Start Capacitor & Inrush, Facts & Myths Part 4 Now is the part where we get specific about Start capacitors and inrush. If you haven t read the first three parts please do so before reading this one or it may not make sense. I m going to come out and say it so you keep reading. What you were taught about hard start kits decreasing inrush amperage is wrong. Look at the oscilloscope image above. It s a 3 ton reciprocation compressor with equalized pressures and 230V applied. Now keep in mind the voltage value shown here is RMS and the amperage is PEAK so if the amps seem high in these charts that is why.
So this compressor starts up at locked rotor (on the run winding remember) and it gets up to speed at around 180 milliseconds of run time. That is pretty typical of a good, equalized compressor under normal conditions. Sometimes compressors do struggle to start and this can be due to. Low input voltage (usually due to voltage drop) Starting unequalized due to short cycling and or nonbleed (Hard Shut Off) expansion valves Long line lengths Refrigerant migration into the crankcase Compressor wear Here we show a system with low voltage applied (187v) and it HAS a hard start in place (not necessarily the same compressor as the last so don t try to compare apples to apples) In this case, the compressor doesn t get up to speed until
about 550 milliseconds and at that point both the run and start winding amperage drops. This proves that the hard start kit is working in that case. You can tell this because the only amperage that can enter the start winding is dictated by the run and start capacitors and like we said before the capacity of a capacitor is dictated completely by the capacitance (mfd) and the voltage across it. For the amperage of the start winding to go UP at 580 milliseconds, it can only be due to an increase in back EMF as that motor gets up to speed. Then at 600 milliseconds, the potential relay removes the start capacitor and the amperage drops down to the run capacitor only level. Conclusion #1 Fixing a voltage drop issue does more good than adding a hard start kit. A valuable test is measuring the voltage feeding your compressor with it under load and rectifying poor line voltage connections or undersized conductors.
Look at these two identical compressors, one with a hard start kit and one without. Techs are often taught that measuring inrush on the compressor common wire is a way to show how a hard start kit decreases startup amps. This isn t what we are measuring when we see a big difference in inrush amps. What we are measuring is how QUICKLY the compressor starts not the true inrush amps at start. I ve looked at the specs on several high-end ammeters that measure inrush and they read at
100 milliseconds. If you look at the two examples above the compressor with a hard start will read lower at 100 milliseconds because it is already almost at full speed and the LRA has nearly passed. LRA (locked rotor amps) is essentially the amperage the compressor runs when the run winding is functioning as a heater rather than a motor. The quicker the motor starts turning the quicker it gets out of the LRA range. Now consider the start winding. Take a look at the start winding with no hard start. it stays the same even though the compressor is essentially locked all the way up to 600 milliseconds. So even though the compressor is locked the current through the start winding is limited to what the run capacitor can hold and release. With the hard start in place, the start winding amperage peaks right up until the pote0 㔠ⴱ 爀椴til ⴱ 愀爀琩 ㄨright ⵧ 100 milliseconds.
Conclusion #3 Hard start kits don t decrease starting amps at the moment of start, they can t. What they can do is reduce the time it takes to get the motor started, So in a time-averaged sense, a hard start kit very well may reduce amperage and wattage. This is why a hard start is often specified for long line applications and non-bleed TXVs. It s also why Techs have found that adding a hard start can reduce light dimming complaints by speeding up the amount of time the compressor remains at LRA. Conclusion #4 Hard start kits do increase the current on the start winding, in fact, that s essentially all they do differently than a run capacitor. They both provide a phase shifted current to the start winding, a start capacitor just does MORE of it. The argument that hard start kits reduce wear and stress on the start winding is false. With no hard start the load on the start winding is constant and very low. Adding in a hard start adds in more current at start and the possibility of potential relay sticking that can definitely cause start winding stress. This isn t to say start kits are a problem when sized properly. They can and do reduce LRA on the run winding by adding more phase shifted current to start. Conclusion #5 Start capacitor sizing and potential relay voltage ratings are really important and should be selected to do the job of starting the compressor quickly without staying in too long or providing more start winding current than needed. Bryan