New Frontiers in Revitalizing the Grid

New Frontiers in Revitalizing the Grid by Vahid Madani, PG&E Damir Novosel, Quanta March 31, 2011

Emerging Trends Electrical Grids in need of upgrading & uprating - Aging infrastructure Capacity + Reliability + Efficiency + Sustainability Utility Regulation, Environmental Energy Policies, Energy trading Green House Gas (CO2) Regulation and Renewable Mandates Life extension and capacity uprating of existing coal and nuclear plants Electrical Energy is the best viable source of untapped new energy Renewable energy Lower emission fossil generation Need for massive Electricity Storage Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles Energy efficiency and Demand response Requires system infrastructure reinforcement, integrated system planning and automation Complex infrastructure requires Smart Grid

Emerging Trends, continued Ultra High Voltage (AC/DC); DC; FACTS Integrating renewable resources requires upgraded transmission infrastructure Congestion: Difficult to schedule outages System Integrity protection schemes (SIPS) System planning and accurate modeling Increased coordination between planning and operations using advanced tools Next generation EMS/SCADA (e.g. w/ PMUs) Integration of long-term resource planning into market structures Innovations and technology developments to increase current ratings and fault current limiting capabilities Aging workforce challenges to future reliability

NERC Regulation Trends High Level Issues FERC Focus Critical Infrastructure Protection Standards CIP-001 through CIP-009 Correcting Performance from August 2003 NE and 2008 Florida Blackouts NERC Focus Meeting FERC directives for reliability standards Critical Infrastructure Protection Industry has identified very limited number of critical assets Aurora Vulnerability (more than just cyber) Issues uncovered by event investigations Facility ratings Transmission lines not capable of operating to design limits Frequency response 20% of expectation in eastern interconnection Most frequently violated standards Power system model inaccuracies (static and dynamic)

NERC Regulatory Trends - Compliance Critical Infrastructure Protection Revised standards recently adopted Replaced protection system maintenance and testing as most frequently violated reliability standard 63% of all violations in December 2010 CIP-001 through 009 are all in the top 20 most frequently violated Disconnect between regulators (government) and utilities Single most critical infrastructure: All is critical vs. we plan for contingencies Aurora test raised legislative awareness Most frequently violated standards other than CIP Protection system maintenance and testing PRC-005 (#3) Generator voltage and reactive control VAR-002 (#8) Facility Ratings FAC-008 (#11) Other standards Balancing, Emergency Operations, Operator Communications, Power System Modeling

Impact of Photovoltaic Distributed Generation PV DG output (MW) Large proliferation of PV generation on distribution feeders causes steady state and dynamic impacts: such as voltage rise, voltage fluctuations, reverse power flow, increase in the number of operations of LTCs, line voltage regulators and switched capacitor banks, power quality (THD increase, flicker), loss increase, Temporary Over-Voltage (TOV) and protection systems 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1 month of data (Jun 2010) Identify representative feeders Validate inverter models Validate dynamic feeder models Validate steadystate feeder models Conduct steady-state system-wide analysis for small & mediumscale PV-DG Conduct steady-state individual analysis for utility-scale PV-DG Power flow analyses Develop guidelines & extrapolate to represent utility system 0.5 Conduct dynamic / transient analyses for utility-scale PV-DG Dynamic / transient analyses Develop conclusions and recommendations 0.0 Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Time (hr)

Impact of Plug-in Electric Vehicles Depends on system configuration, loading type, and level of penetration: Simulate numerous scenarios under a variety of loading conditions and statistical assignment of PEV locations Most issues in the near term can be resolved by controlling the charging time Need to start working now to be able to provide charger control capability Large proliferation under uncontrolled charging scenarios causes: Equipment overload (distribution transformers and lines), Under-voltage and loss increase Controlled charging may limit peak demand but leads to coincident charging during off-peak hours: New peaks and increased load factor of distribution transformers (affects life cycle)

Impact of Plug-in Electric Vehicles and PV

Protection and Real-Time Digital Simulation Test protection and control and evaluate impact of Renewable energy, FACTS, etc. - using models and actual events Evaluation of protection coordination End-to-end relay application testing Protection setting verification and sensitivity check Implementation of detailed secondary network models Testing Aurora effect

