Trainee Handbook. Module 1.5. Describe Oil and Gas Marketing

Trainee Handbook Module 1.5 Describe Oil and Gas Marketing Training & Development January 2012

TABLE OF CONTENTS Unit 1: Describe Hydrocarbon Production Module 1.5 Describe Oil and Gas Marketing TRAINEE HANDBOOK Information Sheets 1 Exercise A 15 Exercise B 34 Glossary 39 January 2012

Enabling Objectives 1.5.1 Given access to illustrations and diagrams, the trainee will correctly describe the marketing of oil, gas, and petrochemicals for domestic use. 1.5.2 Given access to illustrations and diagrams, the trainee will correctly describe the marketing of oil, gas, and petrochemicals for export. Terminal Objective Given access to illustrations and diagrams, the trainee will correctly describe the marketing of oil, gas, and petrochemicals products. INTRODUCTION What is marketing? Marketing is making products available that satisfy customers while making profits for the companies that supply the products. Marketing is about meeting the needs and wants of customers. Saudi Aramco produces products that are sold inkingdom and exported to world markets. In Saudi Aramco, sales and marketing activities are handled by the Crude Oil and Products Sales and Marketing Departments. These departments are responsible for the export and marketing of crude oil and refined products, and the import of refined products to meet domestic use. In addition to the headquarters in Dhahran, various subsidiaries provide international marketing services. These are: o o o Saudi Petroleum International, Inc., New York Saudi Petroleum Overseas, Ltd., London Saudi Petroleum, Ltd., Tokyo, Beijing, and Singapore Module 1.5 January 2012 1

For customers in northwestern Europe, a crude oil storage facility is located in Rotterdam. In addition, Saudi Aramco leases crude oil storage capacity in the Caribbean to service markets in the United States. What is marketed? Combustible reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light, seen as a flame. Hydrocarbons are marketed. The most common use of hydrocarbons is that of a combustible fuel source. This includes heating oil, gasoline, diesel, and propane. Natural gas products such as methane and ethane are used as fuel gas for the domestic industry. However, most propane, butane, and light naphtha are exported. Refined crude oil products such as diesel, kerosene, gasoline, jet fuel are used both in kingdom and exported. 2 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician

PART I OBJECTIVE 1.5.1 Describe the Marketing of Gas and Oil for Domestic Use FACILITIES AND PRODUCTS FOR DOMESTIC USE At the heart of domestic sales and distribution are bulk plants. Refined products distributed by bulk plants are premium gasoline, diesel, LPG, and aircraft fuels. These products must be moved from the refineries and gas plants to the bulk plants for storage and distribution. Domestic Product Movement Land Transportation (Trucks) Approximately 2,000 trucks are used to transport refined products within the kingdom. These trucks are subjected to strict safety and quality standards. Figure 1 shows trucks at a bulk plant. Figure 1 Trucks for Transporting Refined Products Module 1.5 January 2012 3

Given the impact of truck delivery on road safety and the environment, Saudi Aramco is reducing their use by constructing new pipelines. Pipelines The current pipeline network is about 20,000 kilometers. This includes links with new oil fields in central and southeast Saudi Arabia. Figure 2 shows the pipelines from Ras Tanura Refinery to Terminal South. Figure 2 RT Refinery to South Terminal Pipeline Major pipelines are the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line (Tapline), the Saudi Arabian-Bahrain Pipeline and the East-West Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) pipelines to Yanbu. Bulk Plants Bulk plants receive and store refined products for distribution to domestic markets. These products include premium gasoline, diesel, LPG, and aircraft fuels. Each plant has the following facilities: o Receiving - products are transferred into the bulk plant 4 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician

o o Storage - for received products Lifting - providing products to customers Receiving Facilities The equipment in a receiving facility depends on how products are received. Products may be received from a pipeline, truck, or ship. The quality of the product is checked before receiving. The amount of the product received is recorded. The amount is based on meter readings and tank gauging. Receiving by Pipeline The facility have incoming pipelines, distribution manifold valves, and metering stations. Operators can line up receiving tanks with incoming pipelines from the control room. A bulk plant control room is shown in figure 3. Receiving by pipeline is more economical and safer than receiving by truck. Figure 3 Bulk Plant Control Room Module 1.5 January 2012 5

