MOTOR & UMWELT 218 ENGINE & ENVIRONMENT 218 THE FUTURE DIRECTION OF THE ELECTRIFIED VEHICLE UTILIZING OF BIG DATA Shizuo Abe Toyota Motor Corporation 3 th International AVL Conference Engine & Environment, June 7 th - 8 th, 218, Graz, Austria 19
Due to changing lifestyles and technological innovation 2 Customer needs are ever-diversifying Society and industry are largely changing Individual wants/societal needs Technological innovation Changing lifestyles Intelligence Air pollution CO2 Environmental issues IoT Urbanization Robotics Moving to provide new value to customers 3 Electrification Information 2 Intelligence 4 International AVL Conference Engine & Environment, June 7-8, 218, Graz, Austria Image of3connectivity impact (examples) th th th
4 Useability dependence on connectivity Image of connectivity impact (examples) Location Based Services Automated driving (parking etc) Electrification Environmental dependency on connectivity (CO2, air quality, noise) 5 To reduce CO2 emissions Vehicle electrification is essential. CO2 Electrification frontrunner Prius 3th International AVL Conference Engine & Environment, June 7th - 8th, 218, Graz, Austria 6 21
Electrification frontrunner Prius 6 5.1L/1km (28. km/l) 3. L/1km (4.8 km/l) 3.9L/1 km (32.6 km/l) 4.3 L/1 km L/1km : NEDC Mode (29.6 km/l) (km/l : Japan JC8 Mode) 1 st Gen Prius (1997, EU 2) 2 nd Gen Prius (23) 3 rd Gen Prius (29) 4 th Gen Prius (215) Prius has improved continuously its fuel efficiency Toyota HEV sales & CO 2 reduction effect 7 1 million Total (in millions 累計 of ( 万台 units) ) 1,1 11 Total sales 18 2 年間 ( 万台 ) 1, 16 No. of units 1 2. 18 11.8 mil., units 販売台数 sold ( 年間 ) 9 9 1.8 14 16 (annual) (at end of Mar. 218) Yearly 8 8 1.6 12 14 (in millions of units) No. of units 7 7 1.4 販売台数 ( 累計 ) 1 12 sold 6 6 1.2 (total) 5 5 mil. 万台 1 8 5 5 1. 33 mil. 万台 4 4.8 8 6 3 3.6 6 4 2 2 1 万台 1 mil..4 4 2 1 1.2 2 25 217 1997 1999 21 23 27 29 211 213 215 (1 月 ) 1, 1 2 2 CO 2 reduction (annual) CO2 削減量 ( 年間 ) 2, 2 3, 3 4 6 4 6 CO 4, 8 CO2 2 削減量 reduction 4 8 ( 累 (total) 計 ) 5, 5 1 1, 6, 6 12 Yearly 1,2 77 mil. tons (in millions of tons) Total 7, 7 14 1,4 (in millions of tons) 累計 ( 万 t) 8, 8 16 1,6 年間 ( 万 t) Total HEV sales reached 1 million units in January 217. CO 2 reduction effect vs. to similar gasoline vehicles totals ~77 mil. tons 22 3 th International AVL Conference Engine & Environment, June 7 th - 8 th, 218, Graz, Austria
Needs when it comes to cars are decided by Customers & Markets 8 More than just one choice when it comes to electrified vehicle products Core technologies and electrified vehicles 9 Motor Engine HEV Battery Engine Charging PHEV PCU(Inverter) Fuel Cell Charging Hydrogen Tank H 2 O 2 H 2 FCEV 3 th International AVL Conference Engine & Environment, June 7 th - 8 th, 218, Graz, Austria 23
2 Powertrains for Toyota s Environmental Challenge 25 Challenge 1: 1 New-vehicle Zero CO2 Emissions Challenge Average CO2 emissions for new vehicles 9 reduction 21 HEV 25 Vehicles powered by internal combustion engines PHEV PHV FCEV FCV EV 21 22 25 Accelerate next-generation vehicle development toward 9% reduction in CO2 emission Electrified vehicles and infrastructure needs 11 Products Technology Social infrastructure All-encompassing approach to products, technology, social infrastructure 24 12 International AVL Conference Engine & Environment, June 7-8, 218, Graz, Austria Image of3connectivity impact (examples) th th Automated driving th
All-encompassing approach to products, technology, social infrastructure Image of connectivity impact (examples) 12 Useability dependence on connectivity Automated driving Location Based Services (parking etc) Electrification FCEV Powertrain PHEV (aftertreatment, HEV battery etc) Environmental dependency on connectivity (CO2, air quality, noise) Some powertrains require connectivity to reach the full benefit for the environment Challenges of vehicle electrification Solution to Environmental Performance? Cruising Range, Charging Time Infrastructure Cost / Affordability HEV PHEV FCEV + ++ ++? ++? ++? ++ ++? ++?? - 13 PHEVs, s and FCEVs promotion is key What is challenge for the expansion? Considering Toyota data - environmental performance 3th International AVL Conference Engine & Environment, June 7th - 8th, 218, Graz, Austria Toyota Data Parking spots for each vehicles trip ends 14 25
