Differences in raw material sources for biofuel processing Kovács, A.J. Kacz, K. Lakatos, E. Neményi, M. University of West Hungary Institute of Biosystems Engineering Address: 2 Vár. Mosonmagyaróvár H-9200. Hungary Tel.: +36 96 566 657 Fax: +36 96 566 641 E-mail: kovacsaj@mtk.nyme.hu
Differences in raw material sources for biofuel processing Contents Preliminaries Introduction Materials & methods, standards Results Conclusions
Preliminaries studies were done on RME in practical conditions; examined the used cooking oil (filtered and admixture) application for tractor engines; experiments were carried out of used cooking oil mixed with gasoline as fuel and mixed with biomass as bio-briquette; National R&D projects were lunched in order to establish the Hungarian bio-diesel utilization. Studies were done on plant breeding, plant production, post harvest technologies and processing of sunflower and rapeseed plants.
Introduction The Hungary set target until 2010 from bio-based fuel: at the EU enlargement: 2% Parliament s decision in 2005: 4% 2010: 5.75% Area planted in Hungary in the last five years: Sunflower: 550 000 ha Rape: 120-150 000 ha This can be enlarged
Quality requirements of plant based oil as fuel Specification min. Limit max. Density (at 15 C), [g/cm 3 ] 0.90 0.93 Standard DIN EN ISO 3675. DIN EN ISO 12185 Kinematic Viscosity (at 40 C), [mm 2 /s] - 38 DIN EN ISO 3104 Flash Point (closed cup, Pensky-Martens), [ C] 220 - DIN EN ISO 22719 Heating value, [MJ/kg] 35 DIN 51900-3 Cetane number - - Under development Carbon Residue (Conradson number), [%] - 0.40 DIN EN ISO 10370 Cold point, [ C] to be determined DIN V 51608 Total contamination, [mg/kg] - 25 DIN EN 12662 Total contamination larger than 0.005 mm, [mg/kg] to be determined DIN 51419 Ash, [%] - 0.01 DIN EN ISO 6245 Water, [%] - 0.075 pr EN ISO 12937 Phosphorus, [mg/kg] - 15 ASTM D 3231-99 Sulfur Content, [mg/kg] - 20 ASTM D 5453-93 Acid Value, [mg KOH/g] - 2.0 DIN EN ISO 660 Iodine value (iodine-bromine), g I 2 /100g 100 120 DIN 53241-1 Oxidation Stability, [h] 5 - ISO 6886
Materials & Methods Plate and 10 frame filter (filter area: 3.2 m 2 ) CSOP 92 type oil-press
Sunflower experiments 1st year: Six genetic experimental varieties; 2nd year: 28 cultivars and hybrids; parameters were measured: viscosity (at 40 C and 100 C); iodine value; density (at 15 C); Oil yield; palmitic acid; stearic acid; linolic acid; potassium content; sulfur content; nitrogen content; 3rd year: Selected varieties. Rapeseed experiments 1st year: 15 cultivars and hybrids; 2nd year: 42 cultivars and hybrids.
Yield and quality parameters of tested varieties in the 1st year Variety Crude oil NOS 3-1172 34.1% NOS 3-1170 38.5% NOS 3-1163 38.0% NOS 3-1168 37.6% Standard 37.9% NOS 3-1173 34.0% NOS 3-1164 35.5% NOS 3-1165 28.6% Variety Standard 101 NOS 2-1172 NOS 3-1168 NOS 3-1170 Standard 10 Density at 15 C [g/cm 3 ] Viscosity at 40 C [mm 2 /s] Viscosity at 100 C. [mm 2 /s] Iodine value [g I 2 /100g] Acid number [mg KOH/g] 0.9212 31.48 7.63 115.0 0.3 0.9149 38.89 8.38 83.4 9.0 0.9140 39.67 8.51 83.8 0.8 0.9149 39.91 8.54 81.0 2.6 0.9231 30.64 7.45 117.5 0.8
Fatty acid content of selected varieties in the 2nd year Fatty acid NOS 3-1170 NOS 3-1168 NOS 2-1172 STANDARD 101 STANDARD 10 C16:0 3.2 3.3 3.2 6.9 7.6 C16:1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 C18:0 3.1 3.3 2.7 4.1 3.2 C18:1 89.6 88.7 89.9 26.2 20.4 C18:2 2.2 2.8 2.5 61.3 67.6 C18:3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 C20:0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 C20:1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 C22:0 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.5 C22:1 C24:0 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 Summa % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
