ACEA Report. Vehicles in use Europe 2018

ACEA Report Vehicles in use Europe 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary... 2 Vehicles in use in Europe... 3 Passenger cars... 3 Light commercial vehicles... 4 Medium and heavy commercial vehicles... 5 Buses... 6 Total commercial vehicles... 7 Total vehicles... 8 Vehicles in use by age... 9 Passenger cars... 9 Light commercial vehicles... 10 Medium and heavy commercial vehicles... 11 Vehicles in use by fuel type... 12 Passenger cars... 12 Light commercial vehicles... 13 Medium and heavy commercial vehicles... 14 Parc density... 15 Passenger cars... 15 Commercial vehicles... 16 Vehicle ownership... 17 ACEA Report: Vehicles in use Europe 2018 1

SUMMARY The EU passenger car fleet grew by 5.7% over the last five years; the number of vehicles on the road went from 243 to 257 million (page 3). 31.5 million vans are in circulation throughout the European Union. Counting more than 6 million vehicles, France has the largest van fleet, followed by Spain, the UK and Italy (page 4). There are 6.3 million trucks on the EU s roads. With more than 1 million trucks, Poland has the largest truck fleet in the EU, followed closely by Germany and Italy (page 5). 745,000 buses are in operation throughout the European Union (page 6). Cars are on average 10.5 years old in the EU. Lithuania and Romania have the oldest fleets, with vehicles older than 16 years, while the youngest cars can be found in Luxembourg (6.3 years) and the UK (7.8 years) (page 9). The average age of vans in the EU is 10.5 years. Among the EU s five big automobile markets, Spain has the oldest light commercial vehicle fleet, followed closely by Italy (page 10). Trucks are on average 11.7 years old in the European Union. Greek trucks are the oldest ones, with an average age of almost 21 years (page 11). Despite an increase in registrations in recent years, alternatively-powered passenger cars make up only 3.4% of the total EU car fleet (page 12). Diesel-powered light commercial vehicles are dominant in all EU countries except for Greece: almost 90% of the EU van fleet runs on diesel (page 13). Nearly all trucks in the European Union run on diesel (96.1%), petrol fuels only 1% (page 14). The EU counts 511 cars per 1,000 inhabitants. The highest number of cars per inhabitant can be found in Luxembourg, while Romania has the lowest car density in the EU (page 15). There are 77 commercial vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants in the EU, Portugal has the highest number per inhabitant: 119 (page 16). In Hungary nearly half of all households (48.3%) do not have a car and in Denmark almost 40%. By contrast, more than 30% of French families have two cars (page 17). ACEA Report: Vehicles in use Europe 2018 2

VEHICLES IN USE IN EUROPE 1 Passenger cars 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 %change 16/15 Austria 4,584,202 4,641,308 4,694,921 4,748,048 4,821,557 1.5 Belgium 5,392,909 5,439,295 5,511,080 5,587,415 5,669,764 1.5 Croatia 1,445,000 1,433,563 1,458,149 1,489,338 1,540,260 3.4 Czech Republic 4,698,800 4,787,849 4,893,562 5,115,316 5,368,660 5.0 Denmark 2,225,164 2,265,349 2,320,982 2,391,755 2,477,478 3.6 Estonia 602,133 628,562 652,949 676,592 703,151 3.9 Finland 2,560,190 2,575,951 2,595,867 2,612,922 2,629,432 0.6 France 31,600,000 31,650,000 31,799,000 31,915,493 31,999,953 0.3 Germany 43,431,124 43,851,230 44,403,124 45,071,209 45,803,560 1.6 Greece 5,138,745 5,109,435 5,102,203 5,104,908 5,126,024 0.4 Hungary 2,978,745 3,035,764 3,101,752 3,192,132 3,308,495 3.6 Ireland 1,882,550 1,910,165 1,943,868 1,985,130 2,026,977 2.1 Italy 37,078,274 36,962,934 37,080,753 37,351,233 37,876,138 1.4 Latvia 618,000 634,214 657,487 677,561 663,091-2.1 Lithuania 1,753,000 1,837,661 1,113,445 1,153,859 1,190,146 3.1 Luxembourg 344,951 355,358 362,879 372,538 380,860 2.2 Netherlands 8,142,000 8,154,000 8,192,570 8,336,414 8,439,318 1.2 Poland 18,744,412 19,389,446 20,003,863 20,723,423 21,675,388 4.6 Portugal 4,497,000 4,480,000 4,496,000 4,538,000 4,600,000 1.4 Romania 4,485,148 4,693,651 4,905,630 5,153,182 5,470,578 6.2 Slovakia 1,826,393 1,882,577 1,952,002 2,037,772 2,124,972 4.3 Slovenia 1,080,001 1,085,347 1,096,920 1,116,006 1,143,218 2.4 Spain 22,247,528 22,024,538 22,029,512 22,355,549 22,876,247 2.3 Sweden 4,447,165 4,495,473 4,585,519 4,669,063 4,768,060 2.1 United Kingdom 31,481,823 31,917,885 32,612,782 33,542,448 34,378,386 2.5 EUROPEAN UNION 243,285,257 245,241,555 247,566,819 251,917,306 257,061,713 2.0 Norway 2,433,147 2,487,254 2,539,513 2,592,324 2,639,245 1.8 Switzerland 4,300,036 4,366,895 4,430,375 4,503,865 4,571,994 1.5 EFTA 6,733,183 6,854,149 6,969,888 7,096,189 7,211,239 1.6 Russia 38,482,000 39,322,526 40,844,535 40,859,866 41,614,430 1.8 Turkey 8,648,875 9,283,923 9,857,915 10,589,337 11,317,998 6.9 Ukraine 9,910,004 9,958,943 9,581,401 9,602,581 9,679,279 0.8 EUROPE 307,059,319 310,661,096 314,820,558 320,065,279 326,884,659 2.1 1 Data for Bulgaria, Cyprus, Malta and Iceland not available ACEA Report: Vehicles in use Europe 2018 3

