETS)
There is no doubt that the transport sector will also have to contribute to reducing green house gas emissions, just as all other sectors of economy Jaques Barrot, Vice-President of the European Commission (Sept. 2007) «if the IMO has not adopted a concrete, ambitious strategy by 2007, the Commission will consider taking action at EU level to reduce ships unitary emissions of greenhouse gases» Brussels Oct. 2007 B.S. Tselentis Dept. Maritime Studies,
Much pressure has been put on the IMO to take action and thus avert a scheme, without global consensus, from being introduced. The Working Group on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships has sought to take advantage of an idea already on the table for some years, the IMO CO 2 Index or Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) & Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) Defined as the installed power(mass of CO 2 )/ Transport Work, where Transport Work = cargo mass (capacity) * distance sailed with cargo), Develop it further and add to it a few new concepts in the way of a CO 2 Emissions Baseline. B.S. Tselentis Dept. Maritime Studies,
B.S. Tselentis Dept. Maritime Studies,
The EEDI formula as defined in MEPC.1/Circ.681 is as follows: IMO is proposing a mandatory design and/or operational index B.S. Tselentis Dept. Maritime Studies,
EEDI
Proposals Use the ΙΜΟ CO ² index limits (EEDI & EEOI) for ships entering European ports Calculate port dues on the basis of GHG emissions Fuel Levy (tax) Bring the maritime industry into the carbon cap system and the EU ETS Slow steaming Weather routing etc. B.S. Tselentis Dept. Maritime Studies,
End of Session Thank you for your attention! Q&A