Opportunities and Challenges to Clean-up Diesel Cars Dr. Axel Friedrich Umweltbundesamt (UBA) Germany Clean Cars 2010 Brussels 2005
Diesel Share of PC- Market 1980-1999 % of diesel cars in total new registrations 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Belgium Austria France Italy Netherlands Germany U.K. Sweden Western Europe Average 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Source: ACEA, Eurostat/ECMT,AID/Industry Sources, 2000
European Air Quality Directive 1999/30/EC: PM 10 limits (annual avarage) from 2005 on: 40 µg/m 3 from 2010 on: 20 µg/m 3 (to be confirmed) Directive 2001/81/EC on National Emission Ceilings (NEC) for Certain Atmospheric Pollutants i.a. the national emission ceiling for Germany to be attained by 2010: NOx max. 1.051 kt p.a. (all sources, mobile sources alone produce 500 kt p.a.)
Av. Day Variation of the Particle Number Con. Week day as Sum of Classes 30000 400-800 nm 200-400 nm 100-200 nm Particle number pro cm³ 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 50-100 nm 20-50 nm 10-20 nm 5-10 nm 3-5 nm 0 00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 00:00 hour of the day
Av. Week Var. of the Particle Number Concentration over 12 Months Particle number per cm³ 20000 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 400-800 nm 200-400 nm 100-200 nm 50-100 nm 20-50 nm 10-20 nm 5-10 nm 3-5 nm
Correlation of Conc. of size dependant Particle number andair Pollutant 1,0 0,9 0,8 corr. 0,7 R² 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 3-5 5-10 10-20 20-50 50-100 100-200 200-400 400-800 Particle diameter NO NO2 NOx Ruß PM10 Benzol CO
Nitrogen Oxide Emissions EUDC 0,6 0,5 EURO3 EURO4 0,4 NOx [g/km] 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 vehicle type Source: KBA Germany
Emissions in EU Driving Cycle [g/km] 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 Comparison of NO x -Emissions of Diesel- and Gasoline-PC Passat (EURO 3) 85 kw, 1.9 liter Diesel Lupo 3 LTDI (D4) 45 kw, 1.2 liter Gasoline Mercedes C200K ( D4) 120 kw, 2.0 liter
Cumulated NOx-Emissions vs. time in the Autobahn Driving Cycle 35.000 VW LUPO TDI (Euro3D4, 3l) - kum 180 30.000 25.000 VW PASSAT 1.9TDI mit Pumpe-Düse- Motor (EURO3) - kum Mercedes C200K (EURO 4) - kum speed 160 140 120 20.000 100 15.000 80 10.000 5.000 60 40 20 0 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Time [sec]
SCR-urea SCR Catalyst (S) Exhaust Gas urea (NH 2 ) 2 CO 4NH 3 + 4NO + O 2? 4N 2 + 6H 2 O 2NH 3 + NO + NO 2? 2N 2 + 3H 2 O 8NH 3 + 6NO 2? 7N 2 + 12H 2 O V H S O Oxidation Catalyst (V) 2NO + O 2? 2NO 2 4HC + 3O 2? 2CO 2 + 2H 2 O Oxidation Catalyst (O) 4NH 3 + 3O 2? 2N 2 + 6H 2 O 2CO + O 2? 2CO 2 Hydrolysis Catalyst (H) (NH 2 ) 2 CO + H 2 O? 2NH 3 + CO 2 Source - AECC
LNT and SCR lead the field on effective NOx control, but LNC showing improvement System Transient Cycle NOx Efficiency Effective Fuel Penalty SCR, 400-csi 85-90% 2-3% urea or about 1% in Europe LNT 80-95% 1.5 4% total regen. + desulf. Swept Volume Ratio 1.7 emerging Notes Being applied and specs being finalized; low temp. performance issues; 1.3 to 2 Desulfation strategy and durability issues; integrated DPF/LNT components emerging; PGM cost issues DeNOx catalyst 20-60% 2 to 6% 0.85 to 4 Generally not sensitive to sulfur; HC slip issues; durability needs proving 18
Strategies for Euro 5+(?) with After Treatment ESC Test Fluel comsumption (%) 114 112 110 108 106 104 102 100 EGR + DPF + LNT (USA -Proposal ) SCR (95%) SCR (95%) EURO V EGR + DPF EURO IV EGR + DPF EURO 3 (Base line) 98 opt. combustion 96 94 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 EURO V+? SCR (95%) SCR Catatalyst (60%) SCR (80%) NOx Emissions (g/kwh)
Source: ACEA, June 2003
Cost Effectiveness of Euro V Fuel consumption of a diesel car per year: 1000 l Improvement by using SCR (ACEA): 5% 50 l/ year = 50 additional production cost for a SCR system for a midsize car: 150 to 200. Only if the emission standard for NOx is 0.080 g/km or less NOx aftertreatment technology has to be used. If the the NOx standard is set to 0.150 only fuel consumption will be worse than for Euro III and threaten not only the goals of the NEC and Ozone directives but also the Kyoto goal.
Emission and Fuel Consumption Improvement with Cooled EGR in the New European Driving Cycle without EGR COOLER with EGR COOLER 100% NOx -6% Soot -27% Cycle FC -2% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 200011-06 SAE-15
Source: IFEU 2004
Avoidance Potential of premature Mortality by Use of Particle Filter: Total Mortality: (3*0,6%) 1,8% (0,6 to 3,3%) Cardio pulmonal Mortality (3*0,9%) 2,7% (0,9 to 4,8%) Lung cancer Mortality (3*1,4%) 4,2% (1,2 to 6,9%) Total Mortality (800.000) 14.400 death cases per/a Cardio pulmonal Mortality (460.000) 12.420 death cases per/a Lung cancer (40.000) 1.680 death cases per/a Source: Wichmann, Institute of Epidemiology, GSF
Efficiency of DPF for Solid Particles by SMPS Measurement Efficiency: Mean of two runs at each point 100,50% 100,00% 99,50% 99,00% 98,50% 98,00% 97,50% 97,00% 96,50% 96,00% 95,50% 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Cut off point of range (nm) point 1 point 2 point 3 point 4
Proposal of UBA for EURO 5 Limits for PC and LDT Date vehicle categ./class Reference Weight RW (kg) CO (g/km) HC (g/km) NOx (g/km) PM- (g/km) 01.01. 2008 01.01. 2008 categ. class petrol diesel petrol diesel petrol diesel GDI diesel PC alle 1,0 0,05 0,08 0,0025 LDT I RW? 1305 1,0 0,05 0,08 0,0025 II III 1305 < RW? 1760 1,0 0,100 0,08 0,0025 1760 < RW Source: UBA, July 2002 1,25 0,125 0,10 0,0032
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