Synchro-Phasor Technology Synchrophasors are precise grid measurements using GPS signals - now available from monitors called phasor measurement units (PMUs) As PMU measurements are time-aligned to a common reference, they enable a precise and comprehensive view of the utility network or entire interconnection PMU measurements are taken at high speed (e.g. 30-120 observations per second) compared to one every 4 seconds using conventional technology Synchrophasors enable a better indication of grid stress, and can be used to trigger corrective actions to maintain reliability Utilities and ISOs (with matching DOE funds) will be implementing hundreds in next three years

562.062 0 Before Now 2013 2018 Standard feature (relays, DFR, Higher data rates controllers, equip. In Distribution First PMU monitors) Fast Adaptive On all major Protection interconnections Improved comm. Integrated in infrastructure, standard business including control and operational practices 06/14/04 Event at 07:40 Pacific Time (06/14/04 at 14:40 GMT ) Standard SW tools Analog Displays 270 300 240 330 210 0 180 30 150 60 90 120 Vincent 500kV Devers 500kV Eldorado 500kV Lugo 500 kv Grand Coulee 2 John Day Malin N Colstrip Big Eddy 500 Keeler 500 kv Capt Jack N. Bus Capt Jack S. Bus Olinda 500 kv Summer Lake N. Bus Slatt W. Bus included in EMS/SCADA Distributed architecture, fully integrated with EMS / SCADA Devers 500 kv Angle Reference is Grand Coulee 2

NASPI Synchrophasor Roadmap 2007 (16 Apps.) Angle/Frequency Monitoring Post-mortem Analysis (Including Compliance Monitoring) Voltage Stability Monitoring Congestion Management Dynamic Model Benchmarking Linear State Measurement Real Time Control Thermal Overload Monitoring Improved State Estimation Steady-state Model Benchmarking DG/IPP Applications Power System Restoration Planned Power System Separation State Estimation (Boundary Conditions) Deployment Challenge LOW MED HI Adaptive Protection WA-PSS Stabilization Reflect the value of phasor measurements Necessary and Critical Critical with Added Benefits Moderate Need, Added Benefits Requires More Investigation 1 to 3 Years 3 to 5 Years > 5 Years

NASPI Synchrophasor Roadmap 2011 (26 Apps.) Angle/ Frequency/Voltage/Flow Monitoring, Trending &Alarming Mode Meter and Mode Shape Identification Steady-state System Basel. (e.g., based on angle separation) Dynamic Nomograms Power System Restoration Voltage Stability Monitoring Frequency Response Monitoring Control and Islanding for Renewables &DG Event &Performance Analysis Improved State Estimation Deployment Challenge LOW System Inertia Monitoring Advanced Remedial Action Schemes Dynamic State Estimation Planned Power System Separation Adaptive Protection Real Time Transient Stability Margin Wind Site Voltage Control System Dynamic Model Validation Congestion Management MED HI Linear State Estimation Transient Stability Control Voltage Stability Control Oscillations Damping Interconnection Wide State Estimation Wide Area Frequency Response Wide Area PSS Stabilization Detection of imminent cascading Reflect the value of phasor measurements Necessary and Critical Critical with Added Benefits Moderate Need, Added Benefits Requires More Investigation 14

Synchro-Phasor Project Value APPLICATIONS 1. Engineering Applications a) Model validation b) Generator performance monitoring c) Disturbance analysis d) Power system performance baselining 2. Control Center Applications a) Situational awareness displays for operators with decision support tools b) State estimation 3. Real-time response-based controls a) Response-based reactive switching as a part of BPA coordinated voltage control strategy b) Oscillation damping controls as such need develops VALUE (application, importance of PMU data) Reliable Wind Integration by Validating wind power plant models (1a,10) Dynamic performance monitoring (1b,10) Voltage stability controls (3b, 8) Improve Reliability and Blackout Avoidance by Operational situational awareness (2a, 8) Detection of system control problems (1b-d, 8) On-line contingency analysis (2b, 2) Unlock stability-constrained transmission capacity Wide-area controls (3a-b, 10) Improve decisions on capital investment by Better understanding of the system issues (1a-d,8) Better system modeling (1a,10) Deferral / optimization of capital investment (1c-d,5) System Restoration by Improved visibility of the system condition (2a,7) Compliance with emerging NERC Standard on disturbance monitoring (2d,10) 15

Synchro-Phasor Applications Distribution System May not need similar performance as transmission Apps Will take some time to fully develop concepts Single-phase system Unbalance 3-wire and 4-wire circuits Restoration Automatic Network reconstruction Adaptive islanding Distributed energy control systems Volt / VAR Optimization Quality of Service monitoring Adaptive systems 16

