European Conference on Nanoelectronics and Embedded Systems for Electric Mobility ecocity emotion 24-25 th September 2014, Erlangen, Germany Electrical Energy Storage Devices: Technologies, Business Models and Integration into Smart Grids Dr. Peter Trimmel Msc, Research & Development Scientist Cellstrom GmbH, Austria
Presentation Outline Introduction Content Smart Grid Microgrids Business Case LCOE SGAM Protocol Summary
The Power Grid Utility Operator Generation Transmission Distribution End Use
The Power Grid Challenges Metering Centralized Control Centralized Generation Consumer Smart Meter Local Energy Manager Distributed Energy Resources Prosumer
SmartGrid Metering Centralized Control Centralized Generation Consumer Smart Meter Local Energy Manager Distributed Energy Resources Prosumer A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it - generators, consumers and those that do both in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies. Source: European technology platform for the electricity networks of the future - 2010
Future SmartGrid Power Infrastructure Two-Way Information / Power Flow Communication Infrastructure
Microgrid Main / External grid Source: based on Siemens AG 2011 Infrastructure & Cities
Microgrids Microgrids are electricity distribution systems containing loads and distributed energy resources, (such as distributed generators, storage devices, or controllable loads) that can be operated in a controlled, coordinated way, either while connected to the main power network and/or while islanded. Source: CIGRÉ C6.22 Generate Store Utilize
Microgrid (Home Energy Manager) Generation Meter Load Storage HEM
Microgrid (Building Energy Manager) Generation Load Meter Storage BEM
Microgrid (Charge Point) Generation Meter Storage Load
Microgrid & Decentralized Control Generation Metering and Control HEM or BEM (Decentralized Control) Operator Storage and Load
Storage Business Cases Source: The Boston Consulting Group - 2011 Calculations based on estimated storage prices for 2015 2020 Price decreases would improve profitability in all cases
Discharge Time (hr) Long Duration Flywheels Energy Storage Rating 100 10 Flow Batteries Energy Management 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 Lithium-Ion Batteries Bridging Power High Power Flywheels Power Management 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Rated Power (MW) Source: Based on ESA 2009
Levelized cost of electricity [ /kwh] LCOE of Energy Technologies 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 PV small PV utility Wind onshor e Wind offshore Biogas Brown coal Hard coal Combined cycle Source: Fraunhofer ISE 2013 Germany Energy Generation
LCOE of Redox-Flow Storage System Parameter Redox-Flow Project-specific parameters Installed storage power [MW] 1.0 Investment Cost [Mio. ] 5.0 C-Rate (nominal) 0.25 Utilization of usable storage capacity [%] 100 Number of cycles per year 365 External parameters Energy price [ /kwh] 0.03 PIF energy price [%] 2 Loan period [a] 10 WACC [%] 3.5 Storage specific parameters Residual value after end of lifetime [%] 15 Efficiency [%] 70 Maintenance Cost of Investment [%] 2 Degradation storage capacity per year [%] 0.1 Calendar lifetime [a] 25 Usable storage capacity [%] 100 LCOE of storage [ /kwh] 0.338
LCOE of combined PV and Storage C PV PV E * OUT, PV E * OUT, PV, PP C PP E IN, St E OUT, PP C St Storage E OUT, St LCOE PP = C PP E OUT,PP The total cost of the power plant (PP) is the sum of PV generation and storage C PP = C PV + C St,tot al The total output of the system is the direct output of PV and the output of the storage system E Out,PP = E Out,PV,PP + E Out,St = E Out,PV,PP + η St E IN,St
LCOESt [ /kwh] LCOE of combined PV and Storage (cont.) 0,5 0,4 η St 0,3 0,2 0,1 LCOE St = 0.338 /kwh LCOE PV = 0.1 /kwh 0,0 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 A [1] A usage factor of PV into storage Utilization of usable storage capacity 100% 75% 50% LCOE St [ /kwh] 0.339 0.433 (+27.7%) 0.620 (+82.9%) LCOE PP [ /kwh] 0.255 0.292 (+14.5%) 0.365 (+43.1%)
SmartGrid Domains Utility Operator Generation Transmission Distribution End Use
Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM) Source: CEN-CENELEC-ETSI Smart Grid Coordination Group
SGAM Communication BACnet, MODBUS, Operation Market Enterprise Station Generation Transmission Distribution Domains DER Customer (Home, Building, Industry, EV, Mobility) Process Field Zones (Hierarchy)
SGAM Microgrid Mapping Market Enterprise ERP System Operation OG Control Center MG Control Center Energy Manager Station Secondary Substation Node Aggregation Node Field LV/MV Breaker Controller Measuring Device Control Device DER Controller Measuring Measuring Device Device DER Controller DER Controller Storage Storage Controller Controller Load Controller Load Controller Process MV/MV LV/MV G Distribution DER Customer Premise G Photovoltaic Windmill CHP S Flywheels Batteries L Heating Lighting Ventilation Based on FINSENY Functional Architecture
Microgrid and E-Mobility Generate Store Utilize Microgrid
Cellcube FB200-400 PLC Network Enabled Energy Storage System Bachmann M1
Battery Management System BMS-DC Battery I/O Remote Access BMS BMS-AC Mandatory Sections Inverter I/O Other Meter I/O Network Enabled Energy Storage System Remote Access via TCP/IP (Modbu
Modbus Protocol Sections Base Address Common Area Size Mapping Size Section 1 (Common) Common Area Data Area Section 2 (Battery) Common Area Data Area Section 3 (Inverter) Common Area Data Area Section 4 (Meter) Common Area Data Area... Battery I/O Mandatory Sections Inverter I/O Meter I/O Optional Sections
Modbus Data (Common Section) R/W Name Type Units Description M/O R Identifier guid Unique identifier (RFC4122) M R Manufacturer string Manufacturer specific value (32 chars) M R Model string Manufacturer specific value (32 chars) M R Options string Manufacturer specific value (16 chars) O R Version string Manufacturer specific value (16 chars) O R SerialNumber string Manufacturer specific value (32 chars) M R MappingSize uint16 Section Modbus Mapping Size M R/W Name Type Units Description M/O R PowerRating uint16 kw Power rating of storage system O R EnergyRating uint16 kwh Energy (capacity) rating of storage system O R SystemState enum16 The current system state M R OperationState enum16 The operational state M RW TurnOn bool16 Flag indicating to start storage system M RW TurnOff bool16 Flag indicating to stop storage system M RW Shutdown bool16 Flag indicating to shut down the storage system O RW MaxTargetPower uint16 VA Set-point for maximum expected target power M RW ActiveTargetPower int16 W Set-point for active target power M RW ReactiveTargetPower int16 var Set-point for reactive target power M RW TargetPowerScale int16 Scale factor of target power M RW ChargeDischarge bit16 Activate discharge/charge storage control mode M Common Area Data Area
Modbus Remote Access BMS BMS-DC Common Data SVI Battery Data Modbus Battery Data Inverter Data SVI BMS-AC Inverter Data Other Meter Data SVI Meter Data
Summary Evolution of the grid (SmartGrid, MicroGrids) Integration of renewable energy sources Push of generation and intelligence to the grid edge Generate, Store, Utilize (Home, Building, Community, ) Power Management vs. Energy Management Simple to implement (residential storage, island off grid) Levelized Cost of Energy PV and Storage Large number of cycles impact on storage lifetime cost Need of standardized communication protocols Simplify integration (modular and adaptable)