Technology Development towards Sustainable Mobility 1st October, 2013 World of Energy Solutions Akihito Tanke Toyota Motor Europe 1
Diversification of Automotive Fuels and Powertrain Primary Energy Automotive fuel Diesel engine Conventional vehicle Save oil Oil Internal combustion Core technology Gasoline Powertrain & Natural gas Gas fuels Plant Bio-fuel Uranium Electricity Hydro, solar, geothermal power PHEV EV Hydrogen 2 FCHV Alternatives to oil Synthetic liquid fuels Next-generation technology Coal HV
Toyota s Image of Future Mobility Portfolio FCEVs Vehicle size HVs & PHEVs EVs HD Truck Route bus Passenger Car FCEV BUS) Delivery car Short commuter Delivery truck HV EV FCEV PHEV Personal mobility Fuel Electricity Driving distance Oil, Bio-fuel, CNG, Synthetic fuel, etc. Hydrogen EV: Short-distance, HV/PHEV: Wide-use, FCV: Mid-to-long distance 3
Toyota Hybrid System Applications EV Motor Battery Engine HV PHEV Motor Fuel tank Motor Battery Battery Engine Fuel tank Engine FCEV Fuel tank Motor Battery FC stack Hydrogen tank Hybrid technology is applicable to any energy sources 4
117 months 6 27 m. 18 m. 14 m. 11 m. 5million 5 4 4million 3million 3 1.2 1.0 Cumulative 2million 2 0.6 1million 1 0 0.8 0.4 Annual 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 0.2 2013 Cumulative sales recorded 5 million in March 2013 5 0 Global annual sales (million) Global cumulative sales (million) Toyota Hybrid Vehicles Sales
Next Generation vehicles Saving oil (low emissions) Alternatives to oil (zero emissions) Continue to actively promote Usage of electricity and hydrogen HV PHEV EV FCEV Timeline 6
Comparison of Energy Density H2 70MPa Weight Energy Density Wh/kg Gasoline 10000 Natural Gas 20MPa Ethanol Liquid Fuel Diesel Biodiesel Gaseous Fuel 1000 Metal Hydride 2wt% 100 Battery Lithium Ion Nickel Hydride Lead 10 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 Volumetric Energy Density Wh/L Energy density of hydrogen is about 7 times higher than battery 7
Comparison Between EV and FCEV System cost EV EV is advantageous FC EV FCEV is advantageous Cruising range FCEV is advantageous in mid-to-long drive range applications 8
Toyota FCV-R Tokyo Motor Show Concept 9
Advantages of FCEV Energy diversification Zero emissions Zero CO2 emissions during driving Hydrogen can be produced from various primary energy sources Performance Driving pleasure Practical cruising range (over 500 km) Refueling time (three minutes) Fuel cell start-up below freezing (-30ºC) Smooth and quiet operation Smooth start and good acceleration at low and medium speeds Large power supply capability for emergencies Power supply capabilities are 4-5 times that of an EV, and can supply power to an average household for more than a week 10
History of Toyota FCHV 2002 model Toyota FCHV World s 1st available vehicle in the market Received Model certificate Improved performance Total 18 vehicles are leased in Japan & US. 2008 model Total 20 vehicles are leased in Japan & US. Toyota FCHV-adv World s top cruising range & cold start Total 14 vehicles are leased in Japan. Total 104 vehicles are now under introduction in US until 2011 for ZEV requirements. 5 vehicles are now in Germany for CEP program. 2005 model 11
Challenge for FCEV Development FC stack Issues expected to be resolved ①Practical cruising range ②Refueling time ③Fuel cell start-up below freezing Motor High pressure hydrogen tank 2015 Issues need to be resolved ①Cost reduction FCV-R 70MPa high pressure hydrogen tank cruising range app.700km Japan JC08 Mode ②Reduction in size and weight ③Improving durability of FC stack ④Hydrogen supply infrastructure 12
Toyota FCHV-adv Long-distance Travel The cruising range has been significantly improved by increasing hydrogen tank pressure (35 MPa => 70 MPa) and system efficiency. (about 300 km => 500 km with practical driving cycle) Japan Tokyo Osaka Cruising range LA#4 790 km 10-15 830 km 560km (350mile) Toyota in-house test With single refueling, FCHV-adv successfully traveled between Osaka and Tokyo (560km) under real-use condition (A/C on, etc.) 13