Light commercial vehicles 2 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 %change 16/15 Austria 346,397 355,214 365,686 375,163 387,786 3.4 Belgium 627,692 640,253 656,691 678,801 709,653 4.5 Croatia 111,988 119,411 121,936 127,395 136,782 7.4 Czech Republic 502,164 504,388 509,378 515,263 547,038 6.2 Denmark 433,051 415,030 409,721 407,807 407,691-0.03 Estonia 54,146 57,420 61,238 65,986 71,436 8.3 Finland 299,088 301,012 304,255 307,706 311,376 1.2 France 5,896,000 5,915,000 5,965,000 5,995,177 6,014,000 0.3 Germany 2,141,457 2,196,265 2,274,261 2,374,822 2,485,288 4.7 Greece 822,492 825,956 830,935 836,685 858,287 2.6 Hungary 355,042 361,706 373,162 389,980 406,202 4.2 Ireland 299,263 304,621 304,955 316,344 315,671-0.2 Italy 3,853,329 3,831,774 3,844,429 3,913,579 4,002,578 2.3 Latvia 44,983 46,477 50,531 52,612 53,519 1.7 Lithuania 98,459 95,854 44,861 46,342 47,583 2.7 Luxembourg 26,089 27,046 27,635 28,521 29,668 4.0 Netherlands 906,000 890,000 885,473 901,026 927,186 2.9 Poland 2,303,433 2,334,415 2,399,323 2,447,764 2,515,751 2.8 Portugal 1,170,000 1,137,000 1,118,000 1,110,000 1,090,000-1.8 Romania 582,300 591,978 637,750 670,119 679,501 1.4 Slovakia 219,206 222,933 227,800 235,618 242,539 2.9 Slovenia 78,258 79,754 82,693 86,713 92,407 6.6 Spain 4,636,062 4,550,076 4,508,276 4,520,616 4,547,256 0.6 Sweden 477,094 486,052 501,661 516,168 534,748 3.6 United Kingdom 3,631,595 3,706,351 3,842,017 4,007,331 4,178,733 4.3 EUROPEAN UNION 29,915,588 29,995,986 30,347,667 30,927,538 31,592,679 2.2 Norway 430,166 470,668 477,531 485,174 495,434 2.1 Switzerland 313,541 323,235 333,803 344,853 357,448 3.7 EFTA 743,707 793,903 811,334 830,027 852,882 2.8 Russia 3,698,482 3,773,892 3,804,968 3,903,006 3,955,788 1.4 Turkey 3,190,725 3,354,898 3,489,743 3,704,512 3,906,416 5.5 Ukraine 1,400,516 1,409,805 1,423,115 1,428,513 1,441,693 0.9 EUROPE 38,949,018 39,328,484 39,876,827 40,793,596 41,749,458 2.3 2 Up to 3.5 tonnes ACEA Report: Vehicles in use Europe 2018 4

Medium and heavy commercial vehicles 3 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 %change 16/15 Austria 70,138 69,538 69,229 68,860 69,428 0.8 Belgium 147,545 145,694 144,370 143,697 142,744-0.7 Croatia 36,693 37,873 38,593 39,851 40,954 2.8 Czech Republic 183,704 189,939 192,165 196,816 183,556-6.7 Denmark 42,467 41,659 41,430 41,491 42,027 1.3 Estonia 33,899 29,226 35,384 35,783 36,781 2.8 Finland 96,714 96,733 95,176 95,250 94,780-0.5 France 555,000 547,000 554,000 567,000 548,000-3.4 Germany 889,520 890,410 892,695 902,718 917,627 1.7 Greece 232,065 232,334 232,692 233,159 227,990-2.2 Hungary 86,723 86,780 87,488 86,831 88,592 2.0 Ireland 38,950 45,448 44,498 46,168 57,494 24.5 Italy 968,846 882,927 870,743 879,131 885,513 0.7 Latvia 36,660 35,425 34,591 30,096 32,122 6.7 Lithuania 83,431 84,866 44,810 46,717 50,575 8.3 Luxembourg 10,724 10,273 10,024 9,913 9,906-0.1 Netherlands 155,000 153,000 149,383 149,588 151,952 1.6 Poland 874,572 908,069 941,293 980,201 1,025,585 4.6 Portugal 125,000 121,400 119,000 119,000 119,700 0.6 Romania 180,243 198,388 200,588 221,477 236,879 7.0 Slovakia 84,134 84,128 83,825 85,577 85,277-0.4 Slovenia 37,661 38,269 39,775 42,571 46,058 8.2 Spain 535,624 520,098 517,268 526,559 541,352 2.8 Sweden 79,727 79,130 79,544 80,046 81,430 1.7 United Kingdom 557,128 568,993 569,921 581,645 595,542 2.4 EUROPEAN UNION 6,142,167 6,097,600 6,088,485 6,210,145 6,311,864 1.6 Norway 89,019 89,231 89,015 87,895 85,958-2.2 Switzerland 60,335 59,950 60,602 60,076 58,507-2.6 EFTA 149,354 149,181 149,617 147,971 144,465-2.4 Russia 3,890,410 3,816,621 3,888,970 3,743,380 3,741,393-0.1 Turkey 784,721 792,098 814,459 850,051 876,152 3.1 Ukraine 1,656,625 1,646,989 1,577,341 1,575,475 1,558,069-1.1 EUROPE 12,623,276 12,502,489 12,518,872 12,527,022 12,631,943 0.8 3 Over 3.5 tonnes ACEA Report: Vehicles in use Europe 2018 5