Considering Toyota data - environmental performance 14 Vehicle Toyota Data Prius PHV (12MY~) Parking spots for each vehicles trip ends Vehicle Volume Period Total VMT Ave. annual VMT About 2,187 units 2/212~3/217 (About 5years) 72,415,756mile (1.17Billion km) 15,31mile (24.2thousand km) Total Charging 1,642,185 Charging per day 1.12 times Actual vehicle data were used for the evaluation of PHEV/ market acceptance Considering Toyota data - environmental performance 15 EV Cover Ratio of PHEV and Simulation Prerequisite Driving pattern: Prius PHV Driving Data Annual VMT: 15,mile (24,km) Charging: 3.3 kw EV cover ratio [%] 15, 1 12, 8 9, 6 6, 4 6% PHEV Current s EV range PHEV in-use data 3, 2 PHV in-use data 4mile REEV in-use data 3mile (~66km) (~5km) 5 1 15 2 25 3 (~25) (~5) EV range [mile (km)] 9% TYPE evmt[mile] Toyota Prius PHEV 2,34 Honda Accord PHEV 3,246 Ford C-Max PHEV 4,574 Ford Fusion PHEV 4,776 Chevrolet Volt PHEV 8,924 BMW i3 x 8,387 BMW i3 7,916 Ford Forcus Electric 9,741 Honda Fit 9,789 Nissan Leaf 1,294 Tesla Model S 13,494 Ref.:ACC MTR Staff report Toyota aims to achieve 6% EV cover ratio for future PHEV. cost and convenience for PHEV(66km) and (5km) to be compared 26 3 th International AVL Conference Engine & Environment, June 7 th - 8 th, 218, Graz, Austria
Charging time and efficiency 16 Charging time [hr] 3 25 2 15 1 5 Charging Time (Incl. charging efficiency) 27hr 14hr 9hr 23min 44mi 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 (~5) <3kWh> <6kWh> <9kWh> <12kWh> <15kWh> EV range [mile (km)] Charging efficiency[%] 1 8 6 4 2 Charging efficiency (Toyota estimation) 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 Charge power[kw] Charging loss breakdown Loss [kw] 12 1 8 6 4 2 6kW 24kW 17kW 5 15 35 Charge power(dc)[kw] Cell Heat Loss 56kW Pack Cooling 28kW Charging Loss 2kW Other equip Heat Loss Advanced fast charging with 35kW power is still slower than liquid refueling and efficiency drops, thus it is not appropriate for standard useage PHEV/ further Improvement 17 Wireless Charging System Electric Supply unit Rectifier Battery Secondary coil Magnetic resonant Primary coil Wireless charging brings more convenience than ICEs. It is a solution to secure PHEV CO2 performance 3 th International AVL Conference Engine & Environment, June 7 th - 8 th, 218, Graz, Austria 27
Challenges of vehicle electrification 18 HEV PHEV FCEV Solution to Env. Performance + ++ ++ ++ Cruising Range, Charging Time ++ ++ - ++ Infrastructure ++ ++ Depends - on the Cost / cell cost Affordability ++ + - YEAR In current circumstances, PHEV has merits over for user and business For s improvement of battery and charging convenience is essential. Toyota is working on the most suitable solution for each market/customer. HEV, PHEV, and FCEV will have a different important in each market. Milestone of vehicle electrification 19 Electrified Vehicle :over 5% ZEV (EV,FCV) :over 1% Vehicles powered by internal combustion engines ~225 Set grade of Electrified vehicle in all models 22~ Full-scale Development of 23 HEV PHEV :over 4.5mil. FCEV :over 1mil. 25 CO2 Zero Challenge HEV PHEV 1997 World s First mass Production HEV 214 FCEV 199 2 21 22 23 24 25 FCEV 28 3 th International AVL Conference Engine & Environment, June 7 th - 8 th, 218, Graz, Austria
requires large capacity battery 2 HEV Prius (Li-ion battery) (example).75kwh < Battery> capacity 4kWh Battery supply for production will become a challenge Next generation battery development 21 High output Output density (W/L) Li-ion battery (High capacity) All-solid-state battery Target current (investigation) Innovation battery Target (Metal-air battery, etc.) Energy density (Wh/L) Sakichi-battery Long EV range Development of next generation battery is key to spread electrified vehicles 3 th International AVL Conference Engine & Environment, June 7 th - 8 th, 218, Graz, Austria 29
For the purpose of problem-solving of 22 Development Production of High performance Battery by collaboration of both companies Realization and stable supply of number one automotive battery in the industry Contribution to spread electrified vehicles of automobile manufacturers around the world Categorization of electrified vehicles from now 23 (image of popularization) FCEV domain HEV/PHEV domain Vehicle size Route buses domain Passenger cars HEV FCEV FCV (BUS) (BUS) Short-distance use Full-size trucks Small home-delivery vehicles Delivery trucks EV FCEV FCV PHEV Personal mobility Traveling distance Diversification of HEVs, PHEVs, s, and FCEVs becoming more important 3 Summary 24 3th International AVL Conference Engine & Environment, June 7th - 8th, 218, Graz, Austria Toyota is developing all essential technologies for the next generation
Summary 24 Toyota is developing all essential technologies for the next generation environmental vehicle development like PHEV//FCEV based on its HEVs as core technology. Improvement of battery and charging technology is important for spreading of s and PHEVs. For battery a breakthrough like solid state or similar technology is necessary. Thank you very much for your kind attention! TODAY for TOMORROW 3th International AVL Conference Engine & Environment, June 7th - 8th, 218, Graz, Austria 31
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