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TABLE S-1 Emission source and source profile categorization in the PRD region Emission Source a Source Profile b Power Plant combustion Coal burning-boiler Industry combustion Coal burning-boiler Petrol distribution & handling Gasoline evaporation Oil refinery Oil refinery Printing Printing Mobile sources Motorcycle Motorcycle Marine Agricultural machinery Airport Agricultural machinery VOC product-related Painting Building paint Coating Solvent Biogenic sources Biogenic sources Others Biomass burning Biomass burning Coal burning- residential Coal burning-residential LPG LPG a Zheng et al.(18); b Liu et al (8). Note:
TABLE S-2. The Speciated VOC Emissions and Contributions to OFP (%) in the PRD in 2006 VOC Species Size (kt/yr) VOCs Emissions Contribution (%) VOC Species MIR (g/g) Ozone Formation Potentials Size (kt/yr) Contribution (%) toluene 103.1 9.0 isoprene 10.28 761.3 15.4 isoprene 74.1 6.5 mp-xylene 8.24 448.5 9.1 methanol 60.5 5.3 ethylene 8.76 441.9 8.9 benzene 60.4 5.3 toluene 3.88 399.8 8.1 mp-xylene 54.4 4.7 propene 11.37 325.6 6.6 ethylene 50.4 4.4 o-xylene 7.44 178.0 3.6 isopentane 37.5 3.3 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 8.64 169.6 3.4 α-pinene 28.8 2.5 1-butene 9.42 165.6 3.4 n-nonane 28.7 2.5 2-methyl-2-butene 13.72 150.2 3.0 2-methylpentane 26.2 2.3 α-pinene 4.38 126.0 2.6 o-xylene 23.9 2.1 m-ethyltoluene 7.21 122.1 2.5 propene 28.6 2.5 1,3,5-trimetylbenzene 11.44 86.7 1.8 ethylbenzene 22.8 2.0 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene 11.66 79.2 1.6 β-pinene 20.8 1.8 t-2-pentene 10.25 73.8 1.5 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 19.6 1.7 β-pinene 3.38 70.2 1.4 ethane 20.6 1.8 t-2-butene 14.79 68.4 1.4 n-octane 17.2 1.5 ethylbenzene 2.93 66.8 1.4 3-methylpentane 17.1 1.5 c-2-butene 13.89 56.7 1.1 m-ethyltoluene 16.9 1.5 isopentane 1.36 51.2 1.0 1-butene 17.6 1.5 c-2-pentene 10.07 44.0 0.9 2-methylhexane 14.8 1.3 o-ethyltoluene 5.43 43.9 0.9 methylcyclohexane 14.6 1.3 1,3-butadiene 12.21 43.6 0.9 n-decane 13.6 1.2 t-3-methyl-2-pentene 12.81 43.4 0.9 acetylene 12.9 1.1 benzene 0.69 41.7 0.8 3 carene 12.7 1.1 3 carene 3.13 39.8 0.8 n-undecane 12.7 1.1 methanol 0.65 39.4 0.8 n-heptane 12.1 1.1 acetaldehyde 6.34 38.4 0.8 acetone 12.1 1.1 2-methylpentane 1.41 37.0 0.7 n-pentane 11.7 1.0 c-3-methyl-2-pentene 12.15 29.8 0.6 n-hexane 11.2 1.0 sabinene 4.01 29.6 0.6 2-methyl-2-butene 10.9 1.0 d-limonene 4.40 29.5 0.6 3-methylhexane 10.6 0.9 1-pentene 6.97 29.2 0.6 n-butane 9.4 0.8 3-methylpentane 1.70 29.2 0.6 3-methylheptane 9.1 0.8 2-methyl-1-butene 6.23 28.9 0.6 o-ethyltoluene 8.1 0.7 1-methyl-cyclopentene 12.11 27.4 0.6 1,3,5-trimetylbenzene 7.6 0.7 t-2-hexene 8.37 25.9 0.5 sabinene 7.4 0.6 methylcyclohexane 1.58 23.0 0.5 ethanol 7.3 0.6 formaldehyde 9.24 22.4 0.5 t-2-pentene 7.2 0.6 2-methyl-1-pentene 5.12 20.5 0.4 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene 6.8 0.6 n-nonane 0.71 20.4 0.4 d-limonene 6.7 0.6 c-3-heptene 6.10 19.7 0.4 methylcyclopentane 6.5 0.6 2-methylhexane 1.10 16.3 0.3