Buses 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 %change 16/15 Austria 9,546 9,579 9,585 9,679 9,825 1.5 Belgium 15,796 15,775 16,028 15,926 15,934 0.1 Croatia 4,700 4,800 5,912 5,906 6,271 6.2 Czech Republic 19,279 19,716 19,889 19,966 20,224 1.3 Denmark 8,815 8,646 8,769 8,852 9,051 2.2 Estonia 4,311 4,495 4,618 4,770 4,838 1.4 Finland 12,012 12,183 12,446 12,455 12,471 0.1 France 87,000 88,000 89,000 90,000 90,000 0.0 Germany 76,023 76,794 77,501 78,345 78,949 0.8 Greece 24,733 24,774 24,871 25,007 23,460-6.2 Hungary 16,709 16,980 17,384 18,135 18,143 0.0 Ireland 8,266 8,488 8,802 9,259 9,841 6.3 Italy 99,537 98,551 97,914 97,991 97,817-0.2 Latvia 5,300 5,300 5,102 5,066 4,641-8.4 Lithuania 13,107 13,063 7,371 7,286 7,326 0.5 Luxembourg 1,703 1,728 1,759 1,778 1,857 4.4 Netherlands 11,000 10,000 10,102 9,385 9,741 3.8 Poland 99,858 102,602 106,057 109,844 113,139 3.0 Portugal 15,100 14,800 14,500 14,700 15,000 2.0 Romania 18,989 19,391 20,055 21,123 21,946 3.9 Slovakia 8,951 8,825 8,879 8,944 8,810-1.5 Slovenia 2,429 2,486 2,576 2,645 2,699 2.0 Spain 61,127 59,892 59,799 60,252 61,841 2.6 Sweden 14,203 13,986 13,992 14,114 13,890-1.6 United Kingdom 90,355 89,374 88,638 88,186 87,778-0.5 EUROPEAN UNION 728,849 730,228 731,549 739,614 745,492 0.8 Norway 18,234 17,593 17,172 16,716 16,307-2.4 Switzerland 16,792 16,137 15,713 15,684 15,602-0.5 EFTA 35,026 33,730 32,885 32,400 31,909-1.5 Russia 371,129 373,971 377,764 377,513 383,448 1.6 Turkey 235,949 219,885 211,200 217,056 220,361 1.5 Ukraine 170,583 169,283 158,231 158,031 155,632-1.5 EUROPE 1,541,535 1,527,097 1,511,629 1,524,614 1,536,842 0.8 ACEA Report: Vehicles in use Europe 2018 6

Total commercial vehicles 4 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 %change 16/15 Austria 426,081 434,331 444,500 453,702 467,039 2.9 Belgium 791,033 801,722 817,089 838,424 868,331 3.6 Croatia 153,381 162,084 166,441 173,152 184,007 6.3 Czech Republic 705,147 714,043 721,432 732,045 750,818 2.6 Denmark 484,333 465,335 459,920 458,150 458,769 0.1 Estonia 92,356 91,141 101,240 106,539 113,055 6.1 Finland 407,814 409,928 411,877 415,411 418,627 0.8 France 6,538,000 6,550,000 6,608,000 6,652,177 6,652,000 0.0 Germany 3,107,000 3,163,469 3,244,457 3,355,885 3,481,864 3.8 Greece 1,079,290 1,083,064 1,088,498 1,094,851 1,109,737 1.4 Hungary 458,474 465,466 478,034 494,946 512,937 3.6 Ireland 346,479 358,557 358,255 371,771 383,006 3.0 Italy 4,921,712 4,813,252 4,813,086 4,890,701 4,985,908 1.9 Latvia 86,943 87,202 90,224 87,774 90,282 2.9 Lithuania 194,997 193,783 97,042 100,345 105,484 5.1 Luxembourg 38,516 39,047 39,418 40,212 41,431 3.0 Netherlands 1,072,000 1,053,000 1,044,958 1,059,999 1,088,879 2.7 Poland 3,277,863 3,345,086 3,446,673 3,537,809 3,654,475 3.3 Portugal 1,310,100 1,273,200 1,251,500 1,243,700 1,224,700-1.5 Romania 781,532 809,757 858,393 912,719 938,326 2.8 Slovakia 312,291 315,886 320,504 330,139 336,626 2.0 Slovenia 118,348 120,509 125,044 131,929 141,164 7.0 Spain 5,232,813 5,130,066 5,085,343 5,107,427 5,150,449 0.8 Sweden 571,024 579,168 595,197 610,328 630,068 3.2 United Kingdom 4,279,078 4,364,718 4,500,576 4,677,162 4,862,053 4.0 EUROPEAN UNION 36,786,603 36,823,814 37,167,701 37,877,297 38,650,035 2.0 Norway 537,419 577,492 583,718 589,785 597,699 1.3 Switzerland 390,668 399,322 410,118 420,613 431,557 2.6 EFTA 928,087 976,814 993,836 1,010,398 1,029,256 1.9 Russia 7,960,021 7,964,484 8,071,702 8,023,899 8,080,629 0.7 Turkey 4,211,395 4,366,881 4,515,402 4,771,619 5,002,929 4.8 Ukraine 3,227,724 3,226,077 3,158,687 3,162,019 3,155,394-0.2 EUROPE 53,113,829 53,358,070 53,907,328 54,845,232 55,918,243 2.0 4 Including buses ACEA Report: Vehicles in use Europe 2018 7

