SPEED LIMITS AND ECO-DRIVING Cleaner air through lower speed limits and Eco-driving IAPSC Conference, London, 21st June 2006 Martin Kroon [instructor Eco-driving, formerly Ministry of the Environment/VROM,The Netherlands; with support from Henk Stoelhorst, RWS]
NL air quality policies Nederland most polluted EU country [NO2/PM10] due to 50%-80% transboundary pollution from UK/B/F/D + dense population, industry, + high cars /trucks /mar.+ inl. shipping volumes Many urban NO2/PM10 hot spot road sections >9 high density highway hot spots in Randstad 900 M Euro air quality package 2005 2015 National/local measures [traffic flow/infra/fleet renewal, stricter Euro standards essential, ecodriving] priority for diesel DPF subsidies /retrofit
Urban air quality hot spots scheme Norm
History of current speed limits (1) NL highway design speed = 120 km/hr [HDV: 80 km/hr] Since the 1973 oil shock the general speed limit on motorways is 100 km/h Due to poor enforcement, faster cars and lower fuel prices, real speeds in 1986: V50 = 112 km/hr. Left right controversy over raising limit [1983-1987] New speed limits [1988] Road Safety + Environment : - 100 km/h near Randstad urban areas (17% net.) - 120 km/h general speed limit (83% network) In vehicle km: 30% (100 km/hr) : 70% (120 km/hr) Policy target set at V50 = 106 km/hr [total network]
History of current speed limits (2) Strict enforcement [up to 2 M fines/yr!] + tactics + communication campaigns: drop in real speeds after 1988; speeds stable at V50=109 km/hr = 2%- 4% CO2/NOx traffic emissions reduction As of 2000 extra budget Eur. 11 M /yr from Climate Change Policy budget; funding << speed fines! Since 2000 lower speed limits discussed due to local air quality problems: 80 km/hr A13 pilot project in Rotterdam-Overschie since May 2002 + 100% enforcement through trajectory section control 2004: positive evaluation A13; in-depth analysis of 9 urban top hot spots for lower speed limits
80 km/hr speed limit at Motorway A13 near Rotterdam - Overschie proves effective in all respects [2004 evaluation] Air quality, noise, safety and flow benefits 1. Speed limit enforcement through electronic section control [average speed]:100% 24 hrs 2. Speeding offences: only 2%! 3. V50 dropped from <100 to 75 km/hr 4. Reduction NO x emissions: 15-25% 5. Reduction NO2 concentrations: 5-10% [5 mgr] 6. Reduction PM10 emissions: 25-35% 7. Reduction PM10 concentrations:<5% [3 mgr.] 8. Accident reduction: >50%! 9. Traffic calming [keep-your-lane]: better flow 10. Local people and politicians happy
Air quality hot spots
In-depth analysis of 9 urban air quality hotspots : 80 km/hr most effective at 5 out of 9 locations No easy job [modelling, methodology, input!] Effects differ [network/congestion/traffic/background levels]: Reduction local NO x traffic emissions: 4-20 % Reduction total local NO 2 concentrations: 0,5 6 % Noise reduction: circa 1 db(a) Accident reduction: 20 50 % Throughput: more stable Traffic flow/driver behaviour effect promising [eco-driving]: Communicating use of top gear at 80 km/hr needed for effects Parliament approval: 80 km/hr with strict enforcement Nov.2005 at: A10 West Amsterdam, A20 Rotterdam, A12 Utrecht, A12 The Hague
Analysis 80 km/hr hot spots: NOx effects Motorway sections 80 km limit since 1st Nov.2005 Average reduction NO 2 concentration [est. vs. mon.] Average reduction road traffic NO x emission [est./mon.] [ref. A13 Rotterdam Overschie] [4-6%] [10-14%] A20 Rotterdam 1-3% [n.a.] 7-9% [0%] A12 Utrecht 80/100 2-3% [n.a.] 6-10% [8%] A10 West Amsterdam 3-6% [n.a.] 12-20% [13%] A12 The Hague/Voorburg 2-3% [n.a.] 7-10% [10%] Noise: - 1 /-3 db(a) Accidents: [prel.] -50% Congestion: -24% / + 64%
Dutch speed limits conclusions [see www.verkeershandhaving.nl] NL highway speed limits based on road safety, traffic flow, environment and enforcement criteria: 120,100, 80 km/hr Speed reduction through section control is effective instrument for local air quality and noise, combined with eco-driving Strict enforcement [plus electronic adm. processing] is essential, feasible and efficient - but not popular Win-win effects overcome conflict of interests: reducing pollution, accidents, noise, congestion and costs through reduced speeds [travel times still OK!] 80 km limit not a miracle cure!