n-propane 6.1 0.5 3-methylhexane 1.51 16.0 0.3 acetaldehyde 6.0 0.5 1-heptene 4.25 15.1 0.3 n-propylbenzene 5.5 0.5 n-pentane 1.23 14.4 0.3 β-phellandrene 5.4 0.5 c-2-hexene 8.06 14.3 0.3 cyclohexane 5.2 0.5 n-octane 0.82 14.1 0.3 2-methylheptane 5.1 0.4 methylcyclopentane 2.06 13.5 0.3 2-methyl-1-butene 4.6 0.4 n-hexane 1.15 12.9 0.3 t-2-butene 4.6 0.4 acetylene 0.93 12.1 0.2 2,3-dimethylbutane 4.6 0.4 n-heptane 0.99 12.0 0.2 c-2-pentene 4.4 0.4 p-ethyltoluene 4.32 10.9 0.2 1-pentene 4.2 0.4 n-propylbenzene 1.95 10.8 0.2 c-2-butene 4.1 0.4 ethanol 1.45 10.5 0.2 r-cymene 4.0 0.4 3-methylheptane 1.15 10.4 0.2 2-methyl-1-pentene 4.0 0.4 n-butane 1.08 10.2 0.2 isobutane 3.9 0.3 hexanal 4.18 10.1 0.2 2,3-dimethylpentane 3.8 0.3 m-diethylbenzene 6.92 9.6 0.2 hexenyl acetate 3.6 0.3 cyclopentene 6.55 9.1 0.2 hexenal 3.6 0.3 3-methyl-1-butene 6.76 9.0 0.2 hexenol 3.6 0.3 p-diethylbenzene 4.31 8.9 0.2 1,3-butadiene 3.6 0.3 n-decane 0.62 8.4 0.2 1-heptene 3.5 0.3 c-2-heptene 6.94 8.4 0.2 2,2,4-trimethylpentane 3.4 0.3 naphthalene 3.24 8.4 0.2 t-3-methyl-2-pentene 3.4 0.3 terpinolene 6.16 8.3 0.2 c-3-heptene 3.2 0.3 t-3-heptene 6.09 7.4 0.2 t-2-hexene 3.1 0.3 n-undecane 0.55 7.0 0.1 n-dodecane 3.0 0.3 t-2-heptene 6.92 6.8 0.1 styrene 2.9 0.2 cyclohexane 1.16 6.0 0.1 2,4-dimethylpentane 2.7 0.2 camphene 4.38 5.9 0.1 myrcene 2.7 0.2 isopropylbenzene 2.43 5.6 0.1 naphthalene 2.6 0.2 ethane 0.26 5.4 0.1 2,4-dimethylhexane 2.6 0.2 2-methylheptane 0.99 5.1 0.1 p-ethyltoluene 2.5 0.2 2,3-dimethylpentane 1.26 4.8 0.1 c-3-methyl-2-pentene 2.5 0.2 styrene 1.65 4.7 0.1 butanone 2.4 0.2 isobutane 1.17 4.6 0.1 formaldehyde 2.4 0.2 acetone 0.35 4.2 0.1 hexanal 2.4 0.2 2,3-dimethylbutane 0.91 4.2 0.1 isopropylbenzene 2.3 0.2 2,4-dimethylhexane 1.62 4.1 0.1 1-methyl-cyclopentene 2.3 0.2 2,2,4-trimethylpentane 1.20 4.1 0.1 c-1,4,or 2.1 0.2 2,4-dimethylpentane 4.0 0.1 1,3-dimethylcyclohexane 1.46 p-diethylbenzene 2.1 0.2 3-methyl-1-pentene 5.93 3.2 0.1 2,3,4-trimethylpentane 3.7 0.3 n-propane 0.46 2.8 0.1 4-methylheptane 2.0 0.2 hexenyl acetate 0.74 2.7 0.1 c-2-hexene 1.8 0.2 t-2-octene 5.81 2.5 0.1 methylchroride 1.7 0.2 cyclopentane 2.25 2.5 0.1 propyne 1.6 0.1 4-methyl-1-pentene 5.48 2.4 0.05
m-diethylbenzene 1.4 0.1 4-methylheptane 1.16 2.3 0.05 cyclopentene 1.4 0.1 2,3,4-trimethylpentane 0.96 3.5 0.07 camphene 1.3 0.1 t-1,3-dimethylcyclohexa ne 1.41 1.8 0.04 camphor 1.3 0.1 n-dodecane 0.50 1.5 0.03 bornylacetate 1.3 0.1 Indene 1.48 1.5 0.03 α-thujene 1.3 0.1 1-octene 3.12 1.1 0.02 terpinolene 1.3 0.1 o-diethylbenzene 5.34 1.0 0.02 α-terpinene 1.3 0.1 2,2-dimethylbutane 1.11 1.0 0.02 γ-terpinene 1.3 0.1 acetic acid 0.66 0.8 0.02 ocimene 1.3 0.1 1-nonene 2.48 0.8 0.02 1,8-cineole 1.3 0.1 camphor 0.45 0.6 0.01 piperitone 1.3 0.1 cyclohexene 4.81 0.5 0.01 3-methyl-1-butene 1.3 0.1 n-undecene 1.78 0.4 0.01 