Overview of Appropriate Vehicle Types for DRT Applications Presentation at CONNECT 3rd Workshop on Future Vehicle Requirements for Flexible Transport Services Yngve Westerlund ywk@logistikcentrum.se
What is Demand Responsive Transport? Lave et al (1996): DRT services are those public transportation services characterised by the flexible routing and scheduling of relatively small vehicles (occupancy 4-20 persons) to provide shared occupancy, personalised transportation on demand.when a taxi service is offered as a shared ride service, it is a DRT service
DRT Industry and Market Development Concept conceived in the US in 1970 s ADA legislation in 1991 a restart. 20 of the 30 largest DRT providers are North American Community Transport in the UK grew from charities to large service providers in the last 20 years (Birmingham, Manchester, London) Special Transport (STS) in Sweden from a municipal duty in 70 s to some ofthe largest DRT service providers in the world
Current practice in Europe Large scale DRT service providers (>1 M trips/yr) Many ( >10 ) DRT schemes Some individual DRT schemes Little or no DRT Open DRT (for general public use) Netherlands (1) integrated with special needs, about 50/50 Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, UK Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Switzerland, Czech, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Slovakia, Slovenia DRT for people with special needs Finland (1), Netherlands (1) Sweden (4), UK (3) Denmark, Finland, France, Netherlands, Sweden, UK Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Norway, UK, Austria, Czech, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland
Solutions Development User Needs Concepts Vehicles IT-support Institutional framework Copyright:
The DICT vision (Differentiated and Integrated Collective Transport) Integration between different modes of DRT and regular line haul public transport (producer perspective) Common Travel Dispatch Centre Partly common vehicle fleet Special Transport (special vehicles) Area wide mobility service (many-to-many) (accessible car/van, 4-8 passengers) Flexbus Community Transport (minibus) Rural DRT Minimum Service (car/van,minibus Demand responsive feeder service (adapted transfer points) Partly Demand Responsive Service Main Stream Public Transport (Train, tram, bus) Copyright:
Vehicle classification after service life and gross weight Small bus service life 10,001-14,000 4 years XXXXX 14,001-16,000 16,001-19, 500 5 years XX XX.X X 19,501-26,000 26,101-33,000 7 years XX XXXX XXXX X X 10 years XXX XXXX >33,000 12 years X XXXX XXXX Source: Hemily and King (2002), Table 23
By Construction Method Modified Van or Minivan/MPV Body on Chassis (BOC) Cutaway
By Construction Method (Cont.) Integral or space frame Monocoque
Service life by construction method Construction method Service Life 4 years 5 years 7 years 10 years 12 years Modified van X BOLDC X X (X) BOMDC X X Integral/space frame (X) (X) X Monocoque (or semi-) (X) Source: Hemily and King (2002)
Classification by passenger capacity Class I maxicab 5-8 passengers Special Vehicle (> one wheel chair) Taxi-for-all (max one wheel chair)
Classification by passenger capacity Class II Minibus 9-14 (16?) passengers Class III Minibus 15-22 passengers
Classification by passenger capacity Class IV Midibus 22-40 (50?) passengers
Type and Purpose of Use Fully Demand Responsive Area Wide Service (Shared taxi, Taxibus, STS, Medical Transport) Flexible Service Line (Flexibus, Community Transport) DRT Vehicle Classes I II III IV 5-8 pass. 9-14 pass. 15-21 pass. 22-30 pass. ++ + - - - - (+) ++ + - - Rural Minimum Service - + ++ + Partly Demand Responsive Work/School Transport ++ + (+) - (disabled) Other Subscription Services ++ ++ + Route Deviation - - + ++ Legend: ++ very appropriate, + appropriate, (+) in certain cases, - less appropriate/not applicable
Some characteristics of DRT Type of service Percent booked trips Pick-up of passengers Typical vehicle Area-wide 98-100 % Address Maxitaxi Service Meeting point Minibus II Corridor service (deviation) 5-30 % Bus stop Minibus III Midibus
Flexible transport services (goods)
Some strategic components Eco-drive line (bio-hybrid-diesel) Bio = clean fuel Hybrid = efficient drive line (power train) Diesel = efficient engine Light weight body (composits/aluminum) Air/gas suspension Ramps (manual/powered)
What is next?