Total vehicles 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 %change 16/15 Austria 5,010,283 5,075,639 5,139,421 5,201,750 5,288,596 1.7 Belgium 6,183,942 6,241,017 6,328,169 6,425,839 6,538,095 1.7 Croatia 1,598,381 1,595,647 1,624,590 1,662,490 1,724,267 3.7 Czech Republic 5,403,947 5,501,892 5,614,994 5,847,361 6,119,478 4.7 Denmark 2,709,497 2,730,684 2,780,902 2,849,905 2,936,247 3.0 Estonia 694,489 719,703 754,189 783,131 816,206 4.2 Finland 2,968,004 2,985,879 3,007,744 3,028,333 3,048,059 0.7 France 38,138,000 38,200,000 38,407,000 38,567,670 38,651,953 0.2 Germany 46,538,124 47,014,699 47,647,581 48,427,094 49,285,424 1.8 Greece 6,218,035 6,192,499 6,190,701 6,199,759 6,235,761 0.6 Hungary 3,437,219 3,501,230 3,579,786 3,687,078 3,821,432 3.6 Ireland 2,229,029 2,268,722 2,302,123 2,356,901 2,409,983 2.3 Italy 41,999,986 41,776,186 41,893,839 42,241,934 42,862,046 1.5 Latvia 704,943 721,416 747,711 765,335 753,373-1.6 Lithuania 1,947,997 2,031,444 1,210,487 1,254,204 1,295,630 3.3 Luxembourg 383,467 394,405 402,297 412,750 422,291 2.3 Netherlands 9,214,000 9,207,000 9,237,528 9,396,413 9,528,197 1.4 Poland 22,022,275 22,734,532 23,450,536 24,261,232 25,329,863 4.4 Portugal 5,807,100 5,753,200 5,747,500 5,781,700 5,824,700 0.7 Romania 5,266,680 5,503,408 5,764,023 6,065,901 6,408,904 5.7 Slovakia 2,138,684 2,198,463 2,272,506 2,367,911 2,461,598 4.0 Slovenia 1,198,349 1,205,856 1,221,964 1,247,935 1,284,382 2.9 Spain 27,480,341 27,154,604 27,114,855 27,462,976 28,026,696 2.1 Sweden 5,018,189 5,074,641 5,180,716 5,279,391 5,398,128 2.2 United Kingdom 35,760,901 36,282,603 37,113,358 38,219,610 39,240,439 2.7 EUROPEAN UNION 280,071,860 282,065,369 284,734,520 289,794,603 295,711,748 2.0 Norway 2,970,566 3,064,746 3,123,231 3,182,109 3,236,944 1.7 Switzerland 4,690,704 4,766,217 4,840,493 4,924,478 5,003,551 1.6 EFTA 7,661,270 7,830,963 7,963,724 8,106,587 8,240,495 1.7 Russia 46,442,021 47,287,010 48,916,237 48,883,765 49,695,059 1.7 Turkey 12,860,270 13,650,804 14,373,317 15,360,956 16,320,927 6.2 Ukraine 13,137,728 13,185,020 12,740,088 12,764,600 12,834,673 0.5 EUROPE 360,173,148 364,019,166 368,727,886 374,910,511 382,802,902 2.1 ACEA Report: Vehicles in use Europe 2018 8

