Aircraft Design: A Systems Engineering Approach, M. Sadraey, Wiley, 2012 Chapter 10 Weight of Components Tables No Aircraft MTOW/Payload Weight 1 Transport 3-4 2 Single engine light GA 3-6 3 Twin-engine GA 2-4 4 Glider/sailplane 3-6 5 Hang-glider 1.2-1.4 6 Motor-glider 4-9 7 Supersonic fighter 10-18 8 Model remote controlled 1.5-2.5 9 Human-powered 1.3-1.6 10 Agriculture 2-3 11 Basic trainer 6-15 12 Ultralight 2-3 Table 10.1. Maximum take-off weight-to-payload weight ratio for several aircraft 1
No Aircraft Empty weight Removable weight Payload weight Fuel weight 1 Hang glider 25 75 75 0 2 Glider/sailplane 60 40 40 0 3 Human powered 30 70 70 0 4 Model RC 40 60 53 7 5 Ultralight 55 42 42 3 6 Single engine GA 60-82 18-40 8-30 10 7 Twin engine GA 62 38 16 20 8 Agriculture 50 50 40 10 9 Subsonic transport 48 52 26 25 10 Supersonic fighter 43 57 40 16 11 Rutan Voyager 23 77 5 72 Table 10.2. Average weight breakdown for several aircraft 2
N o Aircraft Fuel weight Payload weight Crew Engine Structure Equipment 1 Hang glider 0 75 75 0 25 0 2 Glider/sailplane 0 40 40 0 58 2 3 Human powered 0 70 70 75 1 23 2 4 Model RC 5 55 0 6 32 2 5 Ultralight 3 42 2 21 20 32 3 6 Single engine GA 10 8-30 3 8 23 30-52 2 7 Twin engine GA 14 24 1 24 31 3 8 Agriculture 10 40 1 20 25 4 9 Subsonic transport 10 Supersonic fighter 25 26.5 0.5 12 24 12 16 40 1 13 20 10 Table 10.3. Average group weight breakdown for several aircraft 1 The pilot is assumed as part of the propulsion system. 2 One of the crew members is part of the payload. 3 In a single seat GA aircraft, the pilot is main part of the payload, while in a multi-seat GA aircraft, the pilot is not assumed as part of the payload. 3
No Aircraft Wing Fuselage Tail (horizontal & vertical) Landing gear Structure 1 Hang glider 20 5 0 0 25 2 Glider/sailplane 30 23 3 2 58 3 Human powered 9 10 2 3 23 4 Model RC 14 11 2 4 32 5 Ultralight 15 9 3 5 32 6 Single engine GA 13 11 2 4 30 7 Twin engine GA 14 11 2 4 31 8 Agriculture 10 9 2 4 25 9 Subsonic transport 10 8 2 4 24 10 Supersonic fighter 8 7 2 3 20 Table 10.4. Structural weight breakdown for several aircraft 4
No Aircraft Type Wing Tail Fuselage Nacelle Landing Engine Equipment Fuel Payload gear 1 Cessna 172 Single-engine 226 57 353 27 111 267 159 252 702 prop GA 2 Cessna 182 Single-engine 235 62 400 34 132 545 173 390 715 prop GA 3 Cessna 310C Twin-engine 453 118 319 129 263 1,250 498 612 1186 prop GA 4 Cessna 404 Twin-engine 860 181 610 284 316 1,626 1,129 1,379 1,900 Titan prop GA 5 PZL M21 Agriculture 1,455 181 540 106 322 1,471 719 1984 24,25 Dromader 6 Learjet 28 Business twinjet 1,939 361 1,624 214 584 1,284 2,605 4,684 1,962 7 Gulfstream Business twinjet 6,372 1,965 5,944 1,239 2,011 6,886 11,203 23,300 5,380 II 8 Fokker F- 27-100 Twin-engine turboprop 4,408 977 4,122 628 1,940 4,347 5,673 9,198 12,500 