Toshiyuki Seko General Manager Research Planning and Administration Div. Japan Automobile Research Institute

1st. Asia Automobile Institute Summit 26-27 November 2012, Tokyo On the Road to Sustainable Mobility in Asia Toshiyuki Seko General Manager Research Planning and Administration Div. Japan Automobile Research Institute 1

Major Issues for Sustainable Mobility Achieving Greater Road Safety Addressing Climate Change (CO2 Emissions Reduction) Improving Air Quality Reducing Automobile-Emitted Noise Vehicle Recycling and Waste Reduction 2

Status of Road Accidents in Japan (Road Accidents / Injuries / Fatalities) Accidents Injuries (Number of persons) 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 20,000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year Road Fatalities(Number of persons) 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year Source: National Police Agency 4

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Road Fatalities per 100,000 Population in 2010 10.2 10.611.1 11.3 Japan 7.4 7.6 8.6 8.8 8.8 4.2 4.2 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.7 6.1 6.4 6.4 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.8 5.1 5.4 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.6 Source: Road Safety Annual Report 2011 5 Iceland Sweden United Kingdom Netherlands Norway Switzerland Japan Germany Denmark Ireland Finland Spain Australia France Luxembourg Canada(2009) Austria Slovenia Italy Hungary Czech Republic New Zealand Portugal Belgium(2009) Poland Uniited States Greece Korea

Vehicle Safety Features in Recent Years Active Safety Collision-mitigation braking system Approaching vehicle warning Inter-vehicle distance warning Adaptive cruise control Lane-keeping assist Blind-corner monitoring Night vision monitoring Navigator-based gearshift control Adaptive front-lighting system Park assist Passive Safety Automatic pop-up hood Pre-crash seatbelt Active head restraints Curtain airbags Pedestrian protection vehicle design ISOFIX anchorages Advanced compatibility vehicle structure Rollover curtain airbags Knee airbags Motorcycle airbags 6

Road Safety Targets & Eight Major Activities in Japan Japan's Road Safety Targets To reduce the annual number of road fatalities (occurring within 24 hours post-accident) to below 3,000 by 2015, and thus to make Japan's roads the safest in the world. To reduce the total annual number of road fatalities (occurring within 24 hours post-accident) and injuries to below 700,000 by 2015. Eight Major Road Safety Activities in Japan 1. Road infrastructure improvements 2. Promotion of safe driving 3. Enforcement of road traffic laws 4. Provision of fair compensation for road accident victims 5. Road safety public awareness campaigns 6. Enhancement of vehicle safety 7. Reinforcement of emergency rescue operations infrastructure 8. Promotion of road safety research and analysis 7

Trends in Environment / Energy Issues Now Energy Renewable Energy Scale of Iss sue Global Warming Air Quality CO2 Reduction Reduction of Exhaust Emission (NOx, HC, PM, etc) Time 9

Climate Change Improving Vehicle Fuel Efficiency In-Use Status of Alternative-Energy/Next-Generation and Fuel-Efficient Vehicles Improving Traffic Flow 10

20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 Improving Vehicle Fuel Efficiency in Japan Average Fuel Efficiency of Domestic New Gasoline-Powered Passenger Cars Average Fuel Efficiency 16.9 15.4 15.5 16 16.2 14.9 15.1 14.3 13.8 13.5 13.1 12.4 12.6 In km/l 18.7 18.1 2010 Target 14.4 10 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Fiscal Year Source: Japan Automobile Manufactures Association 11

Improving Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Vehicle Technologies for increased Fuel Efficiency Mazda: SKYACTIVE-G - The world's highest compression ratio of 14.0 - Fuel consumption of 25 km per liter in JC08-mode Daihatsu: Energy Saving Technology - Improved engine efficiency - Improved powertrain performance - Reduced vehicle weight (Downsizing) - Reduced aerodynamic drag - Idling prevention (stop-start) - Regeneration of deceleration energy - Fuel consumption of 30 km per liter in JC08-mode Demio Mira e:s Source: Mazda website and Daihatsu website 12

In-Use Status of Next-Generation Vehicles NISSAN: LEAF - EV - Lithium-ion battery (Capacity:24kWh/Output:90kW) - Electric motor (80kW) - Mileage per charge: 200 km in JC08-mode - Interchange electric energy consumption rate (Electric power per 1 km): 124 Wh/km in JC08-mode TOYOTA: PRIUS PHV - Plug-in hybrid car - Lithium-ion battery - 1.8L gasoline-engine (73kW) - Electric motor (60kW) GM: Volt - Plug-in hybrid car - Lithium-ion battery - 1.4L gasoline powered range extender (83 hp) Source: Nissan website, Toyota website, GM website 13

Improving Traffic Flow for CO2 Emissions Reduction Impact of vehicle speed on CO2 emissions 100 CO2 emission le evels (%) 80 60 40 20 0 10km 20km 30km Average vehicle speed Source: Japan Automobile Manufactures Association 14

Improving Air Quality Trend in Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Emissions Regulations g/kwh 8 7 NOx g/kwh 0.30 0.25 PM 6 5 0.20 4 3 2 1 EU 0.15 USA Japan 0.10 0.05 EU USA Japan 0 0.00 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Year Source: Isuzu website 16

Gasoline Emission Control Technology Develop engine management Develop control technology - Increase control precision for A/F ratio, ignition timing - Improve OBD detection performance Use thermal energy - Heat cylinder head, port - Reduce heat capacity - Secondary air - Control exhaust temperature Improve engine combustion - Fine spray Injector - Intake air control (High Swirl), etc. Develop valve mechanism - Variable valve timing - Variable valve lift - Heat intake air, etc. Improve catalyst performance Develop exhaust system parts - Improve catalyst Low-temperature activation - Adsorption purification catalyst Source: Japan Automobile Manufactures Association 17

On the Road to Sustainable Mobility Aging Society Community Improving our daily life with Interactive Technology Ubiquitous City Space & Infrastructure Traffic Flow Control Big Data Diversification of Mobility EV, FCEV Robot Intelligent Transport Systems 18

Thank you for your attention. 19