Electrical Power Systems

Electrical Power Systems Analysis, Security and Deregulation P. Venkatesh B.V. Manikandan S. Charles Raja A. Srinivasan

Electrical Power Systems

Electrical Power Systems Analysis, Security and Deregulation P. Venkatesh Associate Professor Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai B.V. Manikandan Professor Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi S. Charles Raja Assistant Professor Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai A. Srinivasan Former Assistant Professor Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering K.L.N. College of Engineering, Pottapalayam New Delhi-110001 2012

ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS: Analysis, Security and Deregulation P. Venkatesh, B.V. Manikandan, S. Charles Raja, and A. Srinivasan 2012 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN-978-81-203-4538-6 The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Rajkamal Electric Press, Plot No. 2, Phase IV, HSIDC, Kundli-131028, Sonepat, Haryana.

Contents Preface... xi Part I POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 1. Introduction to Power System...3 72 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Structure of Power Systems 3 1.3 Modelling of Power System Components 6 1.4 Single Line Diagram or One Line Diagram 7 1.4.1 Impedance Diagram 8 1.4.2 Reactance Diagram 8 1.5 Per Unit Value 9 1.6 Network Modelling 24 1.6.1 Bus Frame of Analysis 24 1.6.2 Primitive Network 25 1.6.3 Network Graph Theory 26 1.6.4 Incidence Matrices 29 1.7 Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix [Y bus ] 31 1.7.1 Direct Inspection Method 31 1.7.2 MATLAB Program for [Y bus ] Formation Using the Direct Inspection Method 36 1.7.3 Formation of [Y bus ] Using Power World Simulator 38 1.7.4 Formation of [Y bus ] Using PSS/E 40 1.7.5 Singular Transformation Method 45 1.8 Solution Technique 49 1.8.1 Sparse Matrix Techniques for Large-Scale Power Systems 51 1.8.2 Optimally Ordered Triangular Factorization 52 1.8.3 Triangular Decomposition Gaussian Elimination 53 v

vi Contents 1.8.4 Triangular Decomposition of Table of Factors 58 1.8.5 Bi-factorization Method 63 1.8.6 Sparsity and Optimal Ordering Scheme 68 Review Questions 70 2. Load Flow Analysis...73 127 2.1 Introduction 73 2.2 Bus Classification 73 2.3 Load Flow Equation 74 2.4 Load Flow Methods 76 2.5 Gauss Seidel Method 76 2.5.1 Gauss Seidel Method When PV Buses are Absent 76 2.5.2 Gauss Seidel Method When PV Buses are Present 87 2.6 Newton Raphson Load Flow Method 96 2.6.1 Introduction 96 2.6.2 Load Flow Solution Using Newton Raphson Method 100 2.6.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Newton Raphson Method 104 2.7 Fast Decoupled Load Flow Method 111 2.8 Comparison of the Gauss Seidel, Newton Raphson and Fast Decoupled Methods of Load Flow Study 125 Review Questions 125 3. Symmetrical Fault Analysis...128 171 3.1 Introduction 128 3.2 Types of Faults 128 3.3 Transient (Short-circuit) on Power System Components 129 3.3.1 Transient (Short-circuit) on a Transmission Line 129 3.3.2 Transient (Short-circuit) on a Synchronous Machine 131 3.4 Symmetrical Short-circuit Current Calculation Through Thevenin s Theorem 136 3.4.1 Procedure for Symmetrical Short-circuit Current Calculation Through Thevenin s Theorem 137 3.4.2 Short-circuit Capacity (SCC) or Short-circuit MVA or Fault Level Calculations 138 3.5 Selection of Circuit Breaker 139 3.6 Fault Calculation Using Bus Impedance Matrix 151 3.7 Algorithm for Formation of the Bus Impedance Matrix 158 Review Questions 168 4. Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis...172 216 4.1 Introduction 172 4.2 Symmetrical Components 172

