A REVIEW ON PROTOTYPE AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAGNETIC LEVITATION (MAGLEV)

Applied Mathematics Volume 119 No. 12 2018, 10371-10380 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu ijpam.eu A REVIEW ON PROTOTYPE AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAGNETIC LEVITATION (MAGLEV) Satishkumar Gupta 1, E.Raja 2, Md.Amjad 3, WajhulQuamer 4,Roshan Kumar Rai 5,C.JagadeeshVikram 6 1,3,4,5 B.Tech Student, 2,6 Assistant.Professor, Department of Automobile Engineering, BIST, BIHER,Bharath University, Chennai, India. Raja.auto@bharathuniv.ac.in Abstract- While trains that fly through the air might still be science fiction, trains that float just above the tracks without actually touching them are real and are actually used in a few countries today. This technology is called magnetic levitation. The acronym of the MAGnetivLEVtation is maglev. Magnetic levitation is a highly advanced technology. The common point in all its applications is the lack of the contact and thus no wear and friction. And also increases efficiency, with reduce maintenance costs.the magnetic levitation technology can be use as highly advanced and efficient technology in many system. Number of corridor is selected and researched for maglev train.it can be conveniently considered as a solution of the future need all around the world. In this paper, we build your own levitating train model and test how much weight it can hold before it stops hovering above the tracks. Keywords- Levitation, Maglev train, Magnet INTRODUCTION Maglev (derived from magnetic levitation) is a transport method that uses magnetic levitation to move vehicles without making contact with the ground. With maglev, a vehicle travels along a guideway using magnets to create both lift and propulsion, thereby reducing friction by a great extent and allowing very high speeds[1-6]. Maglev trains move more smoothly and more quietly than wheeled mass transit systems. The power needed for levitation is typically not a large percentage of its overall energy consumption most goes to overcome drag, as with other high-speed transport. Maglev trains hold the speed record for trains[7-11]. Compared to conventional trains, differences in construction affect the economics of maglev trains, making them much more efficient. For high-speed trains with wheels, wear and tear from friction from wheels on rails accelerates equipment wear and prevents high speeds. Conversely[12-19], maglev systems have been much more expensive to construct, offsetting lower maintenance costs[20-29]. The two notable types of maglev technology are: Electromagnetic suspension(ems), electronically controlled electromagnets in the train attract it to a magnetically conductive (usually steel) track. Electrodynamic suspension (EDS) uses superconducting electromagnets or strong permanent magnets that create a magnetic field, which induces currents in nearby metallic conductors when there is relative movement, which pushes and pulls the train towards the designed levitation position on the guide way[30-38]. PRINCIPLE OF MAGLEV Maglev is a system in which the vehicle runs levitated from the guide way (corresponding to the rail tracks of conventional railways) by using electromagnetic forces between superconducting magnets on board the vehicle and coils on the ground. The following is a general explanation of the principle of Maglev[39-45]. a) Principle of magnetic levitation The levitation coils are installed on the sidewalls of the guide way. When the on-board 1 10371

Applied Mathematics superconducting magnets pass at a high speed about several centimeters below the center of these coils, an electric current is induced within the coils, which then acts as electromagnet temporarily. As a result, there are forces which push the superconducting magnet upwards and ones which pull them upwards simultaneously, thereby levitating the Maglev vehicle[46-51]. A repulsive force and an attractive force induced between the magnets are used to propel the vehicle (superconducting magnet). The propulsion coils located on the sidewalls on both sides of the guide way are energized by a threephase alternating current from a substation, creating a shifting magnetic field on the guide way. The on-board superconducting magnets are attracted and pushed by the shifting field, propelling the Maglev vehicle. Figure 1. Principle of Magnetic Levitation b) Principle of lateral guidance The levitation coils facing each other are connected under the guide way, constituting a loop. When a running Maglev vehicle, that is a super conducting magnet, displaces laterally, an electric current is induced in the loop, resulting in a repulsive force acting on the levitation coils of the side near the car and attractive force acting on the levitation coils of the side farther apart from the car. Thus, a running car is always located at the center of the guide way. Figure 3. Principle of levitation and Propulsion BASIC CONCEPT Magnets repel each other when they're placed with their like poles together because they create a magnetic field when they're created. While scientists don't rightly know why electromagnetic fields take the shape that they do, their general consensus states that the field leaves one pole and tries to reach the nearest opposite pole that it can, and when you place the like poles together the opposing fields repel one another. Figure 2. Principle of Lateral Guidance c) Principle of Propulsion 2 10372