Receiving by Truck The truck unloading bay is equipped with hoses, pumps, meters, filters, and piping to storage tanks. The number of bays depends on the size of the plant. In the future, pipelines will supply most bulk plants. Receiving by Ship Jizan and Duba are the only plants that receive products by ship. Coastal tankers deliver products to a single point mooring bouy or a fixed berth. Products are pumped from the tanker through a meter and into the storage tanks. Storage Facilities Each bulk plant has a tank farm for storing products. Tank farms have different sizes and numbers of fixed and floating roof tanks. Products stored and plant location determines the type and number of tanks. Figure 4 shows two gasoline storage tanks at a bulk plant. Figure 4 Bulk Plant Storage Tanks The storage area in bulk plants includes a slop (contaminated products) tank and water/foam fire fighting system. 6 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician

In some plants, pipelines connect directly to major customers. These customers are large consumers of refined products such as electrical power plants, desalination plants, and large factories. The storage facility is connected by pipes to the receiving and filling areas of the plant. In the storage facility, tanks must be gauged; product movement recorded, and the quality of the product checked. Lifting Facilities Lifting is the operation of delivering a product to a pipeline or a vessel. The equipment in a lifting facility depends on the vessel and the product type. Products are transferred from the bulk plant (lifted) by pipeline, truck, and/or train. Lifting by Pipeline This operation sends (pumps) a product to a customer, another bulk plant, or an air fueling operations (AFO) unit through a pipeline. For example, pipeline lifting aircraft fuel from the bulk plant to the AFO unit. Lifting by Truck The lifting facility includes loading bays equipped with hoses, meters, and pumps. Figure 5 shows tanker truck loading bay at a bulk plant. Figure 5 Bulk Plant Tanker Truck Loading Bay Module 1.5 January 2012 7

A tanker truck may be filled at the top or bottom. Top loading fills the vessel through a hatch at the top of the tank. Bottom loading fills the tank through hose connections at the bottom of the tank. Lifting LPG by Truck LPG is transported in pressurized storage tanker trucks. These trucks are inspected for damage and oxygen content before loading. Figure 6 shows pressurized LPG tanker trucks loading at a bulk plant. Figure 6 Loading LPG Tanker Trucks Trucks are weighed before and after loading to determine the amount of LPG lifted. Aircraft Fueling Operations Aircraft Fueling Operations (AFO) units are located at civilian airports and military air bases. The units receive, store, and dispense aircraft fuels. Some units also receive diesel fuel for trucks and power generators. 8 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician

AFO units consist of receiving areas, storage tanks, and aircraft refueling vehicles and hydrant systems. Receiving and Storing Fuels The receiving and storage procedures are similar to other bulk plants. Aircraft fuels are delivered by truck and/or pipeline. Fuel quality is important and must be checked before receiving each batch and before filling the aircraft. Fuel quality is also checked immediately after starting the fueling process. Dispensing Fuels Aircraft fueling procedures depend on the equipment available. AFO operators fuel aircraft either by trucks, or by fuel hydrant system dispensers. Fuel Trucks The operator positions the fuel truck close to the aircraft. The hoses are connected over or under the wing before starting the fueling operation. Figure 7 shows an aircraft fueled from a truck. Figure 7 Under Wing Fueling from a Truck Module 1.5 January 2012 9

Hydrant Dispensers In hydrant dispenser systems, fuel goes from storage to pressurized hydrant pits. An operator connects a hose from the hydrant pit to the dispenser truck, then from the truck to the aircraft. The truck contains filters, controls, meters, and safety equipment necessary for fueling. Figure 8 shows an operator connecting a dispenser truck hose to the aircraft. Figure 8 Connecting the Dispenser Truck Hose Natural Gas (NGL) Natural gas is processed to produce clean fuel (methane, or sales gas) and feedstock (methane, ethane, propane, butane, and natural gasoline) for petrochemical production. Methane and ethane are consumed by the Kingdom s utilities and industry: o o o o for electrical power generation, for petrochemicals (fuel gas and feedstock for producing plastics and chemicals for export), for desalination plants, and for the petroleum industry. 10 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician

