Sustainable Urban Transport Index (SUTI) City Comparisons & Way Forward PROF. H.M SHIVANAND SWAMY, CEPT UNIVERSITY DHAKA SEPTEMBER 12, 2018
Purpose Discussion of Results from 5 Cities Reflections on the Methodology Application in Other Cities
Summary Bandung Greenhouse gas emissions from transport Air quality (pm10) Extent to which transport plans cover public transport, intermodal facilities and infrastructure for active modes 100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 Geometric mean: 46.42 Modal share of active and public transport in commuting Convenient access to public transport service Dhaka Greenhouse gas emissions from transport Air quality (pm10) Extent to which transport plans cover public transport, intermodal facilities and infrastructure for active modes 100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 Geometric mean: 47.76 Modal share of active and public transport in commuting Convenient access to public transport service Ho Chi Minh Greenhouse gas emissions from transport Air quality (pm10) Extent to which transport plans cover public transport, intermodal facilities and infrastructure for active 100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 Geometric mean: 24.97 Modal share of active and public transport in commuting Convenient access to public transport service Investment in public transportation systems Public transport quality and reliability Investment in public transportation systems Public transport quality and reliability Investment in public transportation systems Public transport quality and reliability Operational costs of the public transport system Traffic fatalities per 100.000 inhabitants Affordability travel costs as part of income Operational costs of the public transport system Affordability travel costs as part of income Traffic fatalities per 100.000 inhabitants Operational costs of the public transport system Affordability travel costs as part of income Traffic fatalities per 100.000 inhabitants Surabaya Greenhouse gas emissions from transport Air quality (pm10) Extent to which transport plans cover public transport, intermodal facilities and infrastructure for active modes 100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 Geometric mean: 35.01 Modal share of active and public transport in commuting Convenient access to public transport service Surat Greenhouse gas emissions from transport Air quality (pm10) Extent to which transport plans cover public transport, intermodal facilities and infrastructure for active modes 100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 Modal share of active and public transport in commuting Convenient access to public transport service Geometric mean: 60.92 Investment in public transportation systems Public transport quality and reliability Investment in public transportation systems Public transport quality and reliability Operational costs of the public transport system Traffic fatalities per 100.000 inhabitants Affordability travel costs as part of income Operational costs of the public transport system Traffic fatalities per 100.000 inhabitants Affordability travel costs as part of income
Multi City Normalised Values Sl. No Indicator Bandun g N Dhaka HCMC Surabay a Surat 1 The extent to which transport plans cover public transport, intermodal facilities and infrastructure for active modes 75 69 44 88 94 2 Modal share of active and public transport in commuting 18 96 23 1 24 3 Convenient access to public transport service 13 46 70 91 91 4 Public transport quality and reliability 89 12 18 1 92 5 Traffic fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants 88 95 76 82 87 6 Affordability travel costs as part of income 91 61 93 85 93 7 Operational costs of the public transport system 12 34 0 58 21 8 Investment in public transportation systems 59 100 27 100 63 9 Air quality (PM10) 71 9 69 60 37 Greenhouse gas emissions from transport 81 94 86 100 93 T Average 46 49 43 35 61 10
Summary Bandung Dhaka Ho Chi Minh Surabaya Surat Greenhouse gas emissions from transport Air quality (pm10) Extent to which transport plans cover public transport, intermodal facilities and infrastructure for active modes 100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 Modal share of active and public transport in commuting Convenient access to public transport service Investment in public transportation systems Public transport quality and reliability Operational costs of the public transport system Traffic fatalities per 100.000 inhabitants Affordability travel costs as part of income
Summary 1. Ambitious Plans backed up by investments! 2. PT & Active Mobility Share Low to moderate 3. PT system are accessible in most cities. 3. Dhaka high share of PT & Active Mobility Share But Poor accessibility; Poor Quality 4. PT systems are rated well (quality & reliability). Inadequate quantity High Quality! 6. PT systems are affordable 7. Subsidies are inevitable. But a minimum level of recovery (65%!) 8. Level of investments Moderate to high 5. Cities are safe!!! 9. Poor Air Quality 10. Lower GHG Emissions percapita!!
