Ship Energy Efficiency and Air Pollution Ernestos Tzannatos Department of Maritime Studies University of Piraeus
Today s agenda Introduction: Drivers for improved energy efficiency Ship Energy Efficiency: EEDI and EEOI definition EEDI and EEOI for competing fuels Air pollution for competing fuels Q+A
Drivers for Ship Energy Efficiency Reduction of fuel costs Environmental legislation Selection Criteria of Measures for Ship Energy Efficiency Affordability Environmental friendliness Availability Safety
Marine Fuel Consumption (mil. tons) Source: 3 rd IMO GHG Study 2014.
Marine Fuel International Consumption (mil. tons) Source: 3 rd IMO GHG Study 2014.
Marine Fuel Consumption (mil. tons) Source: IEA (2013) World Energy Statistics (top-down approach).
Maximising Ship Energy Efficiency
Minimising GHG (CO 2 ) Emissions Source: 2 nd IMO GHG Study 2009. 8
Shipping Contribution to Global Emissions Source: The International Council on Clean Transportation, 2007 Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ocean-going Ships: Impacts, Mitigation Options and Opportunities for Managing Growth.
Air Pollution Legislation: Emission Control Areas (ECAs)
Air Pollution Legislation: NO X and SO X Control
Air Pollution Legislation: NO X Control Specifications
NO X and SO X Pollution Control Options Low sulphur fossil oil fuels: Residual (LSFO) Distillate (MDO, MGO) Exhaust Gas Treatment of oil fuels: SO 2 scrubbers NO X SCR In-engine measures for NO X control (EGR, emulsified fuel, retarded injection etc). Liquid biofuels: Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Hydrogenation Derived Renewable Diesel (HDRD) Methanol Ethanol Dimethyl-Ether (DME) Bio-crude (pyrolysis oil) Gaseous Fuels: Biogas Natural gas (CNG, LNG) Petroleum gas (propane, butane)
Fuel System Option Advantages Disadvantages LSFO, MDO, MGO FO + Scrubber + SCR LNG Methanol Comparison of Alternative Marine Fuel Systems Conventional fuel storage & supply SO 2 compliant Safety Conventional fuel storage & supply Fuel availability SO 2 compliant NO X (Tier III) compliant SO 2 and NO X (Tier III) compliant Low CO 2 Engine availability (DF and G only) Conventional fuel storage & supply SO 2 and NO X (Tier III) compliant Fuel & Engine Availability Very low CO 2 Cost Fuel availability Cost (for limited ECA exposure) High CO 2 NO X irrelevant Evolving scrubber tech. Waste management High CO 2 Cost (for limited ECA exposure) Fuel availability (bunkering) Diverse fuel price High space requirement (x 3-4) Safety (cryogenic) Cost (for limited ECA exposure) High space requirement (x 2-3) Safety (low flash point) Toxic Corrosive
Cost (mil. USD) Scrubber Costs & Scrubber Payback Time 3,0 R² = 0,9495 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 0 5 10 15 20 25 ME Power (MW) Source: McGill, R.; Remley, W.; Winther, A. Alternative fuels for marine applications. A report of the IEA-AMF organization, Annex 41, 2013.
Exhaust Emission Factors for Various Marine Fuels Source: 3 rd IMO GHG Study 2014.
Climate Change Legislation: Simplified EEDI Formula where, P ME is 75% of the rated installed power (MCR) for each main engine (ME), measured in kw. P AE is the auxiliary power in kw, required to supply normal maximum sea load, for: MCR > 10,000 kw: P AE = 0.025 x MCR + 250 MCR < 10,000 kw: P AE = 0.05 x MCR SFC & C are the specific fuel consumption and carbon emission coefficient for main and auxiliary engines and fuels, respectively. Capacity refers to the maximum cargo capacity measured in dwt or gross tonnage or any other capacity unit appropriate for a specific ship type. V ref is service speed measured in knots.
EEDI Compliance Schedule
Towards EEDI Reduction Increasing DWT, because: Power DWT 2/3 Decreasing Speed, because: Power V 3 Introducing new technology without changing capacity or speed.
