130 Hkkjrh; oskkfud,oa vks ksfxd vuqla/kku if=kdk o"kz 22 vad 2 fnlecj 2014 i`- 130-135 nf{k.k Hkkjr ds v)z 'kq"d {ks=k esa ikjeifjd rkykcksa ij ty xzg.k fodkl dk;zøe dk izhkko %,d leh{kk, ds flag],e,l jke eksgu jko*,oa vkj,u vf/kdkjh* dsunzh; e`nk,oa ty laj{k.k vuqla/kku,oa izf'k{k.k lalfkku] vuqla/kku dsunz] Nyslj] vkxjk 282 006 ¼m-iz-½ *dsunzh; e`nk,oa ty laj{k.k vuqla/kku,oa izf'k{k.k lalfkku] vuqla/kku dsunz] csyykjh dsav] csyykjh 583 104 ¼dukZVd½ Lkkjka'k % Hkkjr,d d`f"k iz/kku ns'k gs] ftldh 75» ls vf/kd tula[;k xk oksa esa jgrh gsa bu yksxksa dh t:jh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy;s ty lalk/kuksa dk lgh rjhds ls iwjk fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg;sa ty lalk/kuksa ds fodkl esa ml {ks=k dh HkkSxksfyd flfkfr] eksle ra=k] e`nk] oulifr o vu; t:jrksa dks /;ku eas j[kk x;k FkkA ;g fodkl bl rjg ls fd;k x;k Fkk] ftlls fd xzkeh.k {ks=k esa jgus okys yksxksa dh u dsoy t:jh vko';drk,a iw.kz gkas cfyd im+kslh {ks=k ds jgus okys yksxksa ds lkfk fdlh Hkh rjg dk la?k"kz Hkh u gksa lkfk gh ty lalk/kuksa dk nq#i;ksx Hkh u gksa bl rjg dk ty izca/ku 80 ds n'kd rd vpnh rjg ls pyka finys dqn o"kkzsa esa Hkkjr o jkt; ljdkjksa }kjk pfyr tyxzg.k ifj;kstukvksa ds dqn dk;zøeksa ls bl ty laj{k.k o izca/ku ij cqjk vlj im+k gsa tykxe dk;zøe esa ty laj{k.k ij vr;f/kd tksj fn;k x;k gs ftlesa tyxzg.k {ks=kksa ds ukyksa esa ty laj{k.k ds fy;s NksVs&2 ck /k ¼,uhdV o psd MSe½ cuk;s x;sa bu NksVs&2 ck /kksa dks cukus esa nks ckrksa dks /;ku esa ugha j[kk x;k &,d rks tyxzg.k {ks=k esa ty laj{k.k ds fy;s ty dh miyc/krk o cuk;s x;s ck /kksa dh txg dk mís'; ds vuqlkj pqukoa bugha nks dkj.kksa ls ikjeifjd rkykcksa ij cgqr cqjk vlj im+ jgk gs vksj xk o dh thfodk dgs tkus okys ;s rkykc vius vflrro dh ym+kbz ym+ jgs gsaa bl v/;;u dk eq[; mís'; rkykcksa dks bl izdkj ls iquthzfor djuk gs fd rkykc o Hkwty mi;ksx djus okys fdlkuksa dh thfodk dh gkfu u gks,oa i;kzoj.k esa lq/kkj Hkh gks ldsa Impact of watershed development programme on traditional tank system in semi arid region of South India : A Case Study A K Singh, M S Rama Mohan Rao* & R N Adhikari* Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute, Research Centre, Chhalesar, Agra 282 006 (U.P.) *Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute, Research Centre, Bellary Cantt., Bellary 583 104 ( Karnataka) Abstract Agriculture is the main occupation in India and 