Contents vii 4.2.1 Sequence Operator a 172 4.2.2 Types of Symmetrical Components 173 4.2.3 Determination of Unbalanced Vectors from Their Symmetrical Components 174 4.2.4 Determination of Symmetrical Components of Unbalanced Vectors 175 4.2.5 Power in Symmetrical Components 179 4.3 Sequence Impedance 180 4.4 Sequence Network of Power System Components 180 4.4.1 Sequence Network of Unloaded Generator 180 4.4.2 Sequence Network of Loaded Generator 181 4.4.3 Sequence Network of Transmission Line 183 4.4.4 Sequence Network of Transformer 184 4.4.5 Sequence Network of Star Connected Load Grounded Through Impedance 185 4.5 Unsymmetrical Faults 190 4.5.1 Single Line to Ground Fault (L G Fault) 191 4.5.2 Line to Line Fault (L L Fault) 199 4.5.3 Double Line to Ground Fault (L L G Fault) 207 Review Questions 214 5. Power System Stability...217 300 5.1 Introduction 217 5.2 Classification of Power System Stability 218 5.3 Transient Stability 220 5.3.1 Introduction 220 5.3.2 Assumptions of Transient Stability Analysis 221 5.4 Power Angle Equation of a Two Machine System 221 5.5 Power Angle Equation of a Salient Pole Machine 224 5.6 Swing Equation 225 5.6.1 Swing Curves 226 5.6.2 Constants Used in Stability Analysis 227 5.6.3 Determination of Change in Rotor Angle When the Machine is Loaded 234 5.7 Equal Area Criterion 237 5.7.1 Assumptions Made in Equal Area Criterion 238 5.7.2 Equal Area Criterion Method Applied to a Machine Swinging with Respect to an Infinite Bus 238 5.7.3 Sudden Change in Mechanical Input 240 5.7.4 Estimating Transient Stability Limit 243 5.7.5 Sudden Three Phase Fault at One End of the Transmission Line 245 5.7.6 Sudden Three Phase Fault at Middle of a Transmission Line 246

viii Contents 5.8 Solution of Swing Equation 255 5.8.1 Step by Step Method-I 256 5.8.2 Step by Step Method-II 262 5.8.3 Euler s Method 281 5.8.4 Modified Euler s Method 282 5.8.5 Runge Kutta (R K) Method 283 5.9 Multimachine Transient Stability 292 5.9.1 Mathematical Model of Multimachine Transient Stability Analysis 292 5.10 Factors Influencing Transient Stability 296 5.11 Techniques for Transient Stability Improvement 297 Review Questions 298 Part II POWER SYSTEM SECURITY 6. Operations in Power System Security...303 342 6.1 Introduction 303 6.2 Factors Affecting Power System Security 306 6.3 Contingency Analysis 306 6.3.1 Overview of Security Analysis 307 6.3.2 Linear Sensitivity Factors 308 6.3.3 MATLAB Program 311 6.4 AC Power Flow Security Analysis 319 6.4.1 MATLAB Program for AC Power Flow Security Analysis 320 6.5 AC Power Flow Security Analysis with Contingency Case Selection 326 6.6 Concentric Relaxation 329 6.7 Bounding Area Method 329 6.8 Contingency Analysis Using Power World Simulator and PSS/E S/W 333 6.8.1 Contingency Analysis Using PWS 333 6.8.2 Contingency Analysis Using PSS/E 337 Review Questions 340 7. State Estimation...343 374 7.1 Introduction 343 7.2 Methods of Least Squares 345 7.2.1 Simple DC Circuit Example with Suitable Derivation 346 7.3 Maximum Likelihood Weighted Least-Squares Estimation 352 7.3.1 Matrix Formulation 354 7.4 State Estimation by Orthogonal Decomposition 356 7.4.1 Orthogonal Decomposition Algorithm 358 7.5 Detection and Identification of Bad Measurements 362 7.6 Network Observability and Pseudo-measurements 369 Review Questions 372