Carbon Content & CO 2 Emission Factors of Alternative Marine Fuels
EEDI for HFO & MDO MCR ME = 15000 kw ; Capacity = 25000 DWT ; V ref = 18 knots CF ME = 3.114 ; CF AE = 3.206 SFC ME = 190 g/kwh ; SFC AE = 215 g/kwh ------------------------------- P ME = 0.75 x MCR ME = 0.75 x 15000 kw = 11250 kw P AE = (0.025 x MCR ME ) + 250 kw = 625 kw EEDI = [(P ME x CF ME x SFC ME ) + (P AE x CF AE x SFC AE )] / (V ref x Capacity) EEDI = [(11250 x 3.114 x 190) + (625 x 3.206 x 215)] / (18 x 25000) EEDI = 15.749 g-co2/ton-nm
MCR ME = 15000 kw ; Capacity = 25000 DWT ; V ref = 18 knots CF Gas = 2.750 ; CF Pilot fuel = 3.206 SFC ME Pilot fuel = 6 g/kwh ; SFC ME Gas = 160 g/kwh SFC AE Pilot fuel = 7 g/kwh ; SFC AE Gas = 180 g/kwh ------------------------------ P ME = 0.75 x MCR ME = 0.75 x 15000 kw = 11250 kw P AE = (0.025 x MCR ME ) + 250 kw = 625 kw EEDI for LNG & MDO Pilot EEDI = [(P ME x (CF Pilot fuel x SFC ME Pilot fuel + CF Gas x SFC ME Gas )) + (P AE x (CF Pilot fuel x SFC AE Pilot fuel + CF Gas x SFC AE Gas ))] / (V ref x Capacity) EEDI = [(11250 x (3.206 x 6 + 2.750 x 160)) + (625 x (3.206 x 7 + 2.750 x 180))] / (18 x 25000) EEDI = 12.200 g-co2/ton-nm
EEOI & Alternative Marine Fuels
EEOI for Shanghai Rotterdam on HFO-MDO & LNG MDO Pilot Ship type = Container ship; MCR = 2 x 29680 kw; Payload = 18000 TEU x 9 ton/teu
EEOI for Shanghai Rotterdam on HFO-MDO & LNG MDO Pilot P ME = 0.75 x MCR ME = 0.75 x 2 x 29680 kw = 44520 kw P AE = (0.025 x MCR ME ) + 250 kw = 2109 kw V = 21 knots ; D non-eca = 11088 nm ; D ECA = 423 nm For sailing in non-eca SFC ME = 190 g/kwh ; CF ME = 3.114 ; SFC AE = 215 g/kwh ; CF AE = 3.206 For sailing in ECA CF Gas = 2.750 ; CF Pilot fuel = 3.206 ; SFC ME Pilot fuel = 6 g/kwh ; SFC ME Gas = 160 g/kwh SFC AE Pilot fuel = 7 g/kwh ; SFC AE Gas = 180 g/kwh
EEOI for Shanghai Rotterdam on HFO-MDO & LNG MDO Pilot ME CO 2 in non-eca = P ME x CF ME x SFC ME x (D non-eca /V) x 10-6 = 44520 x 3.114 x 190 x 11088/21 x 10-6 = 13908 tons AE CO 2 in non-eca = P AE x CF AE x SFC AE x (D non-eca /V) x 10-6 = 2109 x 3.206 x 215 x 11088/21 x 10-6 = 768 tons ME Pilot fuel CO 2 in ECA = P ME x CF Pilot fuel x SFC ME Pilot fuel x (D ECA /V) x 10-6 = 44520 x 3.206 x 6 x 423/21 x 10-6 = 17 tons AE Pilot fuel CO 2 in ECA = P AE x CF Pilot fuel x SFC AE Pilot fuel ) x (D ECA /V) x 10-6 = 2109 x 3.206 x 7 x 423/21 x 10-6 = 0.95 tons ME Gas CO 2 in ECA = P ME x CF Gas x SFC ME Gas x (D ECA /V) x 10-6 = 44520 x 2.750 x 160 x 423/21 x 10-6 = 395 tons AE Gas CO 2 in ECA = P AE x CF Gas x SFC AE Gas x (D ECA /V) x 10-6 = 2109 x 2.750 x 180 x 423/21 x 10-6 = 21 tons
EEOI for Shanghai Rotterdam on HFO-MDO & LNG MDO Pilot EEOI = Total CO 2 / Transport Work EEOI = (13908 + 768 + 17 + 0.95 + 395 + 21) / (18000 x 9 x 11511) = 15110 / 1864782000 EEOI = 8.1 x 10-6 ton-co 2 /ton-nm
Air Pollution: The case of ship-related air pollution at the Main Port of Piraeus
Ship-related air pollution in port-cities Sources: the engine exhausts of ships in arrival/departure & at berth. Main Pollutants: SO 2, NO X and PM ( 95% = PM 2.5 ) Causes (in general, a function of fuel consumption): SO 2 Sulphur content in fuel NO X High temperature combustion PM Fuel oil quality (inc. sulphur content) Consequences: SO 2 Acidification (damage to natural & built environment, human health) NO X Acidification, ground level ozone, global warming, eutrophication (damage to ecosystems and human health) PM Air quality (damage to human health)
Cruise ship Sea Cloud 7 port-calls during 2008-09 Time per call (hours) At Berth Maneuvering 12.0 0.48 Fuel consumption per call = 0.29 tons One (1) TAXI* 24 hour operation * Note for Taxi: MERCEDES E200 DIESEL 112 kw @ 50% engine load factor.
Ship Traffic at the Main Port of Piraeus (2008-2009) FERRIES CRUISERS TOTAL ANNUAL CALLS 6167 902 7069 DAILY MEAN CALLS 16.9 2.47 19.4 DAILY MAX. CALLS 37 10 47 Marine Engine Load Factors per In-port Ship Activity ME Man/ng AE Man/ng ME Berth AE Berth FERRIES 0.20 0.75 0 0.25 CRUISERS 0.20 0.66 0 0.48 Mean Time per In-port Ship Activity (hours) In Man/ng At Berth In-port FERRIES 0.48 8.00 8.5 CRUISERS 0.48 10.4 10.9 31
600 Equivalent Number of Taxis for In-port Ship Traffic (24h taxi operation) 571 500 400 300 240 331 245 200 100 0 158 87 44 45 1 DAILY MIN. DAILY MAX. DAILY MEAN Ferries Cruisers Total Note for Taxi: MERCEDES E200 DIESEL 112 kw @ 50% engine load factor.
Mar-Diesel Vs Auto-Diesel Sulphur Control Mar-Diesel Sulphur 100 x Auto-Diesel Sulphur
SO X Equivalent Number of Taxis for In-port Vessel Traffic (24h taxi operation) 60000 57100 50000 40000 30000 24000 33100 24500 20000 10000 0 4400 100 4500 15800 8700 DAILY MIN. DAILY MAX. DAILY MEAN Ferries Cruisers Total Note for Taxi: MERCEDES E200 DIESEL 112 kw @ 50% engine load factor. 34
Ship Exhaust Emissions @ Main Port of Piraeus (2008-09) Source: Tzannatos, E. 2010. Ship emissions and their externalities for the port of Piraeus - Greece. Atmospheric Environment 44, 400-407. 35
Thank you.