Vauhkonen Ville**, Hiltunen Erkki*, Niemi Seppo*, Pasila Antti**, Salminen Heikki*, Lehtonen Jari*, Ventin Mikael*** and Nummela Ilona**** *University of Vaasa, Faculty of Technology, Energy Technology and Physics ** Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences, School of Agriculture and Forestry *** University of Applied Sciences Novia ****Preseco Oy, Finland
INTRODUCTION This study concentrated on biodiesel which was produced through transesterification from Norwegian salmon oil that is a byproduct of fur animal food industry. In this case, this oil can be considered as waste because the manufacturer isn t able to use all of it as a component of their own product (fur animal meal has to have low concentration of oil/fat to ensure the fur growth). In detail, this study involves 1) The process of producing high quality biodiesel from salmon waste oil by using batch processor 2) Fuel properties as a reference to EN 14214 standard 3) Engine performance when using salmon methyl ester and it s blends with regular DFO (Diesel Fuel Oil) 4) Combustion pressure changes with different biodiesel concentrations in DFO 5) Particle emissions when using pure salmon methyl ester 6) Sound emissions with different fuels and fuel blends
Salmon oil After gutting the salmons the guts are freshly grained and treated with formic acid To ensure the conservation of the raw material and oil extraction from the dry matter Transportation to Finland (Figures 12.) Manufacturer delivers finnish fire woods at the same time to Norway (to cover the transportation costs, logistics at its finest form) Settling in containers Oil rises to the surface and solid matter descends to the bottom Can be accelerated by warming The manufacturer uses 50 tons of fuel/year A part could be substituted with salmon methyl ester (problem commonrail type engines in transportation that allows ~20% biodiesel concentration) Fig 1.2. Containers used to transport grained salmon guts from north Norway Salmon methyl ester price Salmon oil price ~0.5 /litre (information from manufacturer) Production costs for converting in to biodiesel ~0.30 /litre (according to Preseco Oy) Tax 0.364 /litre (when used as a fuel for transportation) Total cost appr. 1.11.2 /litre Competetive price compared to price of DFO (8.7.2008 average 1.4 /litre in Finland) Fig. 3. Settling tank used to separate salmon oil from dry/solid matter
Salmon oil transesterification with batch processor Salmon oil was esterified by using alkalinecatalyzed transesterifiation Catalyst: sodiumhydroxide (NaOH) Alcohol: Methanol In the future: ethanol Needs some alternations in the process (temperature etc) Processor used: SOL200 manufactured by Preseco Oy, Finland Capacity:400600 liters of biodiesel/day Suitable for decentralized fuel production RME produced with this processor has been used in Valmet Mseries tractor from the summer 2007 SOL200 (Preseco Oy) at the Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences, School for Agriculture and Forestry
Salmon methyl ester fuel properties in contrast with EN14214 standard Mainly in the limits set by the EN standard o Iodine value (highlighted in the table below) is a problem because it exceeds the limit set by the EN standard and it describes fuels film formation ability and therefore it can be considered as a indicator value for the risk of fuel nozzles to clog (problem with the standard value and also a practical problem) Indicates that salmon methyl ester should be used as a blend with DFO instead using as a pure fuel (because the iodine value it proportional to fatty acid properties of the fuel) Fuel property Units DFO Salmon FAME Used standard EN14214 EN14214 standard Density at room temp. kg/m³ 840 888 860900 EN ISO 3675 Acid value mgkoh/g 0.15 AOCS Ca 5a40 <0.50 EN 14104 Kinematic viscosity at 40 C mm²/s 3,2 4.8 3.505.00 EN ISO 3104 Flash point C 75 170 >120 C ISO 3679 Iodine value 145 AOCS Cd 1c85 <120 EN 14111 Cetane number 53.9 54.5 54 >51 EN ISO 5165 Lower heating value MJ/kg 42,7 37.2 Carbon wt% 85.7 86.5 77,4 ASTM D 5291 Hydrogen wt% 13.3 13.8 11.8 ASTM D 5291 Nitrogen mg/kg 28 62 20 ASTM D 4629M Ash content 775 C wt% <0.001 0.003 <0,001 EN ISO 6245 <0.02 ISO 3987 Sulphur mg/kg 51 55 3 NM 380 <10 EN ISO 20846 Linolic Acid Methylester % (m/m) 8.3 AOCS Ce 1c89 <12 EN 14103
Fatty acid profile comparison with RME RME (Rape Methyl Ester) is the most popular type of biodiesel in Europe Salmon oil based FAME fatty acid profile is more complicated than RME s profile and includes large amount of different kinds of fatty acids Differences in fatty acid profiles mean differences in cold flow properties, flame points, viscosity etc. % 70 60 50 40 30 Fatty acid profiles of RME and Salmon oil based FAME SalmonME RME 20 10 0 14:0 16:0 16:1 18:0 18:1 cis 18:2 cis ω 6 Fatty acid 20:1 cis 20:5 cis ω 3 18:3 cis ω 3 22:1 cis 22:5 cis ω 3 22:6 cis ω 3 At the left RME, center Salmon methyl ester and on the right side linseed methyl ester
Combustion pressure measurements Pressure change in combustion process differed from that of DFO with all fuel blends. The results indicate that there were changes in combustion process it self with different fuel blends. At full load, the peak pressure increased when biodiesel component was added into fuel. At part loads, the firing pressure decreased, however. Any clear relation between biodiesel concentration and the pressure increase could not be detected. The cetane number of the salmon based FAME was namely 54 which is very close to that of DFO. Any great differences in the ignition delay were thus not probable. In previous tests with FAMEs, the burning velocity has proved higher for neat FAME compared with DFO. This faster combustion might explain the higher pressure rises with B20 and B100 at full load.
Particle emissions Particle size distributions were measured with ELPI (Electrical Low Pressure Impactor) analyzer With RME the problem is with large number of small sized particles (Fig. 1) With salmon methyl ester the particle emission were smaller in the whole scale compared to DFO with different loads (Fig. 2) and also in most parts compared to RME In this perspective the salmon methyl ester can be considered as cleaner fuel than RME
Emissions of DFO, Salmon methyl ester and RME 12 This paper concentrated on particle emissions Here some other emissions presented NOx (g/kwh) 10 8 6 4 2 DFO SaME RME The NOx emissions using salmon methyl ester were higher compared to DFO and RME 0 1800 rpm 1300 rpm 75% 50% Particular Matter (PM) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were lower compared to DFO but still higher than RME In this relation RME can be considered as a cleaner biodiesel fuel compared to salmon methyl ester PM (g/kwh) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 1800 rpm 1300 rpm 75% 50% DFO SaME RME This raises the question of effects of mixing these or other biodiesels together > what would be the effect on emissions? HC (g/kwh) 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 DFO SaME RME 1800 rpm 1300 rpm 75% 50%
Sound emissions The users of biodiesel have said that the engine voice softens when using biodiesel instead of DFO (not depending on the engine type, tractors, boats etc) In our measurements the voice power levels didn t decrease noticeably and the changes were irrecular. The softening of the sound must be related to changes in the voice frequency spectrum (the engine voice spectrums were recorded and the data is still being analyzed) Voice power [db] 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % Salmon methyl ester concentration [V%] 20 % 80 % 100 %
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION And remember We are actually looking for the efficient next generation fuels for the next generationnot just for ourselves Ville Vauhkonen summer 2008 The next generation of family Vauhkonen:the main motivation for my own research