75% population of India lives in villages. In recent years, watershed development programme promoting in situ rain water harvesting and ground water based irrigation have been extremely successful with increase in production in many arid and semi-arid areas. However, this success has not come without a cost. Findings show that drainage line treatment through water harvesting structures and increased ground water extraction have drastically reduced average inflows in to the traditional tanks. The present case study shows that drastic reduction in inflow into Anubur tank of Bellary district in North-East of Karnataka. As the tank is now dry for longer periods, the utility of the tank has declined for activities such as washing, bathing, watering livestock etc. On the positive side, this changed pattern has resulted in providing better access to irrigation to the farmers in the tank catchment and command. Interestingly, this has not been at the expense of irrigation in the tank command area as the total area irrigated in the command has not changed even through the source of water is now ground water and not tank release. The feasibility of re-establishing tank inflows to original levels and increase ground water without impacting severely on the livelihoods of the new irrigators in the tank catchment and command have also been discussed in this paper.
flag,oa vu; % nf{k.k Hkkjr ds v)z 'kq"d {ks=k esa ikjeifjd rkykcksa ij ty xzg.k fodkl dk;zøe dk izhkko %,d leh{kk 131 lkexzh,oa fof/k v/;;u {ks=k % dukzvd ds v)z 'kq"d {ks=k esa dqn le; igys dh xbz,d [kkst ls Kkr gqvk fd vxj le; jgrs mfpr mik; ugha fd;s x;s rks rkykc,d bfrgkl dk fgllk cudj jg tk;saxsa tyxzg.k fodkl ds dk;zdze ds izhkko dks tkuus ds fy;s dukzvd ds vyx&vyx fgllks a es a rhu rkykcks a dks pquk x;k] tks fd xqmywj rkykc ftyk fp=knqxz] vuqcwj rkykc&ftyk csyykjh esa flfkr gsaa dukzvd ds v)z&'kq"d {ks=k es a csyykjh ftys dk vuqcwj rkykc&ftyk csyykjh dks fo'ks"k :i ls izlrqr djrk gs tks fd 2150 gsdvs;j {ks=kqy esa 76 22' ls 76 ' 33' m- ns'kkurj,oa 14 33' ls 14 42' iw0 v{kka'k esa folrfjr gs ¼fp=k 1½A blesa ik p xk o vuqcwj] ch-th gyyh] tksxh gyyh] Mh-ch gyyh mijgyyk fodkl [k.m mijgyyk esa flfkr gsa ftlesa tyxzg.k dh e`nk yky&nksev tks fd xzsukbv o xuhfll dh ijrksa ls ;qdr gsa leqnz ry ls ÅapkbZ 600&711 ehvj rd gsa tyxzg.k {ks=k dk lkeku; <yku 1-5 ls 3-5» rd gsa bl {ks=k dh