20th Annual POLIS-Conference, Paris, 9-0th November 2005 The challenges facing German cities in meeting EU air quality legislation Maria Krautzberger Permanent Secretary for Transport and Environment Senate Department for Urban Development Berlin, Germany
index I. actual challenges - trends in PM 0 concentrations - trends in NO 2 concentrations - trends in CO 2 emissions - introduction of clean fuels II. local measures - toolbox - Berlin measures III. result - rule-making & implementation 20th Annual POLIS-Conference, Paris, 9-0th November 2005 2
Comparison of PM0-pollution in European cities EU-limit value Barcelona Berlin Dresden Frankfurt Graz 2002 200 Hamburg Klagenfurt Leipzig Linz Lissabon London Lyon-Agglomeration Madrid Mannheim Milan München Rhein-/Ruhr Area Riga Rotterdam Stockholm Villach Wien 0 50 00 50 200 250 days above 50 µg/m3 PM0 Quelle: ICLEI 2004 20th Annual POLIS-Conference, Paris, 9-0th November 2005 3
rends in PM 0 concentrations and urban traffic volume in Berlin 20th Annual POLIS-Conference, Paris, 9-0th November 2005 4 particulate matter (PM0) in µg/m3 45 40 35 30 25 20 5 0 5 PM 0 urban traffic sites PM 0 urban background sites PM 0 city peripheral sites urban road traffic volume PM 0 rural sites outside Berlin + 3,2 % 04 03 02 0 00 99 98 97 96 urban road transport volume, 998 = 00% 0 998 999 2000 200 2002 2003 2004 95 from 998 to 2004: + 3,2% in urban road traffic volume quite constant level of PM 0 concentrations at all sites no significant progress in PM emission reduction
20th Annual POLIS-Conference, Paris, 9-0th November 2005 5 Sources contributing to total PM0 at a busy traffic spot in Berlin (Valid for the annual average) traffic exhaust 9% road traffic nonexhaust % domestic heating & solvents 9% other 2% agriculture 4% regional background # Industry & power plants 22% #based on values recorded at the top of a radio tower 324m above ground Industry & power plants 3% road traffic exhaust % local traffic other 3% domestic heating & solvents 3% traffic non-exhaust 5% urban background non-exhaust traffic exhaust 0% road traffic nonexhaust 7% exhaust cars non-exhaust HDV&LDV exhau Traffic contributions under control of local actions: local street: 26% urban background: 7% total 43%
Calculated PM 0 concentrations in the Berlin main road network 20th Annual POLIS-Conference, Paris, 9-0th November 2005 6 # red lines indicate more than 35 days per year with 24h mean values above 50 µg/m³ PM0 24h Grenzwert* Jahresgrenzwert Jahresgrenzwert Berlin: *der 24h-Grenzwert ist statistisch gleichwertig mit einem Jahresmittel von knapp 30 µg/m³ ~ 30 % (450 km) of main road network exceed PM 0 limit values # (24 h) ~ 90.000 inhabitants live alongside this roads ~ 00 German cities complain about exceeding PM 0 limit values (stage I
High PM0 concentrations higher share of PM0 background 20th Annual POLIS-Conference, Paris, 9-0th November 2005 7 data from Jan 2002 to Sept 2003 00% 90% Share of regional PM0 background [%] 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 0% Share of PM0 background: annual average: 50% New Year fireworks days with PM0 > 50 µg/m³/m³: 75% 0% 0 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Total 24h PM0 concentration at busy traffic spots [µg/m³]
NO 2 limit values: a problem to come in 200 20th Annual POLIS-Conference, Paris, 9-0th November 2005 8 00 90 80 70 60 µg/m³ NO2 urban traffic sites NO2 urban background sites NO2 sites at city periphery from 994 to 2003: quite constant level of NO 2 -concentration 50 40 30 20 0 EU limit value for NO 2 no significant progress in vehicle emission reductio high risk to exceed the NO 2 limit values in 200 0 urban background: MC 0, 42, 8 994 995 996 997 998 999 2000 200 2002 2003 Consultation for Euro V proposal (passenger cars and light duty vehicles): comments by Berlin - lower NO 2 limit values (together with lower PM limits) - no exceptions for diesel vehicles (identical NO 2 limit values for gasoline and diesel vehicles)