M (Nm), b (g/kwh) 700 P (kw) 60 600 500 400 300 200 50 40 30 20 100 M b M b P P 10 0 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 n (min -1 ) The most important operation parameters of gasoline ( ) and mixture: 10% sunflower oil of type NOS 3-1170 (O) 0 The change of operational parameters of selected varieties compared to gasoline were: Power: -2.30% +2.57% Specific fuel consumption: -1.43% +2.0% Torque: -2.43% +2.40% Carbon Residue: -50.48% -3.74%
Number Fatty acid content [sz.a.%] Oil yield [%] Remained in press cake [%] Acid value mgkoh/g Iodine number gi 2 /100 g Carbon Residue Ranking 1 36.61 24.98 11.02 4.8 113 0.32 2 47.37 33.72 9.21 2 116 0.3 3 3 52.62 40.2 8.85 3.2 117 0.34 4 52.2 37.86 9.32 1.9 120 0.23 4 5 46.76 32.65 10.1 2.1 118 0.29 10 6 49.31 36.04 9.5 2.5 112 0.27 9 7 46.87 32.48 9.7 3.9 118 0.24 8 51.02 38.8 8.27 1.1 117 0.27 1 9 50.72 37.04 9.49 2.8 118 0.28 6 10 52.23 39.7 8.83 3.1 120 0.34 11 49.94 37.53 9.76 2.9 121 0.29 12 47.13 34.81 9.43 2.3 117 0.29 13 44.05 31.53 9.7 2.7 112 0.34 14 50.61 34.4 10.08 1.8 116 0.34 5
Number Fatty acid content [sz.a.%] Oil yield [%] Remained in press cake [%] Acid value mgkoh/g Iodine number gi 2 /100 g Carbon Residue Ranking 15 42.63 27.5 9.89 2.1 122 0.31 16 46.43 32.1 9.73 2.1 120 0.32 17 50.97 37.3 9.05 1.9 123 0.31 18 48.9 34.5 9.83 1.6 115 0.26 2 19 41.17 27.3 8.8 3.2 117 0.25 20 49.03 35.4 9.71 2.5 114 0.28 7 21 46.89 32.3 9.65 7.8 119 0.32 22 37.29 26 6.83 17.1 119 0.48 23 49.52 34.2 10.58 2.6 120 0.28 8 24 45.52 32.2 9.37 2.1 123 0.36 25 50.27 34.9 11.05 3.4 113 0.33 26 44.66 31.8 8.35 3.9 115 0.29 27 38.19 26.8 7.38 11.3 122 0.34 28 49.15 33.3 11.03 6.8 111 0.3
SP01 87.0 C 80 Thermographic images of oil press 70 60 50 AR01 37.0 C 40 Low oil yield type NOS 3-1165 87.0 C SP01 80 70 60 FLIR PM675 type IR camera 50 AR01 37.0 C 40 High oil yield 70 NOS 3-1170
Pressing temperature [ C] 120 110 100 90 80 70 y = 2.1227x + 12.763 R 2 = 0.5049 60 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 Oil yield [%] The pressing temperatures as a function of oil yield in varieties of 2nd year
PHILIPS SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOP LABORATORY University of West Hungary
Magn.: 1000 Low oil yield Magn.: 1000 High oil yield Magn.: 2000 Magn.: 2000 Scanning electron microscopic images of different sunflower seeds
90 Pressing temperature [ C] 85 80 75 70 65 y = 2.2829x - 1.9496 R 2 = 0.7882 60 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 Oil yield [%] The pressing temperatures as a function of oil yield in varieties of 2nd year
Selection of rapeseed oils for fuel Number Acid content [sz.a.%] Oil yield [%] Remained in press cake [%] Iodine number gi 2 /100 g Acid value mgkoh/g Ranking 1 50.29 33.98 12.9 105 1.7 4 2 47.01 31.05 12.8 105 1.2 7 3 50.58 34.94 12.2 108 2.6 4 49.31 33.44 12.5 107 2.5 5 50.88 33.06 14.1 102 0.8 5 6 50.2 31.82 14.0 108 1.8 6 7 50.17 31.69 14.5 104 4.2 8 51.86 36.89 11.8 104 1.2 1 9 47.69 32.38 12.3 106 3.5 10 48.73 30.6 14.0 103 2.3 11 48.95 32.72 12.2 104 2.2 12 44.92 24.99 15.5 105 3 13 53.13 36.12 12.2 102 1.1 2 14 50.29 34.66 11.8 107 1.4 3 15 51.66 35.48 12.2 106 4.4
90 20 C Viscosity [mm 2 /s] 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Cultivar # 40 C 60 C 40 C (Univ. Veszprém) 100 C (Univ. Veszprém) The changes of kinematic viscosity of rapeseeds in different temperatures
Conclusions There are major differences among sunflower and rapeseed varieties in connection to the pressing characteristics and oil yields. Several cold pressed varieties, cultivars and hybrids fulfill the requirements for bio-fuel utilization. By testing the varieties in rapeseed the acid values are significant; in sunflower besides the acid values, the iodine number, the cinematic viscosity and carbon residue have to be determined. The oil residues in cakes in the tested small screw press can be up to 25-30%. This has to be decreased by temperature control (heater) and partial dehulling of sunflower.
Thank you for your attention!