eq[; {ks=kh; Qlysa tsl s& Tokj] /kku] eddk] jkxh] ew xqyh] lwjteq[kh] dikl] puk rfkk lfct;k gs aa bu {ks=kksa esa ty laj{k.k ds fy;s ty dh miyc/krk 11 ls 18» rd ekih xbz gsa vuqcwj rkykc viokg ty dh x.kuk % 11o"kZ ¼2000&2010½ dh o"kkz ty viokg (Runoff) dh x.kuk djus ds fy;s csyykjh ls yh xbz {ks=k dh lkeku; o"kkz 531 feeh- ¼401ls 577 feeh-½ ikbz xbza,d fnu dh 12-5 feeh- ls vf/kd o"kkz dks dvkoh o"kkz ekudj viokg ty ds fy;s doz uecj fof/k ls x.kuk dh x;h ftlesa dvkoh o"kkz 271 feeh- ¼lkekU; o"kkz dh 51»½ vksj viokg ty djhc 69 feeh- ¼lkekU; o"kkz dk 11»½ ik;h x;h ¼lkj.kh 1½A Lkkj.kh 1 vuqcwj rkykc dk okf"kzd viokg o"kz dqy o"kkz dvkoh o"kkz viokg o"kkz ds fnu viokg ¼feeh-½ ¼feeh-½ ¼feeh-½ ds fnu 2000 547.9 189.1 48.0 43 5 2001 530.1 236.0 76.9 36 6 2002 463.1 200.2 33.3 39 6 2003 506.9 262.0 96.8 36 6 2004 576.8 378.0 108.8 37 10 2005 499.3 257.3 78.7 26 10 2006 568.9 371.8 60.7 33 8 2007 401.3 104.52 20.1 42 3 2008 506.5 348.3 60.6 42 7 2009 654.5 303.0 66.4 47 9 2010 582.2 230.6 41.9 49 7 lkeku; 530.68 270.98 62.9 39 7 (51 %) (11%) (18%) dukzvd jkt; ds dqn rkykcksa ds viokg ty esa vkbz deh dh tkudkjh dh laf{kir esa leh{kk Rkkykcksa dk uke viokg ty esa vkbz deh ds dkj.k xqmywj ukyksa esa ls tek jsr (silt) dk fudkyuk o ¼ftyk fp=knqxz½ [kuu ds dkj.k tyxzg.k {ks=k esa tyhkjko dh {kerk dk c<+ tkuka vuqcwj tyk'k; fuekz.k ds le; rkykc esa nks lgk;d ¼ftyk csyykjh½ ukfy;ksa }kjk viokfgr ty dh vken gksrh Fkh ijurq,d ukyh ij ty laj{k.k lajpukvksa ds cuus o nwljh ukyh ds tyxzg.k {ks=k dk laj{k.k cgqr vpnk u gksus ds dkj.k viuk mís'; iwjk ugha dj ik jgh gsaa bufpxjh bufpxjh ¼chtkiqj½ tyk'k; ds vf/kxzg.k {ks=k ¼ftyk chtkiqj½ esa ukfy;ksa ij fdlkuksa }kjk cm+s&2 cu/ks cukus ls viokg ty dh vken vo#) gqbz gs] o blds vykok xuuk o /kku tslh Qlyks a ds fy;s vr;f/kd Hkwty nksgu gksuk] {ks=k esa is;ty lel;k dk eq[; dkj.k gsa ifj.kke,oa foospuk vuqcwj rkykc dk iqjkuk Lo:i vuqcwj rkykc ds ty xzg.k ¼2150 gs-½ esa yxhkx 531 feeho"kkz gksrh gsa bl rkykc dh {kerk 144 gs- eh- gsa igys bl rkykc ls djhc 65 gs0 {ks=k flafpr gksrk FkkA vuqcwj rkykc dk tyxzg.k
