International Electric Car conference 2010 1 Electrical Vehicles
Reflection There is a future And talking about this future is the only way to shape her Alan Kay said in 1971: The best way to predict the future is to invent it http://www.smalltalk.org/alankay.html Electrical Vehicles
Electrical Vehicles André Postma Groningen Electrical Vehicles
Introducing Enexis independent DSO Netherlands Electricity 2,6 million customers 130,000 km MV / LV 51,000 transformer stations 22 min loss of load per year Gas 1,8 million customers 41,000 km high and low pressure 25,000 stations Electrical Vehicles
DSR and LOAD CONTROL One of the theme's in commercialising the Smart Grids is DSR and load control. The most mentioned reason is the possibility for peak shaving (for economical reasons such as increasing the efficiency of (coal fired) power plants) Normally this is only working for high voltage grids and high level production Electrical Vehicles
6 Electrical Vehicles Is this realistic?
DSR and LOAD CONTROL There are so many more interesting reasons to use load control. Working on HV as well as MV and LV grids. Congestion and disturbance management Load shape management (preventing overload) Balance keeping also on local area Implementing central and de-central RES Power quality improvement Reducing energy losses Reducing unnecessary investments Reducing ecological footprint (of the whole chain) And the interested parties will have: different and even opposite interests!! And they have different requirements. 7 Electrical Vehicles
opposite interests General assumptions model demand price price demand But also demand overcapacity price 8 Electrical Vehicles
opposite interests example Opposite interests If more energy available price demand congestion demand More energy available Positive feedback overcapacity Unstable system 9 Electrical Vehicles
Different requirements Example response time Congestion management Disturbance/calamity management (virtual N-1) Load shape management (preventing overload) Balance keeping (also on local area MV and LV) Implementing central and de-central RES Power quality improvement Reducing energy losses Preventing unnecessary investments minutes seconds minutes quarters minutes hours seconds hours days. months months.years 10 Electrical Vehicles
LOAD CONTROL For realistic and effective load control we need flexibility and security Flexibility in three degrees of freedom: Power Energy Time ability for increasing or decreasing power supply more or less energy supply energy earlier or later Security There must be a high degree of availability of the load control. The system have to relay on the controllability at all times Smart charging supplies the flexibility and security in all three degrees of freedom and in large amounts 11 Electrical Vehicles
Smart charging What is it? Smart charging is a controlled way of battery charging where the external control signal has direct influence on the charging speed with a response time of seconds. The battery may be installed in a (PH)EV or somewhere stationary The charging speed of an EV can be tuned external somewhere between 0% and 100% of the maximum capacity of the charger. Anywhere, anytime whenever the car is connected tot the grid. 12 Electrical Vehicles
Smart charging What do you (basic) need in a car A battery (large enough for 3 á 4 times the daily energy needs) A remote controllable charger (mode 3 will be sufficient) A user interface (contains among others the mobile charge contract of the customer) A metering device for SOC battery (State Of Charge) A identification unit A communication unit 13 Electrical Vehicles
Smart charging How does it look in the car 1 or 3 phase charger 0-16A 32A ID Unit Control Unit Metering Device Communication system Communication Unit User Interface 14 Electrical Vehicles
Smart charging How does it look in the grid 15 Electrical Vehicles
Smart charging How does it look in the grid MV Cable Ringmainunit MV/LV transformer LV-board EVSE EVSE LGLD Local controller AGLD Area controller Possibility for stationery battery 16 Electrical Vehicles
Smart charging Demand Actual control diagram Green = transformer load Black = load curve Transformer load Controled charge pattern 17 Electrical Vehicles
Smart charging Technology is the easy part But what about the market Because of the interest of many parties there are many remaining questions 18 Electrical Vehicles
Smart charging Some questions a. Who are the involved parties b. Who controls finally the button c. Who takes the decisions d. Who is finally responsible e. How can we make it attractive for the customer f. How do we settle the interests g.. 19 Electrical Vehicles
Some aggregators How are the relations Existing NEW situation Producer Balance keeper 3 e party Trader TSO customers DSO Retailer 20 Electrical Vehicles
Smart charging Role model in practice Source ETSO 21 Electrical Vehicles
Price control? Proposition! Direct real time price control with the end user will not work. Main reasons Price differences are much to small and even decreasing Time constant of the interested party and customer are to a high degree dissimilar The customer does not want energy but only comfort. The price of inconveniences will be very high 22 Electrical Vehicles
Smart charging Dutch initiative energy sector All the independent DSO s and most utilities. Investigated market models which facilitates smart charging of EV s investigation carried out by Accenture 23 Electrical Vehicles