VEHICLES IN USE BY AGE Passenger cars Year of first registration 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 >10 years Total Average age (in years) Austria 287,076 278,508 277,432 293,644 314,880 330,520 300,180 296,498 275,870 269,037 1,897,912 4,821,557 8.2 Belgium 497,435 442,088 423,854 409,814 376,505 418,850 384,157 323,742 330,286 299,342 1,763,691 5,669,764 8.9 Croatia 39,333 31,641 33,446 32,715 38,422 55,185 49,439 44,681 96,752 95,074 1,023,572 1,540,260 14.3 Czech Republic 215,696 168,405 162,972 154,258 181,037 188,832 192,017 198,475 214,391 222,042 3,470,535 5,368,660 14.5 Denmark 209,996 190,433 176,606 171,442 164,615 157,536 140,592 99,889 131,616 138,377 896,376 2,477,478 8.4 Estonia 20,881 19,466 20,464 20,667 22,481 21,426 15,414 14,621 33,542 42,028 472,161 703,151 14.6 Finland 115,917 107,480 105,480 104,288 114,706 132,251 117,614 98,131 148,219 137,054 1,448,292 2,629,432 11.8 France 2,127,578 2,011,839 1,876,215 1,843,174 1,929,938 2,165,155 2,156,645 2,184,352 1,938,086 1,890,971 11,876,000 31,999,953 8.8 Germany 3,060,105 2,977,767 2,877,502 2,625,873 2,716,670 2,779,378 2,486,054 3,248,482 2,451,394 2,332,351 18,247,984 45,803,560 9.3 Greece 78,415 75,777 70,553 58,111 85,679 115,839 151,124 220,762 263,035 273,488 3,733,242 5,126,024 15.0 Hungary 69,883 69,756 64,280 61,617 67,597 71,697 63,728 61,450 159,684 191,728 2,427,075 3,308,495 13.9 Ireland 145,595 131,166 117,057 103,709 114,406 127,289 128,737 92,974 183,036 167,314 715,694 2,026,977 8.8 Italy 1,907,632 1,651,484 1,400,208 1,308,212 1,366,359 1,692,628 1,899,452 2,076,286 2,011,757 2,313,735 20,248,385 37,876,138 10.8 Latvia 12,651 11,195 11,265 11,395 13,799 14,983 11,557 12,024 29,134 44,498 490,590 663,091 16.0 Lithuania 16,041 13,942 12,792 13,542 17,022 20,772 19,673 23,957 46,838 61,329 944,238 1,190,146 16.9 Luxembourg 47,558 42,621 42,257 34,095 31,471 28,086 25,710 21,893 19,545 16,626 70,998 380,860 6.3 Netherlands 383,702 480,262 422,298 449,569 518,499 559,874 486,136 382,310 449,880 444,549 3,862,239 8,439,318 10.4 Poland 401,288 354,282 319,372 321,697 349,021 401,721 407,568 461,330 649,943 718,134 17,291,032 21,675,388 13.6 Portugal 192,358 176,379 144,526 117,995 118,400 177,144 240,195 177,531 232,366 213,493 2,809,613 4,600,000 12.5 Romania 60,127 55,821 58,750 79,497 69,586 94,426 144,294 145,381 196,013 304,996 4,261,687 5,470,578 16.2 Slovakia 88,069 75,383 69,725 69,302 78,659 87,043 85,084 102,086 107,489 108,334 1,253,798 2,124,972 13.5 Slovenia 73,178 62,848 54,582 52,168 52,779 60,112 63,726 67,393 80,351 77,545 498,536 1,143,218 11.3 Spain 1,180,376 1,016,770 806,529 650,155 606,896 706,483 898,557 900,430 1,019,190 1,428,558 13,662,303 22,876,247 11.9 Sweden 278,376 327,507 291,936 246,590 249,249 287,699 274,915 181,190 224,115 271,173 2,135,310 4,768,060 9.9 United Kingdom 2,679,763 2,616,513 2,443,580 2,209,963 1,963,985 1,842,529 1,917,222 1,877,340 1,962,957 2,211,394 12,653,140 34,378,386 7.8 EUROPEAN UNION 10.5 Norway 154,323 157,544 152,299 151,850 155,305 158,220 145,938 114,609 128,487 151,393 1,169,217 2,639,185 10.6 Switzerland 220,747 318,017 308,438 312,580 332,369 328,989 294,409 257,934 269,193 254,546 1,674,772 4,571,994 8.6 ACEA Report: Vehicles in use Europe 2018 9