Applied Mathematics South Pole of the compass to its North Pole indicates the direction of the magnetic field. C) Properties of the magnetic lines of force 1. The magnetic lines of force originate from the North Pole of a magnet and end at its South Pole. 2. The magnetic lines of force come closer to one another near the poles of a magnet but they are widely separated at other places. Figure 4.Bar Magnets The end that points in the North is called the North Pole of the magnet and the end that points south is called the South Pole of the magnet. It has been proven by experiments that like magnetic poles repel each other whereas unlike poles attract each other. A) Magnetic Fields:The space surrounding a magnet, in which magnetic force is exerted, is called a magnetic field. If a bar magnet is placed in such a field, it will experience magnetic forces. B) Magnetic Lines of Force:Just as an electric field is described by draw in the electric lines of force, in the same way, a magneticfield is described by drawing the magnetic lines of force. When a small north magnetic pole is placed in the magnetic field created by a magnet, it will experience a force. influence of a magnetic field is called a magnetic line of force. In other words, the magnetic lines of force are the lines drawn in a magnetic field along which a north magnetic pole would move. The direction of a magnetic line of force at anypoint gives the direction of the magnetic force on a north pole placed at that point. Since the direction of magnetic line of force is the direction of force on a North Pole, so the magnetic lines of force always begin on the N- pole of a magnet and end on the S-pole of the magnet. A small magnetic compass when moved along a line of force always sets itself along the line tangential to it. So, a line drawn from the 3. The magnetic lines of force do not intersect (or cross) one another. 4. When a magnetic compass is placed at different points on a magnetic line of force, it aligns itself along the tangent to the line of force at that point 5. These are just some of the basic concepts of magnetism. One cannot possibly grasp the depthand appreciate the versatility of magnets without reading more about the uses of magnets. Figure 5. Magnetic lines of force COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL TRAINS Maglev transport is non-contact and electric powered. It relies less or not at all on the wheels, bearings and axles common to wheeled rail systems. 3 10373

Applied Mathematics Speed: Maglev allows higher top speeds than conventional rail, but experimental wheelbased high-speed trains have demonstrated similar speeds. Maintenance: Maglev trains currently in operation have demonstrated the need for minimal guideway maintenance. Vehicle maintenance is also minimal (based on hours of operation, rather than on speed or distance traveled). Traditional rail is subject to mechanical wear and tear that increases exponentially with speed, also increasing maintenance. Track: Maglev trains are not compatible with conventional track, and therefore require custom infrastructure for their entire route. By contrast conventional high-speed trains such as the TGV are able to run, albeit at reduced speeds, on existing rail infrastructure, thus reducing expenditure where new infrastructure would be particularly expensive (such as the final approaches to city terminals), or on extensions where traffic does not justify new infrastructure. John Harding, former chief maglev scientist at the Federal Railroad Administration, claimed that separate maglev infrastructure more than pays for itself with higher levels of all-weather operational availability and nominal maintenance costs. These claims have yet to be proven in an intense operational setting and does not consider the increased maglev construction costs. Efficiency: Conventional rail is probably more efficient at lower speeds. But due to the lack of physical contact between the track and the vehicle, maglev trains experience no rolling resistance, leaving only air resistance and electromagnetic drag, potentially improving power efficiency. Some systems however such as the Central Japan Railway CompanySCMaglev use rubber tires at low speeds, reducing efficiency gains. Weight: The electromagnets in many EMS and EDS designs require between 1 and 2 kilowatts per ton. The use of superconductor magnets can reduce the electromagnets' energy consumption. A 50-ton Transrapid maglev vehicle can lift an additional 20 tons, for a total of 70 tons, which consumes 70-140 kw. Most energy use for the TRI is for propulsion and overcoming air resistance at speeds over 100 mph. Weight loading: High speed rail requires more support and construction for its concentrated wheel loading. Maglev cars are lighter and distribute weight more evenly. Noise: Because the major source of noise of a maglev train comes from displaced air rather than from wheels touching rails, maglev trains produce less noise than a conventional train at equivalent speeds. However, the psychoacoustic profile of the maglev may reduce this benefit: a study concluded that maglev noise should be rated like road traffic, while conventional trains experience a 5 10 db "bonus", as they are found less annoying at the same loudness level. Braking: Braking and overhead wire wear have caused problems for the Fastech 360 rail Shinkansen. Maglev would eliminate these issues. Magnet reliability: Superconducting magnets are generally used to generate the powerful magnetic fields to levitate and propel the trains. These magnets must be kept below their critical temperatures (this ranges form 4.2 K to 77 K, depending on the material). New alloys and manufacturing techniques in superconductors and cooling systems have helped addressed this issue. Control systems: No signaling systems are needed for high-speed rail, because such systems are computer controlled. Human operators cannot react fast enough to manage high-speed trains. High speed systems require dedicated rights of way and are usually elevated. Two maglev system microwave towers are in constant contact with trains. There is no need for train whistles or horns, either. FABRICATION OF DEMO MODEL 4 10374