9 Short Twin-engine 1,220 374 2,154 254 466 1,524 1,703 4,924 skyvan turboprop 10 MD-80 Jet transport 15,560 3,320 16,150 2,120 5,340 11,000 25,460 39,362 43,050 11 Boeing Jet transport 10,613 2,718 12,108 1,392 4,354 8,177 14,887 34,718 34,790 737-200 12 Airbus 300 Jet transport 44,131 5,941 35,820 7,039 13,611 22,897 35,053 76,512 69,865 13 F-15C Fighter 3,642 1,104 6,245 102 1,393 9,205 5,734 13,455 2,571 Eagle 14 F-16 Fighter 1,699 650 3,069 598 867 3,651 4,191 - - Falcon 15 F/A-18 Fighter 3,798 945 4,685 143 1,992 6,277 5,134 17,592,7684 16 Lockheed Large cargo 100,01 12,46 118,193 9,528 38,353 40,575 44,059 332,5 200,000 C-5A 5 1 00 17 Bede BD5B Homebuilt prop-driven 87 17 89 0 32 189 125 340 170 Table 10.5. Actual weight (in lb) of major components for several aircraft 5
No Engineering materials Density (kg/m 3 ) 1 Aerospace Aluminum 2711 2 Fiberglass/Epoxy 1800-1850 3 Graphite/Epoxy 1520-1630 4 Low-density foam 16-30 5 High-density foam 50-80 6 Steel alloys 7747 7 Titanium alloys 4428 8 Balsa wood 160 9 Plastics (including Monokote) 900-1400 Table 10.6. Density of various aerospace materials 6
No Aircraft Type Wing area (m 2 ) Wing mass (kg) Wing mass (kg) Wing area (m 2 ) 1 Bede BD5B Homebuilt propdriven 3.5 39.5 11.3 2 Cessna 172 Single-engine prop 16.2 102.5 6.3 GA 3 Cessna 310C Twin-engine prop GA 16.6 205.5 12.4 4 Cessna 404 Twin-engine prop GA 22.24 390 17.5 5 Gulfstream II Business twin-jet 75.21 2890 38.5 6 MD-80 Jet transport 112.3 7058 62.8 7 Boeing 737- Jet transport 102 4814 48 200 8 Airbus 300 Jet transport 260 20017 77 9 Lockheed C- Large cargo 576 45366 76.8 5A 10 F-15C Eagle Fighter 56.5 1652 29.2 11 F-16 Falcon Fighter 27.9 771 27.6 12 F/A-18 Hornet Fighter 38 1723 45.3 Table 10.7. Wing mass versus wing area for various aircraft 7
No Aircraft - Wing structural installation condition K 1 GA, no engine, no fuel tank in the wing 0.0011-0.0013 2 GA, no engine on the wing, fuel tank in the wing 0.0014-0.0018 3 GA, engine installed on the wing, no fuel tank in the wing 0.0025-0.003 4 GA, engine installed on the wing, fuel tank in the wing 0.003-0.0035 5 Home-built 0.0012-0.002 6 Transport, cargo, airliner (engines attached to the wing) 0.0035-0.004 7 Transport, cargo, airliner (engines not attached to the wing) 0.0025-0.003 8 Supersonic fighter, few light stores under-wing 0.004-0.006 9 Supersonic fighter, several heavy stores under-wing 0.009-0.012 10 Remotely controlled model 0.001-0.0015 Table 10.8. Wing density factor for various aircraft 8
No Aircraft Maximum load factor (n max ) 1 GA normal 2.5-3.8 2 GA utility 4.4 3 GA acrobatic 6 4 Homebuilt 2.5-5 5 Remote controlled model 1.5-2 6 Transport 3-4 7 Supersonic fighter 7-10 Table 10.9. Maximum positive load factor for various aircraft 9