Light commercial vehicles 5 Year of first registration 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 >10 years Total Average age (in years) Austria 40,903 37,017 35,538 34,524 34,380 34,985 27,812 24,424 29,592 26,419 131,620 457,214 6.5 Belgium 64,400 56,837 49,511 48,779 48,303 50,146 42,052 38,716 43,914 41,221 225,774 709,653 8.7 Croatia 7,072 7,200 5,366 5,967 4,352 4,839 3,698 3,749 10,194 9,946 74,399 136,782 12.1 Czech Republic 17,933 15,232 13,013 12,658 13,273 15,921 14,661 21,307 61,443 62,994 298,603 547,038 11.7 Denmark 35,986 32,543 28,232 23,478 21,130 19,463 13,190 11,183 20,679 34,956 166,851 407,691 8.6 Estonia 4,345 3,936 3,331 3,145 3,143 3,059 1,898 1,506 3,487 4,815 38,771 71,436 12.0 Finland 15,403 11,798 9,407 16,756 17,808 13,480 11,513 10,885 10,796 12,012 181,518 311,376 12.6 France 405,386 375,846 368,397 362,011 375,387 415,781 395,746 347,038 410,657 392,961 2,164,790 6,014,000 8.6 Germany 333,668 308,846 289,869 260,519 247,233 254,804 201,830 166,034 199,693 177,776 962,643 3,402,915 8.1 Greece 5,617 5,836 5,045 3,506 3,733 6,427 22,351 25,354 31,787 31,214 717,417 858,287 18.3 Hungary 15,393 16,455 16,195 11,415 11,458 14,505 11,593 8,234 24,016 22,834 325,020 406,202 12.2 Ireland 25,439 22,051 16,842 11,915 11,329 12,117 10,915 8,826 24,355 33,217 138,665 315,671 9.0 Italy 191,575 136,510 121,199 101,505 112,971 159,627 171,178 165,051 196,295 210,555 2,436,112 4,002,578 12.3 Latvia 2,165 2,331 2,512 2,370 2,613 2,163 1,525 1,220 3,010 4,050 29,560 53,519 12.7 Lithuania 2,506 2,211 1,903 1,851 1,808 2,205 1,512 1,244 3,459 4,188 24,696 47,583 12.1 Luxembourg 3,799 3,438 2,947 2,513 2,302 2,282 1,752 1,457 1,592 1,377 6,209 29,668 6.3 Netherlands 70,492 58,492 53,283 52,020 56,435 58,049 46,992 44,508 67,490 58,858 360,567 927,186 9.6 Poland 57,432 51,660 69,258 46,949 47,773 61,208 121,024 85,958 90,279 93,114 1,791,096 2,515,751 12.6 Portugal 28,111 29,323 25,379 18,304 15,147 33,327 43,517 35,861 51,799 61,920 747,312 1,090,000 13.1 Romania 10,945 8,211 8,989 13,188 11,270 12,145 12,506 17,347 29,174 35,060 520,666 679,501 14.6 Slovakia 8,018 7,293 5,731 5,168 5,388 6,370 7,909 17,233 28,991 26,539 123,899 242,539 11.9 Slovenia 9,012 7,421 6,035 5,241 4,850 5,006 4,606 4,854 7,874 6,744 30,764 92,407 9.0 Spain 157,778 146,065 110,518 84,409 82,608 112,633 123,596 112,550 170,052 315,765 3,131,282 4,547,256 12.5 Sweden 40,709 53,486 48,765 39,842 41,936 52,791 42,280 22,845 41,835 37,366 194,323 616,178 8.7 United Kingdom 374,450 367,423 312,472 262,001 226,882 241,329 203,928 167,974 247,719 276,982 1,497,573 4,178,733 7.6 EUROPEAN UNION 10.5 Norway 36,142 33,449 30,131 30,738 31,997 35,069 28,459 22,491 32,067 40,174 174,717 495,434 8.9 Switzerland 22,600 30,821 28,656 28,645 29,671 27,561 22,570 18,910 20,808 19,077 109,677 358,996 7.8 5 Data for Austria, Germany and Sweden also includes trucks ACEA Report: Vehicles in use Europe 2018 10

Medium and heavy commercial vehicles 6 Year of first registration 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 >10 years Total Average age (in years) Austria 1,027 916 872 696 648 482 692 524 684 557 2,727 9,825 6.5 Belgium 9,472 8,462 8,354 7,751 8,266 8,644 7,386 7,506 9,247 8,321 75,269 158,678 10.2 Croatia 1,110 1,159 1,186 1,037 1,137 1,634 1,200 1,582 3,722 3,598 29,860 47,225 14.3 Czech Republic 11,246 11,542 9,940 9,184 7,662 7,862 5,601 4,987 9,902 9,618 116,236 203,780 16.4 Denmark 5,011 4,505 3,693 4,028 3,509 2,743 2,376 2,841 4,193 3,630 14,549 51,078 7.7 Estonia 1,120 1,055 1,037 1,226 1,117 1,057 661 562 1,881 2,439 29,464 41,619 17.7 Finland 3,876 3,280 3,494 4,078 3,956 3,966 3,460 3,906 6,224 6,283 64,728 107,251 13.0 France 51,866 47,257 41,938 48,242 46,975 50,636 36,763 36,398 50,756 42,710 184,459 638,000 7.6 Germany 6,355 5,799 5,201 5,291 4,548 4,395 4,630 4,937 4,671 4,240 28,882 78,949 8.7 Greece 537 571 463 342 150 343 1,200 2,237 6,536 16,813 222,259 251,450 20.9 Hungary 5,349 6,223 5,059 5,713 3,544 3,823 2,534 2,600 5,704 5,873 60,313 106,735 12.8 Ireland 3,570 2,632 2,390 2,234 2,314 2,268 2,027 2,267 5,729 6,314 35,590 67,335 10.4 Italy 23,211 21,884 17,736 19,191 19,137 27,220 27,653 24,338 38,730 39,865 724,365 983,330 14.1 Latvia 1,918 1,666 1,022 1,338 1,221 1,299 692 538 1,853 2,483 20,837 34,867 13.9 Lithuania 5,978 3,133 2,090 3,596 2,594 2,230 1,031 894 2,879 3,723 29,753 57,901 12.1 Luxembourg 1,359 1,361 1,114 1,018 815 972 645 581 760 547 2,591 11,763 6.6 Netherlands 14,609 12,287 9,699 11,938 11,474 10,984 8,885 10,058 13,215 9,531 49,013 161,693 9.2 Poland 28,892 24,237 20,102 23,125 22,269 27,600 20,429 16,564 38,791 43,938 872,777 1,138,724 13.5 Portugal 4,813 4,963 3,969 3,037 2,521 3,682 4,201 4,172 6,964 7,587 88,791 134,700 14.8 Romania 7,417 7,066 5,299 6,487 5,900 6,215 4,480 3,794 10,099 14,252 187,815 258,824 15.0 Slovakia 6,142 5,985 5,517 4,855 3,951 3,948 2,871 2,497 5,035 4,858 48,428 94,087 12.5 Slovenia 4,732 3,897 3,081 2,354 1,772 1,849 1,438 1,130 2,333 2,057 24,114 48,757 10.0 Spain 33,028 29,374 20,006 15,273 14,433 18,068 15,210 13,738 29,666 39,144 375,253 603,193 12.8 Sweden 1,133 1,267 1,191 1,226 1,530 1,545 1,502 982 739 603 2,172 13,890 6.2 United Kingdom 58,440 55,713 44,546 59,537 46,889 40,979 31,235 31,835 46,164 39,381 102,864 683,320 7.6 EUROPEAN UNION 11.7 Norway 7,537 6,384 6,571 7,032 6,668 5,749 4,792 4,240 5,596 4,801 44,096 103,466 9.5 Switzerland 3,933 5,348 5,329 4,432 4,700 5,031 4,150 4,826 5,246 4,077 27,037 74,109 9.1 6 Including buses; data for Austria, Germany and Sweden only includes buses ACEA Report: Vehicles in use Europe 2018 11