a 132 Hkkjrh; oskkfud,oa vks ksfxd vuqla/kku if=kdk o"kz 22 vad ¼2½ fnlecj 2014 Lkkj.kh 2 vuqcwj ty xzg.k {ks=k esa eghus okj viokg ty] feeh- ¼2000&2010½ o"kz vizsy ebz twu tqykbz vxlr flrecj vdrwcj uoecj dqy rkykc esa Rkkykc esa ty dh vkod ty dh vkod ¼gS-eh-½ ¼gS-eh-½ nksuksa ukfy;ksa,d ukyh ds ckn ds ckn 2000 - - 5.2-1.6-41.2-48.0 103.20 118.85 107.40 2001 3.2 - - - 64.0 9.7 - - 76.9 165.35 190.40 172.87 2002 - - 21.3 9.9 2.1 - - - 33.3 71.60 82.45 74.86 2003-13.3 77.2 - - - 5.4 0.9 96.8 208.12 239.67 217.61 2004 11.8 4.2 90.0-1.8 - - 0.9 108.8 233.92 269.40 244.36 2005 - - 34.4-20.1 10.3-13.9 78.7 169.21 194.85 145.66 2006-10.1 - - 10.0 12.5 28.1-60.7 130.51 150.28 136.45 2007 - - 2.2 - - 3.8 14.1-20.1 43.22 49.77 45.19 2008-6.2 - - 2.0 3.2 49.2-60.6 130.29 150.04 136.23 2009 - - - 0.9 4.2 57.6 3.7-66.4 142.76 164.30 149.26 2010 2.4-0.9 5.2.02 16.1-15.3 41.9 90.09 103.63 96.19 lkeku; 0.16 3.1 21.0 1.5 9.8 10.3 12.9 2.7 62.9 135.3 155.74 138.55 {ks=k rkykc dks iw.kz {kerk rd u Hkjus ds dkj.k nks vfrfjdr ukfy;k ftudk tyxzg.k {ks=k dqy 325 gs- ¼228 + 98 gs-½ FkkA buds cgko dh fn'kk esa ifjorzu dj viokg ty dks rkykc rd yk;k x;k ftlls fd rkykc esa ty Lrj viuh {kerk rd vk ldsa o"kz 2004 esa vf/kdre viokg ty ¼270 gs- eh-½ tyxzg.k {ks=k ls izkir gqvk FkkA o"kz 2007 tks fd lw[kk o"kz Fkk mles a viokg ty dh ek=kk dsoy 50 gs S- eh- ekih xbza mijksdr vk dm+ks a ls nf'zkr gs fd ;g rkykc igys o"kkz ds le;,d ckj vo'; Hkjrs Fks mlds ckn dqn ek=kk es a viokgh ty fu"dkflr (spill over) gksdj uhps ds rkykcksa dks pyk tkrk Fkk ¼lkj.kh 2½A o"kkz ds v/;;u o"kksza ds vk dm+ksa ls ;g Kkr gqvk fd 73» viokg ty ekg tqykbz] vxlr o flrecj ekg esa o 27» o"kz ds vu; eghuksa esa ik;k x;ka ;g viokg ty o"kkz ds dsoy 7&10 fnuksa ds vunj gksrk gsa tc ;s rkykc viuh {kerk rd Hkjrs Fks rc u dsoy 65 gs- esa fofhkuu Qlyksa dh flapkbz gksrh Fkh oju~ lekt ds fofhkuu oxksaz dh thfodk bugha rkykcksa ij fuhkzj Fkh ftklds dkj.k xzkeh.k oxz xk o NksM+dj thfodk ds fy;s 'kgj dh vksj de iyk;u djrs FksA vuqcwj rkykc dk orzeku Lo:i orzeku v/;;u o rkykc ds viokg ty dh ek=kk dks ns[kus ds ckn ik;k x;k fd ;g rkykc finys 11 o"kks Z es a viuh iw.kz {kerk rd ugha Hkj ldka 'kks/k }kjk ;g irk pyk fd rkykc ds ty vkod es a vk;h deh ds vusd dkj.k gs a] mues a ls eq[; dkj.k fueu gsa % tyxzg.k {ks=k esa vr;f/kd tylaj{k.k ds fy;s lajpukvksa ¼structures½ dk fuekz.k gksuk( Hkwty dk vr;f/kd nksgu( catj tehu dks d`f"k ;ksx; cukdj [ksrh djuk( rfkk ljdkjh uhfr;k A tyxzg.k {ks=k esa vr;f/kd ty laj{k.k ds fy;s lajpukvksa dk fuekz.k gksuk vuqcwj rkykc ds tyxzg.k {ks=k esa tykxe ifj;kstuk o"kz Lkkj.kh 3 vuqcwj rkykc tyxzg.k {ks=k esa ty laj{k.k lajpukvksa dk folr`r fooj.k Xkkao@lajpukvksa lajpukvksa dh ty QSyko {kerk ds izdkj la[;k {ks=k ¼gs-½ {ks=k ¼gs-½ ch- th- gyyh psdmse 4 1-60 0-64 ukyk cun 1 4-00 5-60 tksxhgyyh psdmse 5 1-50 0-60 ukyk cun 1 2-25 2-80 Mh- ch- gyyh psdmse 2 1-24 0-144 ukyk cun 1 2-00 2-40 vuqcwj psdmse 10 2-00 0-60 ukyk cun 2 4-00 5-60 dqy ek=kk 26 17-59 15-54