No Aircraft -Tail Configuration K HT K VT 1 GA, Homebuilt - Conventional tail/canard 0.022-0.028 0.067-0.076 2 GA, Homebuilt - T-tail/H-tail 0.03-0.037 0.078-0.11 3 Transport - Conventional tail 0.02-0.04 0.04-0.06 4 Transport - T tail 0.025-0.05 0.05-0.07 5 Remotely controlled model 0.015-0.02 0.044-0.06 6 Supersonic fighter 0.06-0.08 0.12-0.15 Table 10.10. Tail density factors for various aircraft 10
No Aircraft K f 1 General Aviation, Homebuilt 0.002-0.003 2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle 0.0021-0.0026 3 Transport, cargo, airliner 0.0025-0.0032 4 Remotely controlled model 0.0015-0.0025 5 Supersonic fighter 0.006-0.009 Table 10.11. Fuselage density factor for various aircraft 11
No Aircraft K LG 1 General Aviation, Homebuilt 0.48-0.62 2 Transport, cargo, airliner 0.28-0.35 3 Supersonic fighter 0.31-0.36 4 Remotely controlled model 0.35-0.52 Table 10.12. Landing gear weight factor for various aircraft 12
No Component Type, description, details Mass (kg) 1 Seat Flight deck civil 24-28 2 Fighter pilot (ejection seat) 95-110 3 Passenger economy 13-16 4 Passenger tourist 20-28 5 Troop 4-6 6 Missile and ACM, AGM-129 1,250 7 bomb AGM-130 1,323 8 HARM, AGM-88 254 9 Harpoon, AGM-84A 530 10 Hellfire, AGM-114A 46 11 Maverick, AGM-65A 210 12 Penguin 2, AGM-119B 385 13 Sea Eagle 600 14 Sidewinder, AIM-9J 87 15 Sparrow, AIM-7F 227 16 Stinger, FIM-92 16 17 TOW, BGM-71A/B 19 18 Standard, AGM-78 615 19 SLAM, AGM-84E 630 20 Stick, yoke, Side-stick 0.1-0.2 21 wheel Stick 0.5-1 22 Yoke, wheel 1-2 23 Parachute Civil 4-6 24 Military 8-20 25 Instruments Compass, tachometer, altimeter, airspeed indicator, clock, rate of climb, bank angle indicator, accelerometer, GPS, etc. 0.3-0.7 each 26 Gyroscope (x, y, z) 0.5-2 27 Display 1-4 28 Lavatories Short-range aircraft 1. 3.13N 0 seat 29 Long-range aircraft 1. 3.5N 0 seat 30 Business jet 1. 3.7N Table 10.13. Mass of some miscellaneous components [3] 1 seat 13
No Aircraft MTOW Equipment Group AUP Instr. Nav. Avionic Hydraulic Pneumatic Electric Air cond. Anti-ice Furnish ings 1 Cessna 172 2,200-7 - 3 41 4 99 2 Cessna 210 2,900-16 - 4 60 12 116 3 Cessna 310 4,830-46 - - 121 46 154 4 Beech 760 7,650-70 158-284 49 169 5 Cessna T- 6,436-132 86 56 194 69 256 37 6 Lockheed 151,522 466 665 2,432 671 2,300 2,126 4,765 C-130 7 Gulfstream 33,600 355 97 99 235 966 755 415 I 8 Fokker F- 39,000-81 386 242 835 1,225 2,291 27 9 MD DC-8 328,000-1,271 1,551 2,196 2,398 3,144 14,335 10 MD DC- 91,500 818 719 914 714 1,663 1,476 7,408 9/10 11 Fokker F- 65,000 346 302 869 364 1,023 1,074 4,030 28 12 Airbus A- 302,000 983 377 1,726 3,701 4,923 3,642 13,161 300 13 Boeing 160,000 60 756 1,591 1,418 2,142 1,976 10,257 727-100 14 Boeing 100,400 836 625 956 837 1,066 1,416 6,643 737-200 15 Boeing 747-100 710,000 1,130 1,909 4,429 4,471 3,348 3,969 37,245 Table 10.14. Equipment weight (in lb) breakdown for several aircraft 14