Toyota Stephen Stacey - General Manager Arjan Dijkhuizen - Senior Engineer Government & Technical Affairs Toyota Motor Europe
Toyota Europe and UK Europe: Began selling cars in 1963 Over 6 billion invested since 1990 in manufacturing, sales, parts and logistics networks as well as R&D, Design and Formula One Over 5 billion/year spent with European suppliers each year 1,124,000 vehicles sold during 2006 with 5.8% market share UK: Over 5,000 employees (manufacturing and sales); 1.75billion invested to date Vehicle manufacturing in Derby, engines manufacturing in Deeside, sales & marketing in Epsom Largest manufacturing capacity for Toyota in Europe of 285,000 vehicles per annum 140.000 vehicles sold in 2006 (8300 hybrids, i.e. 5.9%)
Content Environmental challenges Toyota s Environmental Approach Hybrid Technology Market Challenges Future Outlook Conclusion
Environmental Challenges
Key challenges 2000 2010 2020 Ambient Air Quality Climate Change Energy Supply/Demand Exhaust emissions (NOx, CO, HC) Emission standard CO 2 increasing Energy mix required Expansion to developing countries Standard of living Oil, Nuclear, Natural gas, Coal Renewable energy Source: Toyota Motor Corporation
CO 2 Emissions by Sector Industry 19% Residential & commercial 15% Electricity generation 43% Transport 23% Source: IEA/WEO 2004 2002 data
Toyota s Environmental Approach
Guiding Principles
Clean, green and lean production Zero waste to landfill ISO 14001 certification Energy reduction Reduce VOCs Green purchasing guidelines for suppliers
Hybrid Technology
Toward the Ultimate Eco-Car Ultimate Eco-Car Hybrid technology boosts performance for all powertrain systems
What is hybrid? EV Drive Motor-assist Motor-assist Regenerative braking Regenerative braking Regenerative braking Engine stop Engine stop Engine stop Engine stop Mild hybrid Strong hybrid
Why Hybrids are efficient Start-up Normal driving Acceleration Deceleration Stopping Engine shuts off Engine Motor + engine (power boost) Battery charging Engine shuts off & Electric motor drive Engine operating with maximum efficiency Energy recovery No energy consumption Fuel tank Battery Energy source
Benefits Fuel efficiency Low emissions Driving performance Comfort Cost of ownership
Potential of CO 2 reduction performance CO 2 index (% ) 100 90 80 70 60 Engine improvement Engine operating area Idling stop Regeneration 50 40 30 20 10 0 Petrol AT Diesel AT Prius
Comparison of CO 2 emissions CO 2 g/km 260 220 Petrol Diesel Lexus LS 600h (219 g/km) 180 140 100 Prius I (123 g/km) Prius II (104 g/km) Lexus RX 400h (192 g/km) Lexus GS 450h (186 g/km) 140g/km 2008/9 60 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 Reference mass (kg) Source: Toyota
Air Quality: Emission Result Extremely low emissions NOx (g/km) 0.3 0.2 Diesel Euro 4 regulation Gasoline Euro 4 regulation 0.1 Prius RX 400h GS 450h LS 600h 1.0 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 CO (g/km) HC (g/km) Source: In house data
Hybrid Vehicle Impressive Environmental Efficiency CO 2 reduction CO 2 g/km 300 250 200 150 Petrol LPG Comparison with European Segment C (EU Mode) Toyota D-CAT models Diesel 100 50 FCV Prius 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 Clean NOx g/km
Market Challenges
Yearly Sales of Hybrid Vehicles Worldwide (1,000 units) 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 201X (year) Aiming to reach one million per year early in the 2010s decade
Challenges to introduction Environment is NOT a leading purchase criterion Good quality & reliability Well styled cars Good performance Comfortable cars Technically advanced cars Personality and character Innovative company Fun to drive Good after sales service Concern for safety Recently launched interesting models Prestige make Extensive dealer network Environment Reasonably priced Low running costs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Source: Car Park Survey 2002
Ways to encourage purchase of new technologies Technology neutral incentives, e.g.: Fiscal Reduction on luxury tax, income tax, annual road tax, circulation tax etc. Non-fiscal Congestion charge exemption Free parking in city centres
Future Outlook: Plug-in Hybrids Fuel Cell
What is a plug-in hybrid? 1. Reduce crude oil consumption Energy diversity with mixed electricity generation 2. Reduce CO 2 Longer electric drive range reduces Fuel Consumption 3. Improve urban air quality Longer electric drive range enables Zero Emission driving in cities Battery Engine Motor Concept: Add more batteries (enhanced) and a cable connector to current Prius Household electricity
Toyota s Fuel Cell Technology Prius FINE-X Engine Fuel Cell Secondary battery Motor Power control unit Secondary battery Power control unit Motor
Conclusion Hybrid technology offers great potential significantly to reduce CO 2 and exhaust emissions; Hybrid technology can be applied to any type of engine, regardless of the fuel used; Future developments will further help to reduce CO 2 and enhance energy security. Incentives: - can encourage consumers to consider and purchase new technologies - should be technology neutral
Back-up
Automotive Fuel Diversification Scenario Oil CNG Coal Biomass Solar,wind, Hydro, nuclear Oil remains mainstream Improve gasoline & diesel vehicle technology Electricity Generation Short-term Reduce oil consumption to cut CO2 Obtain properites Gas strage Electrical storage Hydrogen Production Infrastructure COsequestration Production cost 2010 COsequestration COsequestration Prodution Infrastructure Promote adoption of Alternative fuels Stabilize supply Hydrogen strage Ultra high density strage 2030 Oil will stay mainstream Saving petroleum is the primary issue Unconventional oil Drilling & storage Synthetic fuels FT synthetic FT DME etc Biofuels Gaseous fuels (CNGLPG Hydrogen Electricity Mid to long term
Fuel Consumption and CO 2 Fuel consumption (L/100km) Fuel Consumption CO 2 10 8 6 CO 2 (g/km) 250 200 150 4 100 2 50 0 NEDC City Country HWY H-HWY 0 NEDC City Country HWY H-HWY In-house data In-house data Diesel MT (Euro-3) Prius
CO 2 output over the Vehicle Life Cycle 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Petrol 1.0 Petrol hybrid 0.67 Fuel-cell hybrid 0.80 Petrol vehicles Other Driving (72%) Material production (12%) Vehicle production (6%) Fuel production (8%) Fuel-cell Hybrid vehicles Other Material production (32%) Fuel production (54%) Vehicle production (13%)
Toyota s hybrid vehicle sales (as of December 2006) Prius 2006 (Jan-Dec) Total Total 186.000 639.000 Japan 49.000 232.000 Overseas 137.000 407.000 N. America 109.000 342.000 Europe 23.000 54.000 Others 5.000 11.000 RX400h Harrier Total 38.000 69.000 Japan 5.000 10.000 Overseas 33.000 59.000 N. America 21.000 42.000 Europe 11.000 16.000 Others 500 600
Toyota s Fuel Cell Technologies Started developing fuel cell technologies in 1992 Toyota FCHV FCHV-BUS Fuel: Hydrogen (High-pressure) Range: 330 km Maximum Speed: 155 km/h MOVE FCV-K-2 Toyota FC stack Fuel: HydrogenHigh-pressure Capacity: 65 people Maximum Speed: 80 km/h Household FC Cogeneration system Body Fuel: Hydrogen (High-pressure) Hot water Hot water storage tank storage tank Fuel: Natural gas, Output: 1 kw Body