flag,oa vu; % nf{k.k Hkkjr ds v)z 'kq"d {ks=k esa ikjeifjd rkykcksa ij ty xzg.k fodkl dk;zøe dk izhkko %,d leh{kk 133 Lkkj.kh 4 rkykc esa ty vkod ij lajpukvksa dk izhkko tykxe dk;zøe ls igys tykxe dk;zøe ds ckn viokg ty vkod ty Lrj ty fu"dklu vkod ty Lrj ty fu"dklu o"kz o"kkz ¼gseh-½ ¼gseh-½ ¼gseh-½ ¼gseh-½ ¼gseh-½ ¼gseh-½ ¼gseh-½ 2000 547.9 107.4 81.27 69.08 0 75.06 63.8 0 2001 530.1 172.87 142.98 146.94 2.94 130.56 110.98 0 2002 463.1 74.86 46.79 39.77 0 35.02 29.77 0 2003 506.9 217.61 181.42 154.21 10.21 168.33 153.08 0 2004 576.8 244.36 206.15 175.23 31.23 193.74 164.68 20.68 2005 499.3 145.46 121.51 103.28 0 106.67 90.67 0 2006 568.9 136.45 90.05 76.54 0 62.21 52.88 0 2007 401.3 45.19 20.35 17.29 0 14.14 12.02 0 2008 506.5 136.23 101.85 86.56 0 93.04 79.09 0 2009 654.5 140.26 100.13 100.41 0 111.92 95.13 0 2010 582.2 94.19 58.22 40.98 0 35.46 30.14 0 lkeku; 530.7 137.7 104.6 91.8 4.0 93.3 80.2 1.9 1995 esa izkjehk gqbz ftlesa fofhkuu izdkj dh ty,oa e`nk laj{k.k dh 26 lajpukvksa dk fuekz.k gqvk ¼lkj.kh 3½A ftlds dkj.k vf/kdrj viokg ty bu lajpukvksa ds ihns #d tkrk gs ftlls rkykc rd cgqr de viokg ty gh tk ikrk gsa bl v/;;u ls,d fo'ks"k tkudkjh ;g Hkh feyh fd bu ty laj{k.k lajpukvks a ds ihns,df=kr ty dk ok"ihdj.k Lrj rkykc ds ty ds ok"ihdj.k Lrj ls dgha vf/kd gksrk gs mlls dgha vf/kd ek=kk esa ty dk ok"ihdj.k }kjk {kj.k Hkh gksrk gs ¼lkj.kh 4½A Hkwty dk vr;f/kd nksgu fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa vxj flafpr Qlyksa dh isnkokj vksj ckjkuh {ks=k dh Qlyksa dh rqyuk dh tk; rks ;g ik;k x;k gs fd flafpr {ks=k dh Qlyksa }kjk 3&5 xquk vf/kd ykhk gksrk gsa blh dkj.k fdlkuksa us ty xzg.k {ks=k esa flapkbz ds fy;s xgjs dq, [kksnus 'kq: dj fn,a 1990 ls igys fdlku dsoy de xgjs 76 dq, ] ftudh xgjkbz 10 ehvj rd Fkh] ij gh vkfjr Fks ij vkt ty xzg.k {ks=k ds vunj bl Lrj ds dq, lw[k x;s gsaa vc buds LFkku ij ubz rduhdh okys cksjosy o V~;wcoSy cuus yxs gsa] ftudh xgjkbz 300 ehvj ls Hkh vf/kd gsa bl izdkj ds cksjosy ds dkj.k {ks=k ds vunj Hkwty dk vr;f/kd nksgu gqvk o Hkw&ty Lrj cgqr rsth ls uhps fxjrk x;ka ftlds dkj.k vlar`ir {ks=k esa o`f) gqbz blds dkj.k rkykcksa o ukfy;ksa