Indicator 1: Extent to which transport plans cover public transport, intermodal facilities and infrastructure for active modes Public Transport & Active Mobility Focus Single source Mobility Plans Dhaka (2015), Ho Chi Minh (2013), Surabaya (2016) and Surat (2018) Multiple sources Bandung (2013 18) Mobility plans Land use plans Strategic PT plans DPRs Other Policy Documents 1. Bandung Multiple sources Bandung Validity of Plans (date) Mere intention vs Budgetary commitment Medium Term Development Plan 2013 18 Bandung Urban Mobility Plan 2031 The Strategic Plan Of The Transportation department Of Bandung City 2013 2018 2.Dhaka Revised Strategic Transport Plans (RSTP) 2015 3. Ho Chi Minh Transportation development planning of Ho Chi Minh city by 2020 with a vision after 2020 4. Surabaya Transport plan of public transport, intermodal and active transport facilities. 2016 5. Surat Comprehensive Mobility Plan 2046
Indicator 1: Extent to which transport plans cover public transport, intermodal facilities and infrastructure for active mode Definition: The extent to which the city s most current comprehensive transport or master plan covers the four aspects I) walking networks, II) cycling networks, III) intermodal transfer facilities and IV) expansion of public transport mode Data Source: Recent transportation plan (less than 10 years) Objectivity Budgetary Support Formal Approval
Indicator 2: Modal share of active and public transport in commuting Sl. No City % Without IPT % With IPT 1Bandung 0.7 10.3 2Dhaka 73.1 87.1 Ho Chi 3Minh 28.5 28.5 4Surabaya 11.2 11.2 5Surat 29.0 52.2 Inclusion taxi or unofficial motorized para transit (auto rickshaw, mini bus, tuk tuk, etc) * Share of active mobility 30 50% (expected)
Indicator 2: Modal share of active and public transport in commuting Definition: Percentage of commuting trips using active and public travel modes (= using a travel mode to and from work and education other than a personal motorized vehicle). Active transport means cycling and walking. Public transport includes public bus, BRT, tram, rail, scheduled ferry. It does NOT include taxi or unofficial motorized para transit (auto rickshaw, min bus, tuk tuk, etc) Data Source: Modal Split data from transport plan is to be used. Trip rates of each mode for Educational and Work trips are analysed to derive the modal share of active and public transport HH Survey Sample Size Sample Selection Inclusion of taxi or unofficial motorized para transit (auto rickshaw, min bus, tuk tuk, t )
Indicator 3: Convenient access to public transport service Maximum Headway stipulated (20mins) Peak? PT Network coverage Population Density PT Coverage (%) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Accessibility to Public Transport Bandung Colombo Dhaka Hanoi Ho Chi Minh Jakarta Kathmandu Surabaya Surat City What about Informal PT? Routes & Coverage Data?
Indicator 3: Convenient access to public transport service Definition: Proportion of the population that has convenient access to public transport, defined as living 500 meters or less from a public transport stop with minimum 20 minute service. Public transport is a shared passenger transport service available to the general public, excluding taxis, car pools, hired buses and para transit (same delimitation as used for public transport in indicator 2. If possible, the measure is measured for the general population as well as for vulnerable groups (women, elderly, and persons with disabilities) Data Source: PT Agencies (Routes & Frequency) Population Density Maps (Census) IPT Routes
Indicator 4: Public transport quality and reliability Quality of PT Public Transport Quality and Reliability 100% PT Quality and Reliability (%) 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% Bandung Colombo Dhaka Hanoi Ho Chi Minh Jakarta Kathmandu Surabaya Surat City What about Informal PT?
Indicator 4: Public transport quality and reliability Definition: The degree to which passengers of the public transport system are satisfiedwiththequalityof service while using the different modes of public transport Data Source: A survey on the quality and reliability of the public transport service is to be done. Sample Size 250 300 May be included as part of HH Survey
Indicator 5: Traffic fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants 9 Cities Traffic Fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants Fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Bandung Colombo Dhaka Hanoi Ho Chi Minh Jakarta Kathmandu Surabaya Surat City MAX RANGE 35!