The joint venture integrated refinery and petrochemical projects at Rabigh, Yanbu, Jubail, and Ras Tanura consumes additional ethane and NGL as feedstock. The sales gas system depends on oil production because associated gas is a large part of the system's feed. Sales gas is integrated into the NGL system. Therefore, any NGL component recovered reduces the availability of sales gas. Sales gas is piped to some industrial customers. This includes power generation, desalination, and petrochemical plants. Ju aymah has a depentanizer column and associated storage, vessels, pumps, meters, and controls necessary to transfer a stream of C 6 + to petrochemical customers in Jubail. The LPG storage tanks are shown in figure 9. Figure 9 LPG Storage at Ju aymah Gas Plant Propane is used as petrochemical feedstock for Jubail and Yanbu industrial cities. The excess is exported. Butane is used as domestic petrochemical feedstock. It is also exported as a liquid. Module 1.5 January 2012 11

NGL products are used to produce more than 50 petrochemical products and are sold to more than 100 countries worldwide. Electrical Power Generation Saudi Aramco provides for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical power. The power generation systems are interconnected to Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) and Marafiq. Marafiq provides utility services to industrial, commercial, and residential customers in Jubail and Yanbu industrial cities. Electrical Power Generation Some facilities and plants generate their own electrical power. These plants use either steam or combustion turbines to produce the mechanical power to drive generators that produces electricity. Saudi Aramco started installing cogeneration plants to conserve energy. Cogeneration is the simultaneous production of electrical energy and thermal energy (heat or steam) from the same fuel source. This process use heat recovered from the exhaust of a gas turbine to produce steam to drive a steam turbine. Sulfur Recovery Sulfur recovery converts H 2 S from the feed gas stream into elemental and liquid sulfur. Sulfur produced in the recovery train is drained from various points to a sulfur pit. Molten sulfur is 12 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician

pumped to storage and then trucked to Berri Gas Plant. Sulfur is then pumped in heat-traced lines to Jubail where it is made into solid pellets for domestic and export sales. Figure 10 shows solid sulfur. Figure 10 Solid Sulfur Sulfur is pale yellow, odorless, brittle solid, which is insoluble in water. Sulfur is most commonly used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid. Major uses of sulfuric acid include lead-acid batteries for vehicles, ore processing, fertilizer manufacturing, oil refining, and wastewater processing. The industrial uses of sulfur include the manufacture of adhesives, animal feed, cement, explosives, glass, matches, and inorganic chemicals. It is also used in the manufacture of natural rubber, steel, and sulfur dioxide. Module 1.5 January 2012 13

These are some uses of sulfur, there are many more. Sulfur is considered essential for life but it tends to get toxic if used excessively. This completes the information for Part I. If you have any questions, ask the instructor. 14 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician

EXERCISE A Directions: Answer the following questions or complete the statements by circling the correct response. 1. What are bulk plants? a. Facilities where BULK is made and exported. b. Facilities where products are received and stored for domestic distribution. c. International export terminals. d. Facilities that fuel aircrafts. 2. What is used to transport LPG over roads and highways? a. Air-conditioned tanker trucks. b. Pressurized rail cars. c. Pressurized storage tanker ships. d. Pressurized storage tanker trucks. 3. Aircraft fuels are delivered to the AFO units by truck and/or pipeline from. a. bulk plants b. Aircraft Fuel Production Unit at Ras Tanura Refinery c. first cut kerosene d. Aircraft Fuel Production Unit at Dhahran Module 1.5 January 2012 15

4. In domestic applications, natural gas is processed to produce clean fuel and feedstock for. a. petrochemical production b. gasoline production c. white diesel production d. Jet fuel A 5. What is cogeneration in power generation? a. The generation of 230 kv, 115 kv, and 69 kv simultaneous. b. The generation and distribution of 4.16 kv, 13.8 kv, and 34.5 kv. c. The simultaneous production of electrical energy and thermal energy from the same fuel source. d. The production of electrical energy first, then thermal energy. 6. Sulfur recovery plants convert into molten sulfur. a. Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S) b. sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) c. sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) d. magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ) from natural gas and crude oil 16 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician

7. Power plants use either steam or combustion turbines to provide the mechanical power to. a. be more energy efficient b. booster pumps c. rotating turbine blades d. electrical generators 8. The sales gas and NGL systems are integrated; any NGL component recovered reduces the availability of. a. butane and propane for export b. sales gas c. Epson Salts d. Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S) Module 1.5 January 2012 17

SUMMARY In this part, you learned that marketing is an activity that results in making products available that satisfy customers while making profits for the companies that offer those products and that marketing is about meeting the needs and wants of customers. You also learned that the heart of domestic distribution is bulk plants and that products must be moved from the refineries and gas plants to the bulk plants for domestic distribution. You learned that bulk plants receive products by pipelines, trucks, and ships. Then store the products for distribution throughout the kingdom. You also learned that the products handled by bulk plants include premium gasoline, diesel, kerosene, LPG, aircraft fuels, and others. This completes Part I, if you have any questions, ask the instructor. 18 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician

PART II OBJECTIVE 1.5.2 Describe the Marketing of Oil, Gas, and Petrochemicals for Export The heart of international sales and distribution are the terminals located on the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea. However, products must be moved from the refineries and gas plants to the tank farms and terminals for worldwide distribution. This movement is normally done through pipelines. Shipping accounts for almost all exports. Tank farms and shipping terminals supply crude oil, natural gas liquid (NGL), and refined products to customers around the world. Every year, more than 3,000 tankers call at Ras Tanura and Ju'aymah on the Arabian Gulf, and at Yanbu, Jeddah, and Rabigh on the Red Sea. The terminals service more than 10 tankers per day. EXPORT PRODUCTS Crude Oil Saudi Aramco has one of the world's largest fleets of crude carriers. Vela International Marine Limited, Saudi Aramco s shipping subsidiary, was established in 1984 with four ships. In 2008, Vela s fleet of 23 Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCCs). Figure 11 shows the Vela Marine tanker Libra Star moored and loading at a single point buoy. Module 1.5 January 2012 19

Figure 11 Vela Marine Tanker Libra Star at a Single Point Mooring Buoy NGL (Natural Gas Liquid) Products NGL terminals export liquefied propane (C 3 ) and liquefied butane (C 4 ). Yanbu and Ras Tanura terminals also export light naphtha (C 5 +). Light naphtha is a liquid under normal atmospheric conditions and does not require refrigeration. Refined Sales Products Sales products are materials such as naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, fuel and diesel oils, and asphalt that are sold directly to customers. Naphtha and Gasoline Two grades of naphtha, light (A305) and whole (A310), and gasoline are produced for sales. 20 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician

Kerosene and Jet Fuel Kerosene is sweetened and then sold as heating fuel. Sweetened kerosene is also the main component of Jet-A1 fuel. An icing inhibitor and anti-corrosion chemicals are blended with kerosene to produce jet fuel. Jet fuel is used in jet and turbine engines. Fuel Oil Fuel oil is very heavy with an API gravity of approximately 38. It is blended with a thinning agent to reduce viscosity. Fuel oil is used in industrial furnaces and boilers. Diesel Oil There are several types of diesel oil. Saudi Aramco produces and sells only white diesel oil. White diesel is lighter (approximately 40 API gravity) than black diesel (approximately 32 API gravity). Asphalt Asphalt consists of the heaviest hydrocarbons. It has approximately 3 API gravity. Reduced crude is heated to approximately 730 740 F and input to a vacuum column. In vacuum columns, lighter hydrocarbons boil off leaving only the heaviest residuum or pitch in the bottoms. This bottoms stream is used to produce asphalt. EXPORT FACILITIES (TERMINALS) Export facilities consist of terminals and all of its support installations. Module 1.5 January 2012 21

Each terminal has the following facilities: o o o o Tank farms for storing crude or refined products. Incoming lines for receiving crude oil or refined products into storage. Loading systems for pumping crude and refined products from the tank farm to the loading area. Piers, sea islands, or mooring stations for loading tankers. Tank Farms A tank farm is a group of storage tanks located in one area. The terminal tank farms store crude oil and/or refined products for sales. Figure 12 shows the tank farm at Ras Tanura. Figure 12 Ras Tanura Tank Farm Every tank farm has an extensive piping system and pumps. The piping system use motor operated control valves to line up piping to different tanks. 22 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician

Incoming Lines The incoming lines, called T-lines (Terminal lines), bring stabilized crude oil or refined products to the tank farm. Crude lines come to the Eastern Province tank farms from Safaniya, Abqaiq, Khurisaniya, Berri, and the Ras Tanura Refinery. The Yanbu tank farm receives crude oil from Abqaiq through the East-West Pipeline. The Ras Tanura South Tank Farm stores refined products such as gasoline, naphtha, fuel oil, white diesel, kerosene, and jet fuel. Fuel oil for refueling tankers is stored at other tank farms. Figure 13 shows a typical terminal facility. LOADING SYSTEMS LOADING AREA SHIPPING PUMPS TANK BOOSTER PUMPS TANK INCOMING LINES TANK TANK Figure 13 Typical Terminal Facility The tank farm storage area receives crude from incoming T-lines. From the tank, crude is sent to a tanker at a pier, Sea Island, or mooring station through a crude loading system. Module 1.5 January 2012 23