20th Annual POLIS-Conference, Paris, 9-0th November 2005 9 Sources contributing to total NO 2 at a busy traffic spot in Berlin regional background ca 7% other sources 7% local traffic 54% urban background traffic 32% Basis: NOx modelling more than 80% of NO 2 from urban traffic
Trends in CO 2 emissions of Berlin 20th Annual POLIS-Conference, Paris, 9-0th November 2005 0 relative development [990=00%] 20 00 80 60 40 20 households&small consumers transport industry total transport + 4% small consumers - 4% total - 4% industry - 45% from 990 to 2000:. reduction of total CO 2 emissions by 4% 2. increase of CO 2 emissions of the transport sector by 4% 0 990 99 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 2000 Which sector has to compensate for the increase in transport sector so as to comply with political targets? Can cities hope for limit values in transport sector?
Clean fuels introduced through local initiatives? 20th Annual POLIS-Conference, Paris, 9-0th November 2005 The Berlin approach: profit of the advantages of CNG for PM 0 and NO 2 reduction 2 public filling stations for CNG.000 CNG Eco Taxis 00 CNG light duty trucks 50 CNG garbage trucks 9 CNG buses.000 private cars introduction of clean fuels without a european roadmap many isolated projects all over Europe, every project goes its own way in introducing different clean fuels (CNG, ethanol, biodiesel, H 2 ) confusing for car manufacturers, slow market introduction
Measures in transport sector to reduce air pollution 20th Annual POLIS-Conference, Paris, 9-0th November 2005 2 Toolbox of the cities with regard to EU air quality legislation and efficiency of measures in transport planning and traffic regulation strategy measures efficiency with regard to air pollution abatement time scale political obstacles in implementation reduction of traffic volume spatial planning high long-term low bypass new construction of roads, organisation of traffic flow high, local, rare medium long-term low - high, expensive traffic management speed limit, e.g. 30 km/h (constant/part time/dynamic) combi-lanes low, local short-term high technical improvement of the vehicle stock introduction of clean vehicles/fuels low emission zone (ban of high polluting vehicles, rewarding cleaner vehicles) high medium high grants high medium long-term low, expensive. lack of effective short-term measures 2. need for strategic and consequent integration of spatial and transport planning, organisation of traffic and introduction of clean vehicles
Berlin measures in transport sector to reduce air pollution The Berlin approach, e.g.: combi-lanes speed-limits (30 km/h in resident. areas, dynamic on highways) traffic restrictions for heavy duty vehicle (night time,...) low emission zone (inner city: 00 km 2, mio inhabitants) > step in 2008: minimum Euro II for all diesel vehicle > step 2 in 200: minimum Euro III + filter for all diesels, minimum Euro II for all petrol vehicles Berlin low emission zone combi-lanes low emission zone night time restrictions speed limits 20th Annual POLIS-Conference, Paris, 9-0th November 2005 3
20th Annual POLIS-Conference, Paris, 9-0th November 2005 4 Disproportion: european rule making & implementation involvement in rule making (legislation) european political problems in implementation national federal/regional local deficits in implementation-oriented legal elements - emission labeling (european-wide interoperability ) - traffic sign for low emission zones - technical regulations for retrofitting particulate traps - fiscal regulation to introduce retrofitted particulate traps missing reliability for planning and investment (fleet operators, car manufacturers, environmental authorities,...)
20th Annual POLIS-Conference, Paris, 9-0th November 2005 5 It is a marathon race to bring transport and air quality together - let us do it! Thank you for your attention.