Indicator 5: Traffic fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants 16 Cities Max. Range? Min 0 and Max 35 Sr. No. City Fatalities per lakh Population Traffic Fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants 1 Bandung 4 2 Colombo 15 3 Dhaka 1.2 4 Hanoi 8 5 Ho Chi Minh 8 6 Jakarta 2 7 Kathmandu 6 8 Surabaya 6 9 Surat 5 10 Singapore 2 11 Bangkok 7 12 London 1 13 Barcelona 1 14 Berlin 1 15 Rome 5 16 Vienna 1 Maximum Range 10! Fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 City
Indicator 5: Traffic fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants Definition: Fatalities in traffic (road; rail, etc.) in the urban areas per 100.000 inhabitants. As defined by the WHO, a death counts as related to a traffic accident if it occurs within 30 days after the accident Data Source: Traffic Fatalities Data. Compilation of fatal deaths in accidents over years from respective police department Change Max Range Limit as 10 Fine tuning data (Population, Fatalities, Reference Area and time adjustments)
Indicator 6: Affordability travel costs as share of income Minimum wages of poorest quartile of population of different cities Affordability (%) 20% 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% Affordability 6% 4% 2% 0% Bandung Colombo Dhaka Hanoi Ho Chi Minh Jakarta Kathmandu Surabaya Surat City
Indicator 6: Affordability travel costs as share of income Definition: Cost of a monthly network wide public transport ticket covering all main modes in the city, compared to mean monthly income for the poorest quartile of the population of the city. Data Source: Monthly pass data of all the public transport network. Income data from the national statistical agency, economic department or similar HH Survey Minimum Wage & Avg Travel Costs
Indicator 7: Operational costs of the public transport system Ranges Max 175 Min 22 120 110 100 Operational Costs of Public Transport Fare Box Recovery Ratio 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Bandung Colombo Dhaka Hanoi Ho Chi Minh Jakarta Kathmandu Surabaya Surat City How much to recover? Subsidy is a necessity Private operators why do they operate with losses?
Indicator 7: Operational costs of the public transport system Definition: Ratio of fare revenue to operating costs for public transport systems ( Fare box ratio ) Data Source: Annual Reports or financial accounts of the local public transport providers, ITS database from transit agency Public Agency Private Operator IPT
Indicator 8: Investment in public transportation systems Investment Sources Local / City Public+Private Sub National / National International Ranges Max 50 Min 0 Investment in PT (%) 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% Investment in Public Transportation System 10.00% 0.00% Bandung Colombo Dhaka Hanoi Ho Chi Minh Jakarta Kathmandu Surabaya Surat City Investments from all sources Sgregation
Indicator 8: Investment in public transportation systems Investment Sources Local / City Public+Private Sub National / National International Definition: Share of all transport investments made by the city that is directed to public transport. The investments are likely to vary from year to year in a pattern that may be sensitive to the profile of individual projects. The value is therefore averaged over a period of five years.
Indicator 9: Air quality (PM10 and PM 2.5) PM 2.5 OR PM 10?? 150 Air Quality (PM10) 130 Air Quality (µg/m 3 ) 110 90 70 50 30 10 Bandung Colombo Dhaka Hanoi Ho Chi Minh Jakarta Kathmandu Surabaya Surat Do we adopt PM10 or PM2.5? How do we compare, in case PM2.5 not available? City
Indicator 9: Air quality (PM10) Definition: Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (PM10 and PM 2.5) in the air (population weighted) compared to the health threshold Data Source: Public expenditure accounts of the city and/or regional government as appropriate
Indicator 10: Greenhouse gas emissions (CO2eq tons/year) GHG Emissions 1 Bandung 0.53 2 Colombo 0.63 3 Dhaka 0.16 4 Hanoi 0.33 5 Ho Chi Minh 0.38 6 Jakarta 0.79 7 Kathmandu 0.31 8 Surabaya 0.0019 9 Surat 0.18 Data Source Travel dairy based Vs Energy Consumption based Estimates for passenger and freight would GHG Emissions (tons per capita) 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 GHG Emission from Transport Bandung Colombo Dhaka Hanoi Ho Chi Minh Jakarta Kathmandu Surabaya Surat City
Indicator 10: Greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 eq tons/ year) Definition: Data Source: Fuel sale statistics for the city area may be available from national energy statistics or databases. Traffic counts and emission factors CO2 equivalent emissions from transport by urban residents per annum per capita.
Summary Common Units Say US $ Emphasize Formal Approval of the plan Include Informal PT in Indicator 2 Include above implication on 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 Fatality Maximum Range Change 10 Congestion Inclusion Access % workers having job location within 30 min travel time from home Investment Adequacy Fatality/Million VKT
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