ds vunj cgqr de le; ds fy;s ty utj Lkkj.kh 5 le; ds vuqlkj dqvksa dh la[;k o"kz ch- th- gyyh tksxhgyyh Mh- ch- gyyh vuqcwj dqy dq,a buosy] dq,a buosy] dq,a buosy] dq,a buosy] cksjosy] cksjosy] cksjosy] cksjosy] tyxzg.k {ks=k 1965 rd 6(6) - 20(20) - 20(20) - 22(22) - 68(68) 1965-70 - - - 1 - - - - 1 1970-75 - - - - - - - - - 1975-80 - - - - - - - - - 1980-85 - - - 4 - - - - 4 1985-90 - - - 3 - - - - 3 1990-95 - 1-3 - 2-5(1) 11(1) 1995-00 - 4-10 - 14-3 31 2000-2010 - 5-10 - 1-13 29 dqy 6(6) 10 20(20) 31 20(20) 17 22(22) 17 147(69)
134 Hkkjrh; oskkfud,oa vks ksfxd vuqla/kku if=kdk o"kz 22 vad ¼2½ fnlecj 2014 Lkkj.kh 6 tykxe dk;zøe ls igys o ckn esa flapkbz {ks=k o Hkwty mi;ksx dh rqyuk Xkk o dk uke flfpar {ks=k ¼gS-½ flapkbz dh xgjkbz ¼eh-½ Hkwty nksgu] ¼gS-eh-½ o"kkz lnhz xehz dqy o"kkz lnhz xehz o"kkz lnhz xehz dqy orzeku flfkfr tyxzg.k 81.46 60.92 35.60 177.98 0.6 1.2 1.8 48.71 73.11 60.32 182.14 dekum 83.06 46.36 28.80 158.22 0.6 1.2 1.8 49.83 55.63 51.84 157.30 dqy 164.52 107.28 64.40 336.20 0.6 1.2 1.8 98.54 128.34 112.36 339.40 iqjkuh flfkfr rkykc }kjk flapkbz - 65.00-65.00 0.6 1.2 1.8 - - 78.00 78.00 dq,a }kjk flapkbz 85.4 61.40 2.20 149.00 0.6 1.2 1.8 51.24 73.68 3.96 128.88 dqy 85.4 126.40 2.20 214.00 0.6 1.2 1.8 51.24 151.68 3.96 206.88 vkrk gs ¼lkj.kh 5½A catj tehu dks d`f"k ;ksx; cukdj d`f"k djuk tykxe ifj;kstuk ds vurxzr bl ckr ij T;knk /;ku fn;k tkrk gs fd fdl rjg ls catj Hkwfe dks d`f"k ;ksx; cuk;k tk;a blds fy;s catj Hkwfe ij cm+s&cm+s fev~vh ds cu/ks cuk;s x;s o o"kkz ty dks jksdk x;ka mu [ksrks a es a ladj iztkfr dh Qlyks a dks mxk;k tkrk gs ;g lc izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dh flfkfr dks /;ku esa j[kdj ughsa fd;k tkrk gs] ftlds dkj.k ty mi;ksx ladj tkfr dh Qlyksa dks mxkus esa vr;f/kd gksrk gsa 'kks/k ls ;g Hkh Kkr gqvk fd tgk igys 214 gsdvs;j dh flapkbz gksrh Fkh og c<+dj 336 gsdvs;j ¼57» vf/kd½ rd igq p xbza ogha ij Hkwty mi;ksx 207 gs-eh- ls c<+dj 340 gs-eh- ¼65» vf/kd½ igq p x;k ¼lkj.kh 6½A ljdkjh&uhfr;k tyk'k;ksa dh orzeku flfkfr ds fy;s ljdkjh uhfr;ka Hkh nks"kiw.kz gs a bues a la'kks/ku vfr vfuok;z yxrs gs a] os bl izdkj ls gs % tykxe fodkl ifj;kstuk ds rgr fufezr lajpukvks a ds dkj.k rkykcks a ds vurxzr viokg ty] HkwxHkZ ty iquhkzj.k (ground water recharge) esa deh vk;ha 7-5 v'o'kfdr (HP) rd ds ieiksa ij fu%'kqyd fctyh nsuk o iei ds fy;s 75» rd vuqnku ;k cgqr gh llrh njksa ij dtz feyuka