VEHICLES IN USE BY FUEL TYPE Passenger cars Petrol Diesel Hybrids Electric (incl fuel cell) Plug-in hybrids LPG/ Natural gas % share 2016 Other Austria 42.3% 57.0% 0.4% 0.2% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% Belgium 39.5% 58.9% 0.7% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% Croatia 54.7% 45.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Czech Republic 61.8% 38.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% Denmark 68.8% 30.3% 0.5% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Estonia 62.5% 36.7% 0.5% 0.2% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% Finland 72.2% 26.9% 0.7% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% France 34.7% 62.2% 0.8% 0.2% 0.0% 0.1% 2.0% Germany 65.5% 32.9% 0.3% 0.1% 0.0% 1.1% 0.0% Greece 91.0% 5.8% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 3.0% Hungary 69.4% 29.3% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 0.0% Ireland 46.6% 51.8% 1.4% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Italy 48.5% 42.9% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 8.2% 0.0% Latvia 44.9% 53.6% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 1.1% Lithuania 29.8% 66.8% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.9% Luxembourg 34.7% 64.2% 0.8% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% Netherlands 79.0% 16.2% 1.7% 0.2% 1.1% 1.8% 0.0% Poland 54.0% 30.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 14.2% 1.4% Portugal 51.3% 47.9% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% Romania 60.8% 38.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% Slovakia 53.8% 41.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.2% 2.2% Slovenia 53.2% 45.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.9% 0.0% Spain 38.3% 61.1% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Sweden 60.6% 32.1% 1.2% 0.2% 0.4% 0.9% 4.7% United Kingdom 59.8% 39.1% 0.9% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% EUROPEAN UNION 53.9% 42.0% 0.5% 0.1% 0.1% 2.8% 0.6% Norway 44.8% 47.5% 2.6% 3.7% 1.3% 0.0% 0.0% Switzerland 69.5% 28.6% 1.3% 0.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.2% ACEA Report: Vehicles in use Europe 2018 12

Light commercial vehicles 7 Petrol Diesel Hybrids Electric (incl plug-in) % share 2016 LPG/ Natural gas Other Austria 4.0% 95.3% 0.0% 0.3% 0.4% 0.0% Belgium 4.7% 93.2% 0.0% 0.1% 1.6% 0.4% Croatia 4.6% 94.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% 0.0% Czech Republic 18.3% 79.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 1.7% Denmark 11.3% 88.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% Estonia 17.8% 82.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% Finland 3.5% 96.3% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% France 3.8% 95.2% 0.0% 0.7% 0.1% 0.3% Germany 5.3% 93.4% 0.0% 0.3% 1.1% 0.0% Greece 42.1% 36.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 21.6% Hungary 5.0% 94.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% Ireland 1.2% 94.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 4.4% Italy 5.6% 90.9% 0.0% 0.1% 3.4% 0.0% Latvia 4.5% 93.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.1% Lithuania 3.4% 95.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.0% Luxembourg 3.9% 95.4% 0.0% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% Netherlands 2.9% 94.8% 0.0% 0.2% 2.1% 0.0% Poland 24.5% 66.5% 0.0% 0.0% 6.9% 2.1% Portugal 0.8% 99.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Romania 16.1% 81.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.2% Slovakia 16.8% 79.3% 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 2.6% Slovenia 5.1% 94.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 0.1% Spain 5.1% 94.7% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% Sweden 8.7% 89.4% 0.0% 0.3% 1.4% 0.3% United Kingdom 4.0% 95.8% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% EUROPEAN UNION 7.7% 89.9% 0.0% 0.2% 1.2% 1.0% Norway 6.4% 93.0% 0.0% 0.5% 0.1% 0.0% Switzerland 17.7% 81.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.8% 0.1% 7 Data for Austria and Sweden also includes trucks ACEA Report: Vehicles in use Europe 2018 13

