Smart Grid and its Role in Reducing Peak Demand and Improving Electricity Delivery Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference IEEE Power & Energy Society 14-16 November 2011, Perth, Australia Keynote by Prof. Saifur Rahman Smarter Grid for Sustainable and Affordable Energy Future 1
Smart Grid Projects in the United States www.sgiclearinghouse.org Deployment of Smart Grid What was done? How was it done? But why was it done? We do not really know 2
How do we then jus?fy the investment in Smart Grid? What can the Smart Grid do for us? Smart meter is just the beginning of a smart grid Two- way communica?on allows customer par?cipa?on 3
There are bigger problems to solve using the Smart Grid than just remote meter reading Load Dura?on Curve Dominion Virginia Power (2010) Probability that peak loads exceed 16,000 MW is only 5% of the time Peak load of 19,140 MW 3,140 MW or 16.5% of peak load 4
Peak load and its duration In the US 20% of the load happens 5% of the?me In Australia 15% of the load happens 2.5 days in a year or less than 1% of the?me In Egypt 15% of the load happens 1% of the?me Potential Savings from Peak Load Reduction US has an installed genera?on capacity of 1,000,000 megawavs 20% or 200,000 megawavs of genera?on capacity and associated transmission and distribu?on assets are worth over 300 billion dollars 5
Impact of Peak Load Hourly Loads as Frac?on of Peak, Sorted from Highest to Lowest >25% of distribu?on and >10% of genera?on assets are needed less than 5% of the?me ($100s of billions of investments) Source: US Dept of Energy Achieving Peak Demand Reduc?on Requires a Smart Grid & Dynamic Pricing 6
Peak Load Reduc?on in the US Source: FERC 14 7
11/22/11 Changing Landscape for the Electric Utility 15 Issues with Distributed Energy Resources Wind and solar are intermivent Electric vehicle charging load is random Electric vehicle may supply power back to the grid (V2G) 8
Wind Energy Off-shore Wind turbines, Blyth, U.K. 1 7 PJM Load vs Actual Wind Output (A peak day in June, 06/08/2011)!"#$3)4($1#%2$!&*#'###!!!&"#'###!!!&,#'###!!!&(#'###!!!&)#'###!!!&&#'###!!!&##'###!!!%#'###!!!+#'###!!!)'"##!!!)'(##!!!)'&##!!!&'%##!!!&'$##!!!&'"##!!!&'(##!!!&'&##!!!%##!!!"#$%&'($!)*+,$-./0./$1#%2$!$#'###!! -./!0123!4!2!-526!728!9:!.;:5!)#&&!!$##!! <9:3!-1=5>!?;@A;@!!*#'###!!!"##!! &! )! (!,! "! *! $! +! %! &#! &&! &)! &(! &,! &"! &*! &$! &+! &%! )#! )&! ))! )(! ),! 5&6+$17).,2$ Data source: http://www.pjm.com/markets-and-operations/ops-analysis.aspx 9
PJM Load vs Actual Wind Output (A peak day in June, 07/22/2011)!(&$)$$$!!!()'$$!!!"#$3)4($1#%2$!(-$)$$$!!!(%$)$$$!!!(,$)$$$!!!(#$)$$$!!!(($)$$$!!!($$)$$$!!!+$)$$$!!!'$)$$$!!!*$)$$$!!!&$)$$$!!./0!1234!"!3!.536!738!9:!/;<8!#$((! =9:4!.2>5?!@;AB;A! (! #!,! %! -! &! *! '! +! ($! ((! (#! (,! (%! (-! (&! (*! ('! (+! #$! #(! ##! #,! #%! 5&6+$17).,2$!()&$$!!!()%$$!!!()#$$!!!()$$$!!!'$$!!!&$$!!!%$$!!!#$$!!!"!!!!!"#$%&'($!)*+,$-./0./$1#%2$ Data source: http://www.pjm.com/markets-and-operations/ops-analysis.aspx ERCOT (Texas) Load vs Actual Wind Output (10/11/2011-10/18/2011) Data source: http://www.ercot.com/gridinfo/generation/windintegration/ 10
ERCOT (Texas) Load vs Actual Wind Output (08/17/2011-08/24/2011) Data source: http://www.ercot.com/gridinfo/generation/windintegration/ Wind output can drop 43.7 MW in 1 minute for a single 150-MW wind farm Source: NREL 22 11
Wind output can drop 113 MW in 10 minutes, and increase 106 MW in 10 minutes Source: NREL 23 Solar Energy 600 kw grid-connected PV plant in Thailand 2 4 12
500 7- Day Solar PV Output (Watts) Location: Manhattan, KS 400 Solar PV Output (Wa5s) 300 200 100 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 700 7- Day Solar PV Output (Watts) Location: Blacksburg, VA 600 Solar PV Output (Wa5) 500 400 300 200 100 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 13
A 24- hour Solar PV Output (kw) Location: Blacksburg, VA Month: October 75% drop in kw output in 10 minutes A 24- hour Solar PV Output (kw) Location: Blacksburg, VA Month: September 95% increase in kw output in 10 minutes 14
