Index Acceleration, 212-219 time, 0-60 mph, 215-219, 220 Ackermann centre, 127, 128 Aerodynamic drag, 178 lift, 180 stability, 179, 182-183 Aerodynamics, 177-185 Aerofoil, 181 Air cooled engines, 99-100 dam, 182, 185 fuel ratio, 67 control,241-243 AiResearch turbocharger, 238, 239 Alcohol, 21, 26 Alfa Romeo, 8, 14-15 Aligning torque, see Self-aligning torque Angle of yaw, see Yaw angle Anti-dive, 151, 152-153,246 Anti-lock braking, 247-248 Anti-roll bar, 133, 137 Anti-squat, 246 Apperson 'Jack Rabbit', 8 AP stabilised suspension, 245-246 Aquaplaning, 124, 125 Aston Martin, 8 DB2/4,15 DBR1 engine, 57 DBS performance, 220, 221 suspension, 159, 160 Austro-Daimler, 7, 282, 291 Automatic transmission, 187, 190-193 Axle, live, 118, 135, 149, 151 Balance pipe, induction, 38 Baulk ring synchromesh, 189 Beam axle, see Axle, live Bearingloads,86,87 metals, 89-90 pressures, 86-89 Bentley, 8, 12, 14,32-33,211 four-valve head, 32-33 performance, 211 Benz, 3,7,279,280 Benzol,26 Blocker synchro, see Baulk ring Body, fibre glass, 173-175 shape, 177-185 Bosch anti-lock braking, 247-248 fuel injection, 79-80 Bounce frequency, 146, 147 resonance, 146 Brake cooling, 205,209 disc, 205-210 drum, 203,204, 205 fade,203-204,209 forces, 201-203, 205 lining material, 204 pad material, 204, 210
Index 303 Braking, 131-132 anti-lock,247-248 weight transfer, 201, 203 Bugatti, 7, 8,12-14,171 Bump, suspension, 137, 161, 163, 166, 167 Camber, 118, 133, 153 Camshaft drive, DOHC, 18, 19,56-57,58 SOHC, 58-61 Carbon deposits, 94-95 Carburettor metering, 67 SU,67-74 Carburettors, triple, 38-40 twin, 37-40 V-8,40-44 Castor angle, 152 Cavitation, 103 Centre of gravity, 138 of pressure, 180, 181, 183 Centrifugalforces, 128, 129 CFR engine, 26 Chapman, Colin, 12, 16,263,265 strut, 134, 135 Charles' Law, 23, 51 Chassis design, 169-176 torsional stiffness, 169-172 Chevrolet Corvette, 16,208 Chevrolet-Weslake four-valve head, 55-56 Chrysler hemi-head, 30, 32 crankcase, 84 Citroen self-levelling suspension, 245 Clutch, 190, 191 Coil ignition, 104-111 Cold air intake, 50-52 Combustion chamber research, 19-20 shape, 19,26-27 types, 28-34 Compression ratio, limiting, 26 Connecting rod, 93, 294 Constant velocity universal joint, 195, 196, 197 Contact patch, see Tyre footprint Contamination, oil, 94, 95 Cooling, air, 99-100 water, 100-103 Cord angle, see Tyre, cord angle Cornering, see Tyre, cornering Cos worth-ford Formula 1 engine, 33 V-6 engine, 61-63 Coventry-Climax cylinder head, 28-29 Crankcase, 82-84 Crankshaft, 84-85 Cylinder dimensions and power, 214-215 and torque, 214-215 head design, 19,28-34 history, 18 Daimler, 3, 7, 279, 280, 281, 282 Daimler-Benz, 279, 280, 282, 283, 287, 289 Damper, suspension, 160-168 characteristics, 161-165 double-tube, 165-167 Girling, 164, 165, 167 Koni,166 single-tube, 167-168 Woodhead-~unroe, 167-168 Datsun, 260Z body, 173, 174 front suspension, 157-160 rear drive unit, 193 suspension, 158, 160 280 Z performance, 220, 221 De Dion axle, see Suspension Desmodromic valve gear, 63-66 Detonation, see Knock Diesel engine, 229-231 Differential, limited slip, 197, 198 Disc brake, see Brake, disc Drag, 177-180 coefficients, 177-178,219,221,222 Drift, four wheel, 129-130 Drive, front wheel, 131, 198,263,265 rear wheel, 128, 129-130 Duckworth, Keith, 32, 61 Dyke's piston ring, 97-98 Emission control, crankcase, 73 exhaust,67,74,223-224,226,229,231, 233,237,241-244 End-gas, 23, 26, 27 Ethylene glycol, 101 Exhaust pipe design, 52-54 pressure waves, 54 residuals, 20 silencer, 52-53 Fan, 101, 102 Ferrari, 6,15,33,263 308 GT4, 6 performance, 220, 221 Fibre-glass body, 173-175 Final drive unit, 193, 194, 195, 198 Flame front, 23, 26