HkwxHkZ ty fudkyus ds fy;s dq, [kksnus ;k cksfjax djus ds laca/k esa ljdkjh Bksl uhfr dk u gksuka blds lkfk ty dk mi;ksx djus okys yksxksa dk l{ke laxbu u gksuka Hkkjr esa 70&80 ds n'kd esa gfjr dzkfur ij cgqr tksj fn;k x;k tcfd gfjr dzkfur ds lkfk&lkfk 'kq"d [ksrh (dry land agriculture) ds fodkl ij Hkh /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg;s Fkk ftlls fd ty lalk/ku ij de ncko im+rka nf{k.k Hkkjr ds rkykcksa dh igys lkekftd ns[k&js[k esa ejeer o j[k&j[kko gksrk Fkk ijurq ckn es a ljdkjh fu;a=k.k es a gks tkus ls buds j[k&j[kko esa cgqr deh vk;ha rkykcksa ds lq/kkj gsrq fo'ks"k lq>ko ;g ik;k x;k gs fd vkt Hkh u;s ty lalk/kuksa dk fodkl djus esa ftruk [kpkz vkrk gs] mlls cgqr de [kpz esa bu rkykcksa dk th.kkzs)kj fd;k tk ldrk gsa ;fn bu iqjkus rkykcksa dk th.kkzs)kj fd;k tkrk gs rks lekt ds fofhkuu oxkzsa ds fy;s thou ;kiu djus dk lgkjk fey tk;sxk lkfk gh xk oks a ls yksxks a dk iyk;u Hkh jksdk tk ldsxka blds fy;s fueu rf;ksa ij /;ku fn;k tkuk cgqr t:jh gs % tks lekt vkt bu rkykcks a ls vyx gks pqdk gs mldks nqckjk ls buds lq/kkj o j[k&j[kko es a lghkkxh cuk;k tk, vksj xzke lhkk tslh pquh gqbz lalfkkvksa ls Hkh tksm+k tk,a tykxe ifj;kstuk ds rgr ty laj{k.k ds fy;s tks lajpuk,a cuk;h tkrh gs a muds fy;s viokg ty dh ek=kk dk fo'ks"k :i ls /;ku j[kk tk,a viokg ty dh ek=kk rkykc dh {kerk ls vf/kd gksus ij gh tykxe {ks=k esa ty lajpuk,a cuk;h tk,a vu;fkk bugsa u cuk;k tk,a ty laj{k.k dh lajpukvksa dh vfhkdyiuk,a ¼design½ bl izdkj ls gksa fd bu lajpukvksa esa ty viuh {kerk dk,d xqukgh #dsa 'ks"k ty fupys Lrj ds rkykcksa o ukfy;ksa esa igq p ldsa ;g rhkh lehko gs tc ty laj{k.k ds fy;s lajpukvksa esa ty}kjksa dk fuekz.k fd;k tk, ftlls fd tc o"kkz lekir gksus dks gks vksj ukfy;ksa esa LoPN ty cg jgk
flag,oa vu; % nf{k.k Hkkjr ds v)z 'kq"d {ks=k esa ikjeifjd rkykcksa ij ty xzg.k fodkl dk;zøe dk izhkko %,d leh{kk 135 gks rks ml le; ty}kjksa dks cun dj fn;k tk,a bl izdkj ty laj{k.k lajpukvksa esa fev~vh dk teko jksdk tk ldsxk vksj budh {kerk yecs le; rd cuh jgsxha tslk fd lozfofnr gs fd rkykc izkphu dky ls gh v)z&'kq"d {ks=k es a cgqr mi;ksxh gksrs gs aa ;fn tyxzg.k {ks=k dh HkkSxksfyd ifjflfkfr;k vuqdwy gksa rks ogk ij Hkw&lrg ds uhps ty laj{k.k lajpukvks a (sub surface water harvesting structures) dk fuekz.k fd;k tk, ftlls ty laj{k.k lajpukvksa ds,df=kr ty ds ok"ihdj.k dks de fd;k tk ldsa ukfy;k tks fd rkykc esa ty ykrh gsa mudh