VEHICLES AND DRIVER BEHAVIOUR TRENDS VEHICLE TRENDS [cars] Constant upgrading in safety, weight, power and performance Average new car: 1700 cc, 100 HP, 200 km/hr, 1200 kg [NL] Electr. engine man. + 3way cat.= low pollution in test cycle DRIVER BEHAVIOUR TRENDS = driver<>vehicle interaction Old fashioned driving style dominant [low gears/high RPM] Aggression, fun, self expression, risk compensation [ Top Gear!] Speed and vehicle dynamics major risk/pollution factors More driver self-restraint needed than ever before POLLUTION TRENDS [ road traffic] Traffic [diesel!] emissions dominate local hotspots Veh. technology promising, soft measures [behaviour] no regret
Fuel economy/co2/nox reduction potential ECO-DRIVING advanced training Up to 25% individual fuel savings potential 5-10% savings in fleet owner practice ECO-DRIVING... HOW? Less engine speed: gear change at 2000 2500 RPM [cars, LDV] Less vehicle dynamics (acceleration/ deceleration/ speeding/ overtaking/ aggression: anticipation) less idling / cold start short trips, tyre pressure +10% CAPACITY >>Training, communication, in-car devices (on-board computer, cruise control, RPM, MDD, GSI) ECCP: EU 15 reduction estimates: 10% fuel costs = 25 billion litres / Euro = >50 Mton CO2
Specific power/fuel efficiency engine speed map [turbocharged-petrol] source: TNO Automotive 275 250 225 200 30 [kw] 40 [kw] 60 [kw] 80 [kw] 100 [kw] 120 [kw] 50 [kw] 242.5 Torque [Nm] 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 245.0 20 [kw] 242.5 250.0 260.0 280.0 15 [kw] 260.0 300.0 10 [kw] 280.0 300.0 350.0 5 [kw] 400.0 500.0 600.0 350.0 400.0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Engine speed [rev/min]
Fuel economy in gears [petrol 1,8 l.] 18 16 1 th gear 14 l/100 km 12 10 8 6 287* 4 th gear 2 nd gear 3 rd gear 382* 5 th gear 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 km/h
km/h Gear change pattern eco-driving vs. the old way 120 5 th 4 th 3 rd gears 100 2 nd 80 60 1 st 40 20 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 revs/min
How Gear Shifting Affects Fuel Consumption Seat Ibiza 1,4 l. 55 kw at 50 km/hr: in 2nd gear = 3600 RPM = 8 km/l in 3rd gear = 2600 RPM = 12 km/l in 4th gear = 1900 RPM = 17 km/l in 5th gear = 1400 RPM = 21 km/l
In-car driver feedback/support devices Feedback unit
Eco-driving recommendations You can save 10% - 25% fuel today when you: 1) Keep engine speeds between 1200 3000 RPM 2) Change gears (up) at 2000 2500 RPM [ 80 in 5! ] 3) Avoid strong accelerations, full throttle and long idling 4) Use your RPM meter / board computer / cruise control 5) Live up to (highway) speed limits or max.120 km/hr 6) Add 10% to standard tyre pressure 7) Less use of airco [= >10% f.c.] or set >21 C 8) Use your bike for short trips [cold start = 300% f.c.]
ECO-DRIVING program implementation ECO-DRIVING needs programming and networking Eco-driving part of CO 2, noise & air quality policies Eco-driving part of road safety & licensing policies PARTNERS: business organisations and institutions [car business, HDV transport, fuels, driver training, insurance, car lobby, media, lease/fleet owners, NGO s, local govts., road safety lobby, consumer org. ] www.ecodrive.org + www.hetnieuwerijden.nl priority: Training of professional drivers [national, corporate] Driving licenses and training the trainers [national, EU] Awareness raising and mass media communication [id.] Board computer no.1 priority [EU + car industry] Tyre pressure +10% [EU/ACEA, nat.]