304 The Sports Car Flow, laminar, 179 streamline, 179 Ford GT40, 16 Mustang, 16-17 V-8 racing engine, 213, 214 Ford-Cosworth engines, see Cosworth-Ford Forward ram intake, 50 Four-valve cylinder head, 60-63 Four wheel drift, 129-130 Frame, chassis, 169 tubular, 172 Front wheel drive, 131, 198,263,265 Fuel injection, 74-81 Bosch K-jetronic 79-80 Lucas, 75-79 Future developments, brakes, 247-248 engine, 223-244 suspension, 244-246 transmission, 246 tyres,244 Gas turbines, 224-227 Gear ratios, 187, 188 Gearbox, Jaguar E Type, 190 Porsche, 194 Girling anti-lock brakes, 247 brakes, 206, 207 Glass-fiber, see Fibre-glass Gyration, radius of, 147 Gyroscopic effects, 133 Healey Silverstone, 15 Hemispherical combustion chamber, 19, 30-32 Heron cylinder head, 29 Honda CVCC engine, 237 Horsepower comparisons, 213 definition, 212 true measurement, 212 versus cubic capacity, 214-215 Hotspot, 21 Hydroplaning, 124, 125 Hypoid gears, 195 Ignition, conventional system, 104-108 Lucas OPUS system, 109-111 magneto, 104 transistorized, 106, 108-109 Independent suspension, 133, 134, 148-150,171-172 Induction, 35-49 ram manifold, 36-37 ramming pipes, 44-49 In-line engines, 37-40 Intake, cold air, 50-52 forward ram, 50 Iso-octane, 25-26 Jacking action, 155, 156 Jaguar C Type brakes, 205 design study, 250-262 E Type gearbox, 190 six-cylinder engine, 43 suspension, 151, 152 XJ-S cylinder head, 29-30 description, 254-260 engine, 253-254, 256, 257-258 lubrication circuit, 91-93 performance, 220, 221 specification, 260-262 suspension, 151, 153 valve operation, 58-60 XK120,15 Jounce, see Bump Kamm tail, 179, 182, 185 K-jetronic fuel injection, 79-80 Knock, 22-26 Lambda-Sonde, 243 Lamborghini Espada performance, 220, 221 Lancia Beta cylinder head, 30, 31 front wheel transmission, 197, 198 performance, 272 Latent heat of fuel, 21 Le Mans, 4,8-12 Lift at high speed, 180 Limited slip differential, 197-198 Live axle, see Axle, live Long-life car, 248-249 Lotus, 12, 16 design study, 263-279 Eclat acceleration, 220 description, 272, 273, 276 Elan body-chassis, 173 Elite body-chassis, 173-176,268,270-271 description, 265-272 engine, 264-266 specification, 271 suspension, 272 Esprit, description, 274, 275, 276-278 maximum speed, 221 suspension, 278 Seven performance, 220, 221 Lubricants, 93-95
Index 305 Lubrication pressure, 86-89 system, 91-93 Lucas fuel injection, 75-79 ignition system, 109-111 MacPherson strut, see Suspension Magneto, 104 Manifold, exhaust, 52 induction, 35-42 Maserati, 15 Bora performance, 220, 221 Maximum speed, 219-222 Mazda-Wankel engine, 229 Mercedes, 7 Clll Prototype, 289-291 design study, 279-291 300SL, 16,283,284-287 300SLR, 16,65-66,287 350SL engine, 44, 286, 287 specification, 288-289 valve operation, 57 SSK, 16,281 Mercedes-Benz, 8, 14, 16 Mercer, 8 MO, 8, 10, 14, 16 MOB OT V -8 performance, 220, 221 Michelin X tyres, 121 Mid-engined sports car, 132 Morgan Plus Eight performance, 220, 221 suspension, 134 Motor sport, 1-2 No-roll suspension, 244-246 NSU"Wankel engine, 227-229 Octane rating, 25-26 Offenhauser engine, 213, 214 Oil, 93-97 Overdrive, 188-189 Overhead valve engine, 18, 19,43,44, 56-66 Oversteer, 126, 127, 128, 132, 139, 183 Panther Lima, 13 Pent roof cylinder head, 18,32-34 Performance of typical sports cars, 220, 221 standards, 211-212 Pinking, see Knock Piston design, 95-96 lubrication, 96-97 rings, 95, 96, 97-98 Pitching, 24, 146-148,245,246 Pneumatic tyre history, 112 Porsche Carrera, 299-300 design study, 291-301 engine, 294-295 suspension, 155, 156,296-297 transmission, 194, 296 Turbo, 181,241,242,300-301 Type 911, 294-297 performance, 220,221 Type 917, 30, 31, 35, 208-209 performance, 2ll, 212 Port design, 21-22 