A 24- hour Solar PV Output (kw) Location: Manhattan, KS Month: April 80% drop and increase in kw output in 5 minutes Electric Vehicle Penetration Forecast Electric Vehicles (EV) will take a greater share in a personal automobile market. Building Building Building Challenges to distribu?on networks Source: EV Report 2009. hvp://hiedge.co.jp/ wordpress/?page_id=18 30 15
Aggregated Circuit Load Residential: - 780 customers - 200 EVs Quick charge: 240V/15A Normal charge: 120V/15A Defining demand response US FERC* Demand response: A reduction in the consumption of electric energy by customers from their expected consumption in response to an increase in the price of electric energy, or to incentive payments designed to induce lower consumption of electric energy This is different from Demand Side Management (DSM) where the load is controlled by the electric utility and the customer has no control beyond the initial consent. * Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 16
Some major benefits of DR are: q Saving in generation investment, deferring T&D upgrades q Energy efficiency q Facilitating renewable energy integration q Better equipment use (e.g. increase in load factor) q DR and Smart Grid: Smart Grid technologies (e.g. smart meter) facilitate DR Potential (FERC): Why demand response? Benefits & potential q Existing DR capability: Can reduce 4% of US peak demand (810,000 MW in 2009) q DR could shave about 32,000 MW off US peak load in 2010 q Based on current industry best practices: 9% US electricity demand can be saved q With improved DR: peak shaving could reach 14-20% of the peak PJM 13- Month Wind Generation Source: PJM wind power statistics, 2011 34 17
13700 MW Peak Saving w/ DR 10700 MW Peak Saving 22500 MW Peak Saving w/ DR 16700 MW Peak Saving Wind Power Output 34250 MW 18
11/22/11 How can the Smart Grid Help? Peak load reduction, generator efficiency improvements and DER integration are major benefits of the smart grid Load control at the customer level can provide significant peak load reductions How to incentivize the customer? 37 Smart Grid Definition According to United States Department of Energy s modern grid initiative, an intelligent or a smart grid integrates advanced sensing technologies, control methods and integrated communications into the current electricity grid. 38 19
Remote detection sensors everywhere Central and distributed analysis Correction of disturbances on the grid Optimizes grid assets Distribution Automation Customer Outage Detection Smart Grid AMI Capability+ Remote Leverage data to understand system performance better TFTN Hourly Self Healing Remote Meter Enable use of renewable resources Reads Enable electrification of transportation Customer Voltage Measurement AMI AMR Capability+ AMR Automated Meter Reads Theft ID Remote Meter Programming Price Signals sent to Customer New Rate Design Load Control 3 9 Source: EnerNex Starting and End Points of a Smart Grid From Generator to Refrigerator Power Plant Transmission Distribution Home Business End-use Appliances 20
Electric Power & Communication Infrastructures 1.Power Infrastructure Data network Users Central Generating Station Step-Up Transformer 2. Information Infrastructure Control Center Distribution Substation Gas Turbine Receiving Station Distribution Substation Recip Engine Microturbine Distribution Substation Photo voltaics Residential Data Concentrator Recip Engine Fuel cell Commercial Cogeneration Batteries Flywheel Residential Industrial Commercial Source: EPRI 41 PG&E Smart Grid Vision Today s Grid Future Grid Source: Andrew Tang, PG&E s Smart Grid Vision, April 29 2008. Online [Available]: http://www.energy.ca.gov/load_management/documents/2008-04-29_workshop/presentations/6%20%28pg&e%29%20- %20CEC%20SmartGrid%20workshop%20042908%20v1.pdf 21
Building Blocks of the Smart Grid Saifur Rahman Thank you Prof. Saifur Rahman www.saifurrahman.org 22