Cold Weather Performance Tests in Canada 外気温[ ] Ambient Air Temp. Timmins, Canada (degc degc) 10 10 Ambient Air Temperature at Timmins 32 00 20-10 -10 C -20-20 0-20 -30-30 -40-40 (degf degf) 50-37degC 2/8 2/10 2/12 2/14 2/16-40 Yellowknife, Canada 2/18 Date Cold weather performance tests verified that cold start and driving performance of FCHV-adv was equivalent that of conventional vehicles 14
Concept Vehicle at Tokyo Motor Show in 2011 FCV-R Length 4,745ｍ Width 1,790ｍｍ Height 1,510ｍｍ Wheel Base 2,700mm Passenger 4Persons Cruising range: Approx. 700 km (in JC08 test cycle) 15
FC system cost FCEV System Cost Reduction FCHV-adv Low-volume production 1/20 or less Mass production Initial phase of market penetration Limited release phase Overcoming technical challenges Further cost reduction Growth phase of market penetration Reducing costs Design, material and production technologies Economies of scale We are focusing on achieving 1/20 cost reduction of FC system compared with the current FCHV-adv towards commercialization 16
Cost Reduction : Elimination of components Humidifying Inlet Air Air channel MEA H2 channel Air channel MEA H2 channel Out In Out In In Out In Out Moisture exchange Humidifier Eliminate Using humidifier system TOYOTA FCHV-adv ( 07MY) Not using humidifier system (future) We are trying to eliminate the external humidifier by re-circulating generated water in the FC stack itself 17
Cost Reduction : Re-circulation of generated water 2. Decrease carry out of generated water 1. air & hydrogen Counter flow Generated water H2 channel Air channel Dry air MEA 3. Thinner electrolyte membrane 4. Increase hydrogen recirculation 18
Cost Reduction : Reduction of CFRP usage & material cost High-pressure Hydrogen Tank CFRP ØD (for holding H2 gas pressure) Liner (for H2 sealing) L Cross-section of tank body Tank dimension (1) Reduce CFRP - Optimize layer structure (hoop winding / helical winding) - Optimize L/D - Optimize boss size (2) Reduce cost of CFRP - Aviation grade => General-purpose grade Develop low-cost CFRP for high-pressure tank 19
Reduction in size and weight New FC stack Power density has been more than doubled Achieved the world s highest level of 3.0 kw/l Reduced FC system size World s highest Allowing under-seat layout to be realized High-pressure hydrogen tank Decrease in number of tanks per vehicle from four to two Reduced costs Re-examination of materials used and manufacturing process 20
Improving durability of FC stack Initial phase of development MEA1 MEA2 Threshold limit value Crossover Amount Reduction of physical deterioration MEA3 MEA4 Threshold limit value MEA3 Maximum Output MEA1 MEA4 MEA2 Initial phase of development 0 Durability (year equivalent) Durability is steadily improving It is important to balance performance, durability and cost 21
A Broad Range of Initiatives in the Toyota Group Hino Motors, Ltd. FC bus Toyota Motor Corporation FCEV Toyota Industries Corporation : FC forklift Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd. Toyota Tsusho Corporation Co-gen. SOFC system small H2 filling station Under consideration (@ dealers) Pilot program 12.2012-03.2014 22
Worldwide Location of Hydrogen Stations Scandinavia Project started, aiming for 100 sites by 2020 [Press release in June 2012 ] Approx. 100 sites by 2015 U.K. France New York California 3 sites in 2012 (Toyota City and others) Germany [as stated in Japan Reconstruction Strategy in July 2012] Korea Japan China 50 sites by 2015 Hawaii 37 sites by 2014 (plans for 68 sites in 2015) [public-private basic agreement in June 2012] [July 2012 CaFCP Roadmap] In operation Planned Not in operation Areas where infrastructure development can be expected from early 2015 Areas where infrastructure development can be expected after 2015 Several hundreds of hydrogen stations are expected to be installed worldwide by 2015 23