t-2-methyl-2-pentene 1.3 0.1 c-1,4-dimethylcyclohex ane 1.51 0.2 0.005 t-1,3-dimethylcyclohexan e 1.2 0.1 2,2,5-trimethylhexane 1.06 0.2 0.005 t-3-heptene 1.2 0.1 formic acid 0.06 0.1 0.002 c-2-heptene 1.2 0.1 3,6-dimethyloctane 1.00 0.02 0.0005 acetic acid 1.2 0.1 methylchroride c-1,4,or formic acid 1.2 0.1 1,3-dimethylcyclohexan e cyclopentane 1.1 0.1 propyne Indene 1.0 0.1 t-2-methyl-2-pentene t-2-heptene 1.0 0.1 β-phellandrene 2,2-dimethylbutane 0.9 0.1 r-cymene 3-methyl-1-pentene 0.5 0.05 myrcene 4-methyl-1-pentene 0.4 0.04 bornylacetate t-2-octene 0.4 0.04 α-thujene 1-octene 0.3 0.03 α-terpinene 1-nonene 0.3 0.03 γ-terpinene 2,2,5-trimethylhexane 0.2 0.02 ocimene n-undecene 0.2 0.02 1,8-cineole o-diethylbenzene 0.2 0.02 piperitone c-1,4-dimethylcyclohexa ne 0.2 0.01 butanone cyclohexene 0.1 0.01 hexenal 3,6-dimethyloctane 0.02 0.002 hexenol Others 4.5 0.4 Others total 1146.7 100.0 total 4939.2 100.0 a the last 17 species listed in the OFP column weren t counted in the ozone formation potential calculation because of the lack of their MIR. )
Table S-3 VOC emission inventories of Pearl River Delta in recent years Emission(kt/yr) Sector Zhang and HG-JWGSDEP CH2M HILL HG-JWGSDE Streets Zheng et al (1997-based) (2000-based) P (2003-based) INTREX-B (2006-based) ( 2006-based) Power plants 1.5 1.6 2.0 45.8 7.2 Industry 50.9 51.6 49.0 403.4 85.6 Transportation 233.2 375.9 336.0 365.6 474.4 VOC 82.3 92.5 73.0 NA products-related 292.8 other sources 33 47.1 13.0 NA 19.6 Total anthropogenic 400.9 568.7 473.0 814.8 879.6 sources Biogenic sources NA 257.4 NA NA 295.8 Total 400.9 826.1 473.0 814.8 1175.4
100% 90% LPG Biogenic sources 80% Oil refinery 70% Printing 60% Biomass burning 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Guangzhou Shenzhen Zhuhai Foshan Jiangmen Dongguan Zhongshan Huizhou Zhaoqing Coal burning-residential Solvent Building paint Motorcycle Gasoline evaporation Coal burning-boiler FIGURE S-1. VOC Emission Source Contributions at different cities of PRD region
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% toluene isoprene methanol benzene mp-xylene ethylene isopentane n-nonane 2-methylpentane LPG Biogenic sources Oil refinery Printing Biomass burning Coal burning-residential Solvent Building paint Motorcycle Gasoline evaporation Coal burning-boiler FIGURE S-2. Source contributions for the top 10 VOC species in emissions
FIGURE S-3. Source contributions to propane emissions Coal burning-boiler Gasoline evaporation Motorcycle Building paint Solvent Coal burning-residential Biomass burning Printing Oil refinery Biogenic sources LPG
Coal burning-boiler Gasoline evaporation Motorcycle Building paint Biomass burning Coal burning-residential Solvent Printing Oil refinery Biogenic sources LPG FIGURE S-4. Source contributions to butene emissions
FIGURE S-5. The spatial distributions of NO x emission in the PRD region
FIGURE S-6. The spatial distributions of VOCs emission in the PRD region