Power, see Horsepower Pre-ignition, 26 Pump, oil, 86, 91-92 water, 92, 103 Pushrod valve operation, 55-56 Radiator, 100-101 Radius of gyration, 147 Ramming pipe, exhaust, 54 inlet, 46-49 Rear suspension, Aston Martin, 159, 160 Datsun, 157-160 Jaguar, 152 Lotus, 272, 278 Mercedes, 136,282,286,287 Porsche, 156-157 wheel drive, 129-130 Rear-engined sports car, 138-139 Rebound, suspension, 137, 161, 163, 164, 167 Reliant Scimitar performance, 220, 221 Resonance bouncing, 146 crankshaft vibration, 85 pitching, 146-148 Ricardo, 18 cylinder head, 19,27 Road ripples, effect on suspension, 142-148,150-151 surfaces, 114-ll6 Roll, 133, 138, 153, 155,246 angle, 133, 136, 137 centre, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 153 couple, 133 resistance, 136 stabiliser, 137 Rollover bar, 175, 295 Rotating combustion engine, 227-229, 230 Rzeppa universal joint, 195, 196, 197 Saab Turbo, 241 Safety regulations, 176
306 The Sports Car Self-aligning torque, 116, 130 Semi-trailing link, 153, 155 Shelby Cobra, 17 Shimmy, 150 Shock absorber, see Damper Side valve cylinder head, 19 Silencer, exhaust, 152-153 Slip angle, see Tyre, slip angle Sparking plug, 104-106 Speed maximum, 209, 219-221, 301 Spoiler, 181 Sports car, definition, 2 _ history, 3-17 Spring acceleration, 141, 142, 145 coil, 153, 160 deflection, 142, 144 frequency, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146 semi-elliptic, 135, 142 torsion bar, 148, 149, 153 Sprung mass, 138, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146 Squish, 23, 28 Steam engine, 233-234 Steering layout, 127-128 Stirling engine, 231-233 Stopping distances, 200 Stratified charge engine, 235-238 Streamlining, 177-185 Stroke-bore ratio, 22 Stutz, 8 SU carburetter, 67-74 Supercharging, 281, 282, 283 Suspension, Chapman strut, 134, 135 Damper, see Damper De Dion, 118, 135, 136, 137, 149, 159, 160 live (beam) axle, 135, 148, 149, 150 MacPherson strut, 134, 135, 157, 160 semi-trailing link, 153, 155 swing-axle, 136, 153, 155 trailing link, 134, 153, 155 wishbone, 134, 137, 148, 149, 151 Swing-axle, see Suspension Synchromesh,189 Torque, 186, 187,212,213,214,215,216, 217,218,219 definition, 212 multiplication, 186-187 versus cubic capacity 214-215 Torsional stiffness, of chassis-body, 169-172,173,175 vibrations, of crankshaft, 85 Traction, effect on cornering, 119-120 Trailing link, see Suspension Tramp, 150 Transaxle, 194 Transistorized ignition, 106, 108-109 Transmission, automatic, 187, 190-193 final drive, 193, 194, 195, 198 manual,187-190 Triumph four-valve cylinder head, 33-34 TR7 performance, 220, 221 Turbo-charging, 238-241 Turbulence, 22, 23, 27, 28 TVR 300ML performance, 220, 221 Tyre construction, 120-126 compounds, 123-124 cornering force, 117, 119, 120, 128, 129,130,131 power, 117-120 footprint, 115-117, 121 grip on the road, 112-116,200-201 load, 117, 120 pressure, 117-118 profiles, 117, 118 slip angle, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 126, 127,128,129,130 tread pattern, 115, 116, 122, 124 Understeer, 126, 127, 128, 129, 183 factors leading to, 132-133 Unitary body-chassis, 172-173, 174 Universal joints, 195-197 Unsprung mass, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149 Upper cylinder lubricants, 93 Valve operation, DORC, 56-57, 58 push-rod, 55-56 SORC, 58-61 Vauxhall,7 TT engine, 18 Venturi, 67, 71, 74 Viscosity, fuel, 72 Volumetric efficiency, 20-22 Volvo's 'thinking engine', 243 VVankelengine, 227-229,230 VVater cooling, 100-103 VV edge cylinder head, 28 VVeight transfer under braking, 201-203 VVeslake, 55-56 VVheellifting, 136-138 sizes, 145 VVishbone suspension, see Suspension Yaw angle, 129, 130, 131 ZF automatic transmission, 191-192