Incoming lines bring the refined products into the tank farms from the Ras Tanura or Yanbu Refineries. Loading Systems Loading systems are used to move crude oil or refined products from the tank farm to a tanker at the loading area. The loading system consists of: o o pipelines, which connects the tank farm to the loading area shipping pumps, which moves the product through the pipeline Shipping Pumps Some loading areas are located several miles from the tank farm. High capacity shipping pumps are required to move a large volume of crude or product at a high flow rate. Each loading system has one or two shipping pumps. High capacity shipping pumps have high minimum suction pressures. Figure 14 shows typical shipping pumps. Figure 14 Typical Shipping Pumps 24 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician

Booster Pumps Booster pumps move the product under pressure to the suction of the shipping pumps. Different booster pumps can be lined up to the shipping pump. Booster pumps pressurize crude oil from the storage tanks and provide high suction pressure to the shipping pump. Booster pumps alone are used for low loading flow rates. Figure 15 shows a typical booster pump. Most loading systems for refined products do not use booster pumps. The capacities of these systems are small. The head pressure from the storage tank provides enough suction for smaller shipping pumps. Figure 15 Typical Booster Pump Mooring Stations, Piers, and Sea Islands (Loading Areas) Mooring stations, piers, and Sea Islands (loading areas) are where tankers receive crude or products from the loading systems. There are facilities to connect the tanker to the loading system. Most loading areas also have facilities for metering sales products. Mooring Stations At the Ju'aymah Terminal, tankers load at special mooring buoys several miles offshore. A mooring buoy is a large anchored float used to keep one end of a mooring cable or chain on the water's surface so that ships can tie on to it. Figure 16 shows a mooring buoy. Module 1.5 January 2012 25

Figure 16 Mooring Buoy Figure 17 shows a tank tied up to a mooring buoy. Figure 17 Tank Loading at a Mooring Buoy 26 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician

Piers Some loading areas are on piers connected to the shore. This is shown in figure 18. Figure 18 Loading Pier Module 1.5 January 2012 27

Sea Islands The Sea Islands provide offshore berths for loading tankers. Figure 19 shows a Sea Island with tankers loading. Figure 19 Tankers Loading at Ras Tanura Sea Islands Products Loaded A list of products loaded at the various terminals is shown in figure 20. OIL TERMINAL CRUDE OIL NAPHTHA DIESEL OIL FUEL OIL GASOLINE RAS TANURA JUAYMAH YANBU Figure 20 Products Loaded at Various Oil Terminals 28 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician

Loading Methods Loading operations at any terminal involves the same basic procedures: o o o o The tanker must be moored at the loading area. The loading system must be connected to the tanker manifold. A storage tank is selected that contains the product to be loaded. The operator lines up the tank to the loading system. There are two methods for connecting the loading system to the tanker, loading arms, and loading hoses. Module 1.5 January 2012 29

Loading Arms North Pier, Sea Islands, and Yanbu oil terminals all use loading arms. The loading arm adjusts to the water level as it changes with the tide or as the tanker gets lower in the water as it fills. Loading arms at Ras Tanura Sea Island are shown in figure 21. Figure 21 Loading Arms 30 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician

Loading Hoses The South Pier and Ju'aymah Offshore facilities use loading hoses. Loading booms lift the loading hoses from the pier to the tankers. Figure 22 shows loading hoses. Figure 22 Loading Hoses The hoses are flexible and move up or down with a tanker. When the hose is connected to the tanker's manifold, the loading boom supports it. The loading booms remove the hoses from the tanker after loading. Module 1.5 January 2012 31