Contents ix 8. Optimal Power Flow...375 407 8.1 Introduction 375 8.2 OPF Formulation 376 8.2.1 Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) 377 8.2.2 Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch (ORPD) 380 8.2.3 Economic Emission Dispatch (EED) 381 8.2.4 Security Constrained OPF (SCOPF) 382 8.3 OPF Solution Technique 383 8.4 Lagrange Multiplier Method 383 8.5 Linear Programming OPF (LPOPF) 389 8.6 Interior Point Method 392 8.7 Unit Commitment 400 8.7.1 Objective Function 400 8.7.2 Constraints in Unit Commitment 401 8.8 Unit Commitment Solution Methods 402 8.8.1 Priority List Method 402 8.8.2 Dynamic Programming Method 403 Review Questions 406 Part III DEREGULATION 9. Power System Restructuring: An Overview...411 432 9.1 Introduction 411 9.2 Motivation for Restructuring of Power System 412 9.3 Electricity Market Entities and Model 415 9.4 Benefits of Deregulation 419 9.5 Basic Terminologies 420 9.6 Deregulation International Scenario 421 9.7 Milestones of Deregulation in the World 422 9.8 Indian Power Sector Past and Present Status 422 9.8.1 Growth of Power Sector in India An Overview 424 9.8.2 A Time Line of the Indian Power Sector 425 9.8.3 Players in the Indian Power Sector 427 9.8.4 Research and Professional Bodies 431 Review Questions 432 10. Operations in Power Market...433 458 10.1 Introduction 433 10.2 Power Pools 433 10.2.1 Single Auction Power Pool Example 434 10.2.2 Double Auction Power Pool Example 437 10.3 Transmission Networks and Electricity Markets 444 10.4 Operations in Power Market Using Power World Simulator 451 Review Questions 457

x Contents 11. Available Transfer Capability...459 486 11.1 Introduction 459 11.2 Definitions 459 11.3 Principles of ATC Determination 461 11.4 Methods of Static ATC Determination 463 11.4.1 ATC Determination Using Multiple Load Flow and Continuation Power Flow 463 11.4.2 Optimization Based Method 464 11.4.3 ATC Determination Using Linear Sensitivity Factors 465 11.5 ATC Determination Considering the Effect of Contingency Analysis 468 11.6 ATC Calculation Using MATLAB 470 11.6.1 Algorithm for Static ATC Determination 470 11.7 ATC Determination Using Power World Simulator (PWS) 482 Review Questions 486 12. Transmission Open Access and Pricing...487 508 12.1 Introduction 487 12.2 Transmission Open Access 487 12.2.1 Types of Transmission Services in Open Access 488 12.3 Cost Components of Transmission System 489 12.3.1 Operating Cost 489 12.3.2 Loss of Opportunity Cost 489 12.3.3 Reinforcement Cost 489 12.3.4 Existing Cost 489 12.4 Transmission Pricing Methods 489 12.4.1 Postage Stamp Method 491 12.4.2 Contract Path Method 491 12.4.3 MW-Mile Method 493 12.4.4 Marginal Participation (MP) Method 494 12.5 PSS/E Interface with Python 495 12.6 Incremental Cost Based Transmission Pricing 505 12.6.1 Short-Run Incremental Cost (SRIC) Pricing 505 12.6.2 Long-Run Incremental Cost (LRIC) Pricing 506 12.6.3 Short-Run Marginal Cost (SRMC) Pricing 506 12.6.4 Long-Run Marginal Cost (LRMC) Pricing 507 Review Questions 507 Bibliography...509 510 Index...511 516

Electrical Power Systems : Analysis,Security And Deregulation 30% OFF Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 978812034 5386 Author : VENKATESH, P., MANIKANDAN, B. V., RAJA, S. CHARLES, SRINIVASAN, A. Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/7523 Get this ebook