Applied Mathematics A) Materials Used Metal sheet for track Pine wood for train Permanent magnets of area 4*2.5 cm2 Glass for side wall DC Motor B) Construction of Demo Model Check if the weight is balanced by the magnetic levitation force. DC Motor with the fan are clamped on the train for the propulsion Build a magnetic base track of length 5 feet Matel sheet are bend with the help of bending machine Stick permanent magnets at a distance of 1 cm each 32 magnets are placed on each side of the track Make guide rails to prevent the train from slipping sideways Make the train of pine wood and stick the magnets on them such that it repel magnets on the track C) Procedure for Assembly Place the track on flat base of the metal sheet. Now place the guide rails on each side of the tracks in such a way that it prevents the sideward motion of the train. After that place the train in centre position. Place some weight on the levitating train. Fig 6. MAGEV Train Model CONCLUSION We were able to successfully demonstrate with ourmodel the feasibility of Levitation as a 5 10375

Applied Mathematics PowerfulSource to propel vehicles. Magnetic levitation has a very advanced and efficient technology. We can use of it in industrial purpose as well as in office and homelike as the fan in buildings, transportation, weapon(gun, rocketry), nuclear reactor, use of elevator in civil engineering, toys, pen. So it has many applications which are using in the whole world. It gives the clean energy and its all application gives the lack of contact and thus no friction. Magnetic levitation improves efficiency and life of the system. It reduces the maintenance costs of the system. With the help of in this paper we tried to explain the advantage of it and the need of it in future engineering and the world. So we can say it is the future of flying trains and cars. The present review paper is concluded that the train isbest levitated in canter position with 500gm of weight. Now that we know how the technology work, we believe that maglev system can be research further to be used inadvanced application and maglev technologies are in demand due to it beings environmentally friendly REFERENCES 1. S. Yamamura, Magnetic levitation technology of tracked vehicles present status and prospects, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. MAG-12, no.6, pp. 874 878, Nov. 1976. 2. P. Sinha, Design of a magnetically levitated vehicle, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. MAG-20, no. 5, pp. 1672 1674, Sep. 1984. 3. P. Holmer, Faster than a speeding bullet train, IEEE Spectrum, vol.40, no. 8, pp. 30 34, Aug. 2003. 4. L. Yan, Suggestion for selection of Maglev option for Beijing-Shanghai high-speed line, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.,vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 936 939, Jun. 2004. 5. J. R. Hull, Attractive levitation for high-speed ground transport with large guideway clearance and alternatinggradient stabilization, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 3272 3274, Sep. 1989. 6. Ramamoorthy, R., Kanagasabai, V., Kausalya, R., Impact of celebrities' image on brand, International Mathematics, V-116, I-18 Special Issue, PP-251-253, 2017 7. Ramamoorthy, R., Kanagasabai, V., Vignesh, M., Quality assurance in operation theatre withreference to fortis malar hospital, International Mathematics, V-116, I-14 Special Issue, PP-87-93, 2017 8. Ramya, N., Arthy, J., Honey comb graphs and its energy, International Mathematics, V-116, I-18 Special Issue, PP-83-86, 2017 9. Ramya, N., Jagadeeswari, P., Proper coloring of regular graphs, Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-16, PP-531-533, 2017 10. Ramya, N., Karunagaran, K., Proper, star and acyclic coloring of some graphs, 6 10376

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