Hydrogen Station Establishment in Japan 1. Hydrogen station deployment 2015 2025 Early commercialization In 4 major metropolitan areas 100 stations Commercialization start in 2015 from 2030 onward Commercialization expanding 47 prefectural capitals covered 800 stations Mass commercialization Nation-wide hydrogen net established 5,000 stations Based on the proposal of Council of Competitiveness-Nippon (COCN) 3. Regulation review 2. Station technology development Action plan for regulation review was announced in Dec 2010. - Adjacent stations - Material standards - Periodic inspection - Pressure standards - Accumulator structure method - Self-service stations, etc. Example of container-type low cost station (Linde, Germany) Need to solve these 3 issues for hydrogen station establishment 24
Hydrogen Stations in the US (CA and NY) 10 stations today 20 to 23 stations will be operating in CA by 2013. Expecting 40+ stations by 2015. NY State Hydrogen Highway under development but targeting 100 station by 2020* NY 2020 Image Source: NYSERDA, State of New York CA Expectation by 2013 Wide H2 coverage in Southern CA 35 MPa 70 MPa 25
Hydrogen Station Discussion in Europe Nordic SHHP MoU with Nordic H2 companies, NGO and Industry, Oct 2012 MoU with UK authorities and Industry, Jan 2012 UK H2 Mobility UK Germany H2 Mobility MoU with German Government and Industry, Sep 2009 Sources: Netinform website Government Industries Discussion (MOU) are in progress 26
Introduction of FCEV and Infrastructure Scenario (Image in Japan) Hydrogen station FY FY FY FY FY FY 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 ~ 2020 2021 ~ 2025 2026 ~ Early Establishment 1 Step by step 100 stations + α Early Establishment 2 Step by step ~ 800 stations Commercial station Technology demonstration demonstration (pre-preceding) FCCJ proposal FCEV Preceding establishment Approx. 100 stations mainly in 4 major metropolitan areas Decision for FY 2013~2015 Preceding station open Infrastructure regulation review Decision Decision for FY 2018~ for FY 2021~ 1st generation Decision on introduction of 1st generation and investment 2nd 1st 27 Expansion of establishment 3rd generation 2nd generation
Power Supply System : HV/PHEV Case Prius PHEV HV An outlet which can easily power domestic electrical appliances Provides a safe and secure supply of electric power using a vehicle power connector Outlet also inside the cabin - Estima HV (since Jan. 2001) - CT 200h (since Aug. 2012) - Alphard HV, Vellfire HV (since Sept. 2012) More models will be added Vehicle power connector (AC 100 V, 1500 W) Outlet inside the cabin (AC 100 V, 1500 W) Center console Rear storage area Expand the auxiliary emergency power system to more models 28
Power Supply System : FCEV Case FCEV sedan Can supply power to an average household for longer than a week FCEV bus Can supply power for evacuation center (school gymnasium) lighting for about 5 days FC stack Inverter Inverter *Fully fueled FC bus; Power consumption for lighting : 100kWh X 12 hours of lighting a day Develop FCEV system for large power supply in emergencies 29
Hygrid Concept Renewable energy Electricity Electricity grid Hydrogen Heat EV Surplus electricity PHEV Electrolysis Residential cogeneration system (ENE FARM) Emergency power feeding Thermal power generation Gas supply Heat utilization Fossil fuel Hydrogen grid Energy Storage Biomass, etc. FC bus FC forklift FCEV Local production for local consumption of energy Mass introduction of renewable energy and stored energy 30 Independent disaster prevention center for emergency Source: HyGrid Study Group Job creation and industrial development
Thank you for your attention 31