State of Synchrophasor Technology Development An unscientific evaluation Grand Vision XX X X X X X VISION In the planning phase Comprehensive vision of synchrophasor technology applications for WAMPAC, system planning and reliability engineering Initial ideas of potential synchrophasor applications and benefits X X X 3-YEAR DEPLOYMENT Aggressive XX XX Conservative Big bang all real-time closed loop control, operation & other applications Control room functions; non-real-time control All-inclusive system architecture design; incremental implementation Data visualization in control room Visualization & operation analysis outside of control room

Example Proof of Concept Architecture C37.118 is used for interim testing while harmonization with IEC 61850 is demonstrated Source: PG&E

Attributes - Example Oscillation Mode shape Local Modes Inter-area mode Frequency Amplitude and phase Damping rate Energy? Rate of change of damping Alarm triggers based on all this values (trigger level, or levels to be user settable) Frequency Frequency Rate of change of frequency Data capture Oscillatory stability Modes A Δf Oscillatory Mode Frequency Oscillatory Mode Damping ζ φ Oscillatory Mode Shape (i.e. Amplitude & Phasing) 19

Synchrophasor System Testing Component Testing PMUs testing Substation PDC testing Control center PDC (Super PDC) testing Sensors / instrument transformer testing Standards compliance System Testing Interoperability and sub-system testing End-to-end testing (system integration testing) Communications Accuracy Application(s) performance A rigorous process to ensure all PMUs conform to the same performance requirements and interoperability requirements - Tests must be traceable to national laboratories

Example: Findings from First Round (2009) of PMU Certification Tests None fully passed the certification in the first round One fails only one test by a small margin Issues with out-of-band interference reason for new 37-118 to identify M and P categories A number of vendors plan to do the re-test to get certified Only two PMUs have UDP multicast enabled ONS requirement Only two PMUs completely implemented standard s time quality and synchronization bit requirements Three send multiple frames in TCP (delay) One does not implement Header message

What Future Brings? What will electrical and gas market look like in next few years? What technology will be developed or become more costeffective in next few years? How will regulation, energy trading, and technology impact markets???? Self-Healing Smart Auto & Protection Energy Storage Substation Demand Response Biomass ΔP G Wind, PV Electric Vehicle Fiber YiMax Cellular ΔP W System Optimization & Control Field Force Automation

Thank You! Questions and Discussion?

NIST Smart Grid Interoperability Standards Develop methodology to select and catalog all the existing standards to satisfy Smart Grid requirements; Develop Framework and Roadmap R 2.0 Develop standards / guidelines for interoperation between IEC 61850 and IEEE 37.118 / IEEE 1815 devices / systems Synchrophasor system Guidelines PMUPDC and PDCPDC Communications PMU & PDC Requirements, Testing, and Certification Develop conformance testing document for AMI meters and analyze tests described using virtual environment Electric vehicles Assess electric vehicle usage patterns Evaluate electric power grid infrastructure needed PDC Tester Schematic PDC Under Test

System Integrity Protection Scheme (SIPS) Prevent propagation of disturbances for severe system emergencies caused by un-planned operating conditions Last line of defense to improve system security and prevent disturbance propagation - Could help better utilize system margins Stabilize System for Equipment Outages, N-2 or beyond Initiate pre-planned separation of the power system Prevent overloading of the lines Arrest voltage decline

Experiences with SIPS Global Participants IEEE PSRC Report - 2009 64% 15% 6% 9% 3% 3%

SIPS Design Scheme types Event-based Parameter-based Response-based Combination of the above Distributed vs. central schemes Combined, scalable, multi-layer approach recommended British Columbia Cost of different measures Switching of shunt/facts devices, start of gas turbines, etc. preferable to system separation and load shedding Requires coordination of SIPS in the grid Washington Oregon Nevada Alberta Idaho Montana Utah Arizo na Wyoming Colorado New Mexico

National Electric Transmission Congestion Study/ 2009 U.S. Department of Energy Mature technology Technology not yet mature

Advanced Energized Techniques and Procedures Circuits most in need of relief are difficult to schedule out of service Enables relief to congested paths without adding to congestion by scheduling outages Savings to transmission owner by enabling work to be performed when needed Minimize capital investments while improving reliability Reduces operational costs, delays, safety risks of equipment switching and grounding Avoids grid congestion costs, asset owner lost revenue, and buying high cost energy Safer than de-energized work based on more strict safety procedures