At Ju'aymah, tankers load crude oil from single point moorings (SPMs). A loading hose connects the SPM to the tanker. The loading hose floats on the water when not in use. This is shown in figure 23. Figure 23 Single Point Mooring Buoy and Floating Hoses The tanker's derrick lifts the hose out of the water for connection to the loading manifold. The derrick also supports the hose during loading. Tank Gauging and Metering Terminals are at the end of the Saudi Aramco petroleum system. They deliver hydrocarbon 32 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician

products for sales and export. During every loading operation, the amount of product delivered must be accurately measured. Saudi Aramco terminals use metering systems and tank gauging to measure product delivery. Most terminal loading areas have royalty meters. These meters are located close to the tanker berths. Crude and product pass through the meters on their way to the tanker. The royalty meters accurately measure the amount of product that flows into tankers through each loading system. The temperature of the sales product is also measured. Remember, the volume of a liquid will expand or contract with changes in temperature. Therefore, the meter readings must be corrected for product temperature in order to determine the exact quantity loaded. In some crude loading systems, tank level is hand gauged before and after loading. Tank temperature is also recorded before loading. Figure 24 shows a tank being hand gauged. From the difference between tank gauge readings, the exact amount of crude delivered can be calculated. There is a special conversion chart, called a strapping sheet, for each tank. The strapping sheet shows the actual volume of the tank, in barrels, for each inch of liquid level. This completes the information for this module. If you have any questions, ask the instructor. Figure 24 Hand Gauging a Tank Module 1.5 January 2012 33

EXERCISE B Directions: Answer the following questions or complete the statements by circling the correct response. 1. Kerosene is sweetened and then sold as. a. a fuel for heating b. jet fuel A1 c. white diesel additive d. petrochemical feedstock 2. The tank farm storage area receives crude from. a. makes it thinner b. the tap line c. the port of Bahrain d. incoming T-lines 3. Terminal loading systems are used to move crude oil or refined products from the tank farm to. a. trucks b. ships c. rail cars d. pressurized tanker trucks 34 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician

4. At Ju'aymah terminal, tankers load crude oil from. a. loading arms b. the South Pier c. single point moorings (SPMs) d. the North Pier 5. The gasoline blending process is precisely controlled to ensure that the product meets. a. specifications b. expiration dates c. an approximate 3 API gravity d. an approximate 32 API gravity 6. Terminals, which are at the end of the Saudi Aramco petroleum system, deliver hydrocarbon products for. a. hand gauging b. sales and export c. Bulk Plant and domestic operations only d. Bulk Plant and AFO operations Module 1.5 January 2012 35

7. During every loading operation, the amount of product delivered must be. a. accurately measured b. radar gauged c. Bulk Plant and domestic operations only d. Bulk Plant and AFO operations 36 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician

SUMMARY In this part, you learned shipping accounts for almost all exports and that Saudi Aramco has one of the world's largest fleets of crude carriers and operates terminals which service more than 10 tankers per day. You also learned that tank farms and shipping terminals supply crude oil, natural gas liquids (NGL), and refined products to customers around the world. NGL terminals export liquefied propane (C 3 ) and liquefied butane (C 4 ) and refined sales products are the fuels and materials such as naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, fuel and diesel oils, and asphalt. You learned that terminals are at the end of the Saudi Aramco petroleum system and that they deliver hydrocarbon products for sales and export. During every loading operation, the amount of product delivered must be accurately measured and that Saudi Aramco uses metering systems or tank gauging to measure product delivery. This completes Part II, if you have any questions, ask the instructor. Module 1.5 January 2012 37

38 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician

GLOSSARY Asphalt A brownish black solid or semisolid substance made from petroleum and used to surface a roadway, sidewalk, or other areas. Berth A place, usually alongside a pier or dock, where a ship ties up or anchors. Bulk The greater part of something. Buoy A large anchored float, often equipped with lights or bells, that serves as a guide or warning to ships. Cogeneration The production of two types of energy such as heat or electricity from one source in such a way that both are usable, instead of one being treated as waste energy. Domestic Products produced, distributed, sold, or occurring within a country. Facility Something designed or created to provide a service or fulfill a need. Mooring 1. A place where a boat, ship, or aircraft can be secured. 2. A cable, chain, or rope used to stop a boat, ship, or aircraft from drifting away. Royalty Meters Special government meters used to measure the exact amount of oil or product delivered to a customer. Petrochemicals A substance derived from petroleum or natural gas, such as gasoline or paraffin. Pipeline A pipe or system of pipes designed to carry something such as oil, natural gas, or other petroleum-based products over long distances, often underground. Tanker A ship, truck, or airplane designed to carry large quantities of liquid or gas. Vessels 1. A ship or large boat. 2. A hollow receptacle, especially one that is used as a container for liquids. Marketing The business activity of presenting products or services in such a way as to make them desirable. Module 1.5 January 2012 39

40 January 2012 Process Control Systems Technician