(De)Central government DSO Customer (EV) Measurement responsible Charge spot operator Program responsible Energy supplier retailer Owner charge spot Some Existing parties New market parties for EV 24 Electrical Vehicles
De central government DSO Customer (EV) Measurement responsible Charge spot operator Program responsible Energy supplier Charge Service Provider Owner charge spot Existing market New market parties for EV 25 Electrical Vehicles
Charge service provider Main roles: Is intermediary between customer and Market. Supplies clarity between all parties Charge Service Provider Supplies (flexible) contract with the customer Supplies contract based market functions with several parties 26 Electrical Vehicles
Proposed market model (Overview) 2015-20 Production Balancing Retail E TSO / DSO E Metering E Charge spot spot Operator Electric Transportation charging market E ID ID check Consumer Mobility Mobility Service Service Provider Provider Periodic settlement Electricity market Back-end services E.g.: clearing and settlement 27 Electrical Vehicles
Real time Charge control by DSO De central government DSO Customer (EV) Measurement responsible DSO combines the : Contract Program information responsible Charge wishes Local load data Local balancing data Energy supplier Charge spot operator Flexeble contract Charge service provider (CSP) Example Owner charge spot New roles and responsibilities Real time Charge Several wishes and specific contract information contracts 28 Electrical Vehicles
New possible role DSO (Maybe only) the DSO has the capability to combine all the different control wishes for all grid levels, LV, MV and HV: Preventing overload Load control for calamity management Load balancing Congestion management And others. 29 Electrical Vehicles
Other stakeholders Some aggregators Producer Balance keeper 3 e party Trader TSO Example Use smart charging for balance keeping Special contracts with DSO (CSP). customers DSO Retailer 30 Electrical Vehicles
Real time Charge control by DSO DSO Customer (EV) DSO combines the : Contract information Charge wishes Local load data Local balancing data Demand wishes Charge spot operator Flexeble contract Charge service provider Balance keeper Real time Demand wishes Real time Charge wishes and contract information 31 Electrical Vehicles
Overview Mobile Smart Grid solution Pricing system for controllable loads Prognosis controllable load Commercial energy party: GLGD Progn Gcorr MSG-balance HV-grid: AGLD Eflow Progn Lmax Eflow MSG-balance MV-grid: AGLD Progn Lmax Eflow MSG-balance, load management, calamity control, Forecast of production B+L and demand MS/LV-grid: LGLD Progn Lcorr Lmax Eflow Residential MSG-balance: PGLD Lcorr Progn Progn Lcorr Lmax L Lcorr Electric heaters and heatpumps Lmax L Storage capacity (electric vehicle) Legend P = production per grid C = capacity per grid B = un-controllable load per grid L = controllable load per grid L = additional controllable load Lmax = P+C-B per grid (signal) Progn = B+L-P per grid (signal) Eflow = B+L-P per grid Gcorr = Global correction signal which determines (interactively) the optimal load pattern Lcorr = Local correction signal which determines (interactively) the optimal load pattern Heart of the Mobile Smart Grid Prognosis of decentralized generation and of controllable and of un-controllable load Battery State of Charge (SoC) Mobility needs Terms of contract 32 Electrical Vehicles
Demonstration project Smart Charging Pilot project overview interface CSP CC Grid capacity Charge plan interface Transformer stations DSO 1 LC DSO 1 LC DSO 1 LC DSO 2 LC Charge spots Operator 1 Operator 1 Operator 1 Operator 2 Operator 2 Operator 2 Operator 2 33 Electrical Vehicles
Smart Charging Proces CSP CSP trigger: Charge need 1. Determine charge plan EV & battery status 2. Determine EV & battery status Feedback on charge plan* Charge plan DSO Capacity request 3. Check charge plan with grid- & energy constraints Continuous smart charge signal 5. Charge EV trigger: Malfunction / sudden overload grid DSO 4. Determine grid- & energy constraints Grid- & energy constraints * Feedback on charge plan, 3 possibilities: 1. Confirmation charge plan 2. Planned charge plan not possible, grid constraints within which charging is possible 3. Due to instant grid constraints current charge plan not possible, constraints within charge plan has to be adapted 34 Electrical Vehicles
Project Phasing: phase 1 Manual interface CC CSP Transformer station DSO Charge spots LC Charge plan interface Feedback on charge plan 35 Electrical Vehicles Operator 2 Steps to be taken in Phase 1: Connect charge spot (CS) to local controller (LC) in a transformer station. Set up CSP control center. Develop user profiles and use case scenario s DSO would like to see. i.e: morning, evening, heavy user, fixed/flexible user etc. Manual interfaces with the cars will be setup to simulate these profiles and scenario s. Create a (manual) interface between CSP CC and DSO LC to exchange charge plans and grid capacity. Next phases: the interfaces will be extended/ automated and scenario s replaced by realtime information. The number of and variety CS s and cars will rise. Multiple LC s will be installed and another DSO will be involved.
Smart charging The creation of an open market where all necessities will be supported is the big challenge where we will be confronted with in the near future. 36 Electrical Vehicles
Thank you for your attention 37 Electrical Vehicles