yxkrkj lqkbz gksuh pkfg, ftlls fd viokg ty dh xfr esa vojks/k u gks lds] lkfk esa,d lqfuf'pr le; vurjky ij rkykcksa dh fev~vh dks ckgj fudyokrs (desiltation) jguk vko';d gsa tyxzg.k {ks=k ds vurxzr csdkj im+s dq,a o cksfjaxksa dks ty iquhkzj.k ds mi;ksx esa yk;k tk;a xgjs ty lzksrksa ls ty fudkyus dh izkfkfedrk dsoy ihus ds ikuh ds fy, gh gksuh pkfg, ;g lqfuf'pr djuk cgqr t:jh gsa rkykcksa esa mfpr ek=kk esa ty gksus ij fyv flapkbz ;kstuk ds rgr fdlkuks a dks tyxzg.k {ks=k es a ty fn;k tk, ogha dek.m {ks=k esa Hkw&xHkZ ty fudkyus dh vuqefr gksuh pkfg, ftlls fd ykhkkfkhz fdlkuksa dks leku :i ls ykhk fey ldsa rkykcksa ds ikuh ls flapkbz gksus dh n'kk esa tyxzg.k {ks=k esa bl rjg dh Qlyks a dk p;u gks ftues a ty ek x de o ykhk Hkh vkslr Lrjh; gks] blls rkykcks a es a vf/kd le; rd ty cuk jg ldsxka ikjeifjd ty laj{k.k dh vu; fof/k;ksa tsls Nr ds ikuh dks bdv~bk dj mi;ksx es a yk;s tkus dh fof/k dks izksrlkfgr djus dh vksj Hkh /;ku fn;k tk,a dqn rkykcksa esa nwljs tyxzg.k {ks=k ls ty ykus ds fy;s ukfy;ks a dk fuekz.k fd;k tk, ;k nqckjk ls pkyw fd;k tk,a rkykcksa dks lq/kkjus ds fy;s dkuwuh o iz'kklfud lq>ko ;kstuk dk izk:i cm+s Lrj ij rs;kj gks ijurq dk;zøe xzke Lrj ls gh 'kq# gksa izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ds j[k&j[kko dh ;kstuk yecs le; ds fy;s gksuh pkfg;sa rkykcksa ds ty ij ihus ds ikuh dk vf/kdkj igys gksuk pkfg;sa mlds ckn Hkwty Hkj.k o flapkbz ds fy;s izkfkfedrk,a gksuh pkfg,a izksrlkgu o izrkm+uk dk dkuwuh vf/kdkj ty mi;ksx lfefr ds ikl jguk pkfg,] ftlls Hkz"Vkpkj de gksa bu lcds lkfk&lkfk Hkwty nksgu o izcu/ku ds fy;s Hkh izhkkoh dkuwu cuus pkfg, vksj bzekunkjh ds lkfk ykxw Hkh gksus pkfg,a rkykc lq/kkj ;kstukvks a dks jk"vªh; jkstxkj xkjuvh ;kstuk tslh ifj;kstukvksa ds lkfk tksm+k tkuk pkfg,a fu.kkz;d ifj.kke rkykcksa dh orzeku flfkfr ds fy;s lkjka'k esa tyxzg.k fodkl ls T;knk NksVs ck /kks a dk cuuk] HkwxHkZ ty dk vr;f/kd nksgu o [ksrh ds {ks=k esa c<+ksùkjh] rkykcksa ds mfpr j[k&j[kko esa deh o ljdkjh dkuwu dks fteesnkj Bgjk;k tk ldrk gsa vkt bu ikjeifjd cgqmís'kh; rkykcksa dks nqckjk ls thfor djuk cgqr t:jh gks x;k gs ftlls fd buds }kjk i;kzoj.k o lekt ds lc oxksaz dks nqckjk ls ykhk fey lds] mlds fy;s Åij crk;s x;s dkj.kksa dks le>dj mudk le; jgrs lek/kku fudkyuk gksxk rhkh rkykcks a dh cgqmís'kh; igpku cu ldsxh vksj xkao ds izkd`frd okrkoj.k dks thfodk ds lk/ku c<+kus ds fy;s vksj vpnk cuk;k tk ldrk gsa