NARCCAP Model Comparison of Extreme Rainfall Intensity in the Continental US Peng Gao and Greg Carbone Carolinas Integrated Sciences and Assessments (CISA) Department of Geography, University of South Carolina In Review for International Journal of Climatology
Introduction Extreme rainfall events: the design of infrastructure and facilities Stormwater management Erosion and sediment control Flood protection (McCuen 1998; Prodanovic and Simonovic 007; Mirhosseini et al. 01)
Introduction The Generalized Extreme Value theory (GEV): Intensity- Duration-Frequency (IDF) Curves (Mirhosseini et al. 01)
Challenges Sampling deficiencies the sample length is not long enough to support reliable statistical analysis (Bell, 199; Alila, 1999)
Solution: Regional Frequency Analysis Substitute space for time by using observations from other local gauges to compensate the short time-series records Identify homogenous samplings: critical to obtain a satisfactory solution (Schaefer, 1990; Hanel Martin et al., 009; Mirhosseini et al., 01; Zhu et al., 01). Normal Distribution is used for illustration
Challenges of Climate Model Evaluation Assessment is conducted within areas of particular interest (e.g. coastal California, Mississippi Valley) the homogeneity of heavy precipitation patterns? Model uncertainty in the U.S? An objective, quantitative, repeatable, and transparent approach to identifying homogeneous regions for the evaluation of model performance across the U.S.
Objective Evaluate the simulation of extreme rainfall events at the regional scale for the continental of U.S. from different combinations of GCMs (or driving models) and RCMs in NARCCAP Spatial Variability Model performance Climate change on extreme rainfall events
Data & Models Sources North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) Spatial Resolution Temporal Resolution Time Period km hour 1979-000 0 km hour Historic: 198 000 Future: 08-070
Models from NARCCAP RCM Driving Model NCEP CCSM CGCM GFDL HadCM CRCM ECP HRM MMI RCM WRFG Time Slice Emissions scenario: A NCEP is available in historic
Methods Annual maximum -hour rainfall Regionalization: homogeneous Regions (grid clusters) from NARR having similar annual maximum rainfall patterns North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR)
Regionalization Each Grid annual maximum -hour rainfall in about 0 years Similarity (or dissimilarity) between each pair of grids Anderson Darling distance placing more weight on observations in the tails of the distribution Regionalization: grid clusters having similar annual maximum rainfall patterns measured by Anderson Darling distance Spatial contiguity
REDCAP (Regionalization with Dynamically Constrained Agglomerative Clustering And Partitioning) Common: grid clusters with similar annual maximum rainfall pattern Uniqueness of REDCAP: spatially contiguous grids v Similarity of colors: Similarity of annual maximum rainfall patterns measured by Anderson Darling distance (Guo, 008; Kupfer et al. 01) http://www.spatialdatamining.org/
NARR Methods Regionalization North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) Regions North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) IDF in each region NARR (observed) NARCCAP (historic) NARCCAP (future) IDF: Intensity- Duration- Frequency curves Assessment: IDF from NARCAPP in historic vs. IDF from NARR Future change: IDF from NARCAPP in future adjusting the bias in historic vs. IDF from NARR
7 Results Intensity ()mm/hour Regions from NARR 1 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 70 80 90 100 Reg1 Reg Reg Reg Reg Reg Reg7 Reg8 Reg9 Reg10 Reg11 Reg1 1. Pacific Northwest. Mediterranean California. Intermontane West. Rockies. Northwoods. Central Plains 7. Texas Plains 8. Great Lakes 9. Eastern Interior 10. Gulf Coast 11. Northeast 1. Florida
Results Performance by Region 0% 00% 0% 00% 10% 100% 0% 0% -0% -100% 0 1 7 8 9 10 11 1 Region ID CCSM_CRCM CCSM_MMI CCSM_WRFG CCSM_TMSL CGCM_CRCM CGCM_RCM CGCM_WRFG GFDL_ECP GFDL_HRM GFDL_RCM GFDL_TMSL HADCM_HRM HADCM_MMI NCEP_CRCM NCEP_ECP NCEP_HRM NCEP_MMI NCEP_RCM NCEP_WRFG
Performance by Model Results 0% 00% CCSM CGCM GFDL HADCM NCEP 0% 00% 10% 100% 0% 0% -0% -100% CRCM MMI TMSL WRFG CRCM RCM WRFG ECP HRM RCM TMSL HRM CRCM ECP HRM MMI MMI RCM WRFG REG1 REG REG REG REG REG REG7 REG8 REG9 REG10 REG11 REG1
Performance by Model Results 0% 00% CCSM CGCM GFDL HADCM NCEP 0% 00% 10% 100% 0% 0% -0% -100% CRCM MMI TMSL WRFG CRCM RCM WRFG ECP HRM RCM TMSL HRM CRCM ECP HRM MMI MMI RCM WRFG REG1 REG REG REG REG REG REG7 REG8 REG9 REG10 REG11 REG1
Future Change in Selected Regions Results 1. Pacific Northwest. Mediterranean California. Intermontane West. Rockies. Northwoods. Central Plains 7. Texas Plains 8. Great Lakes 9. Eastern Interior 10. Gulf Coast 11. Northeast 1. Florida
7 CCSM 7 Intensity (mm/h) Intensity (mm/h) CGCM Results Intensity (mm/h) Intensity (mm/h) 10 0 0 0 0 0 70 80 90 100 10 0 0 0 0 0 70 80 90 100 CCSM_CRCM CCSM_MMI CCSM_TMSL CCSM_WRFG NARR CGCM_CRCM CGCM_RCM CGCM_WRFG NARR Region 9 7 GFDL 7 HADCM Eastern Interior 10 0 0 0 0 0 70 80 90 100 10 0 0 0 0 0 70 80 90 100 GFDL_ECP GFDL_HRM GFDL_RCM GFDL_TMSL NARR HADCM_HRM HADCM_MMI NARR
CCSM Intensity (mm/h) Intensity (mm/h) Intensity (mm/h) CGCM Results Intensity (mm/h) 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 70 80 90 100 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 70 80 90 100 Region 11 CCSM_CRCM CCSM_MMI CCSM_TMSL CCSM_WRFG NARR CGCM_CRCM CGCM_RCM CGCM_WRFG NARR North GFDL HADCM -east 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 70 80 90 100 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 70 80 90 100 GFDL_ECP GFDL_HRM GFDL_RCM GFDL_TMSL NARR HADCM_HRM HADCM_MMI NARR
Intensity (mm/h) Intensity (mm/h) 8 CCSM 8 CGCM Results Intensity (mm/h) 7 Intensity (mm/h) 7 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 70 80 90 100 CCSM_CRCM CCSM_MMI CCSM_TMSL CCSM_WRFG NARR 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 70 80 90 100 CGCM_CRCM CGCM_RCM CGCM_WRFG NARR Region 1 Florida 8 GFDL 8 GFDL 7 7 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 70 80 90 100 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 70 80 90 100 GFDL_ECP GFDL_HRM GFDL_RCM GFDL_TMSL NARR HADCM_HRM HADCM_MMI NARR
Summary Assessment Regions: Some models perform poorly along southeastern coast (i.e., Texas Plains, Eastern Interior, Gulf Coast, and Florida) GCMs: CCSM is the best driving model RCMs: CRCM and ECP perform best; RCM and WRFG perform worst; Performance of others depends on the driving GCM Future In most regions, most models suggest intensified hour rainfall events (exceptions: decreases in Florida and Texas Plains)
Discussion Regionalization method Homogenous regions make the fitting of IDF curves more reliable Reveal spatial variability of model performance