Medium and heavy commercial vehicles 8 Petrol Diesel Hybrids Electric % share 2016 LPG/ Natural gas Other Austria 0.0% 94.1% 0.1% 1.5% 4.3% 0.0% Belgium 1.7% 93.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.2% 4.9% Croatia 0.1% 99.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Czech Republic 0.8% 94.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 4.2% Denmark 0.7% 99.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% Estonia 15.0% 84.7% 0.1% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% Finland 1.4% 98.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% France 0.0% 99.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% Germany 0.5% 98.9% 0.0% 0.1% 0.3% 0.1% Greece 0.1% 56.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 43.6% Hungary 0.7% 98.9% 0.1% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% Ireland 2.7% 96.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.9% Italy 0.5% 98.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 0.0% Latvia 3.3% 95.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.4% Lithuania 2.4% 95.6% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 1.6% Luxembourg 0.4% 98.3% 0.4% 0.0% 0.5% 0.4% Netherlands 0.8% 97.8% 0.0% 0.1% 1.1% 0.1% Poland 3.1% 94.1% 0.0% 0.1% 1.1% 1.7% Portugal 0.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Romania 0.3% 99.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% Slovakia 0.2% 96.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 2.8% Slovenia 0.1% 99.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% Spain 0.5% 98.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% 0.0% Sweden 0.3% 70.4% 0.5% 0.3% 16.8% 11.6% United Kingdom 0.7% 99.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% EUROPEAN UNION 1.0% 96.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 2.3% Norway 4.1% 94.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.9% 0.1% Switzerland 1.4% 97.8% 0.2% 0.1% 0.4% 0.1% 8 Including buses; data for Austria and Sweden only includes buses ACEA Report: Vehicles in use Europe 2018 14

PARC DENSITY Passenger cars Per 1,000 inhabitants 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Austria 542 546 547 546 550 Belgium 484 486 490 494 499 Croatia 339 338 345 355 371 Czech Republic 447 455 464 485 507 Denmark 397 403 410 419 431 Estonia 456 478 497 514 534 Finland 472 473 474 476 478 France 482 480 478 478 478 Germany 539 543 547 548 555 Greece 467 468 470 473 476 Hungary 301 307 315 325 338 Ireland 408 412 416 420 424 Italy 621 608 610 616 625 Latvia 305 317 331 344 340 Lithuania 590 624 381 399 418 Luxembourg 642 646 645 646 645 Netherlands 485 485 485 491 494 Poland 492 510 526 546 571 Portugal 429 430 433 439 446 Romania 224 235 247 261 278 Slovakia 338 348 360 376 391 Slovenia 525 527 532 541 553 Spain 476 474 474 481 492 Sweden 465 466 470 474 477 United Kingdom 493 496 503 513 522 EUROPEAN UNION 490 492 495 502 511 Norway 482 487 492 497 502 Switzerland 535 536 538 541 543 EFTA 514 517 520 524 527 Russia 268 274 284 284 289 Turkey 114 121 127 134 142 Ukraine 218 220 224 225 228 EUROPE 397 400 405 410 417 ACEA Report: Vehicles in use Europe 2018 15

Commercial vehicles 9 Per 1,000 inhabitants 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Austria 50 51 52 52 53 Belgium 71 72 73 74 76 Croatia 36 38 39 41 44 Czech Republic 67 68 68 69 71 Denmark 86 83 81 80 80 Estonia 70 69 77 81 86 Finland 75 75 75 76 76 France 100 99 99 100 99 Germany 39 39 40 41 42 Greece 98 99 100 102 103 Hungary 46 47 49 50 52 Ireland 75 77 77 79 80 Italy 82 79 79 81 82 Latvia 43 44 45 45 46 Lithuania 66 66 33 35 37 Luxembourg 72 71 70 70 70 Netherlands 64 63 62 62 64 Poland 86 88 91 93 96 Portugal 125 122 121 120 119 Romania 44 46 49 53 56 Slovakia 58 58 59 61 62 Slovenia 57 58 61 64 68 Spain 112 110 109 110 111 Sweden 60 60 61 62 63 United Kingdom 67 68 69 72 74 EUROPEAN UNION 74 74 75 76 77 Norway 106 113 113 113 114 Switzerland 49 49 50 51 51 EFTA 71 74 74 75 75 Russia 55 55 56 56 56 Turkey 56 57 58 61 63 Ukraine 71 71 74 74 74 EUROPE 69 69 69 70 72 9 Including buses ACEA Report: Vehicles in use Europe 2018 16

VEHICLE OWNERSHIP 10 Austria Belgium Czech Denmark Finland France Hungary Netherlands Poland Slovenia Sweden Republic 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2014 2016 2016 2014/2015 2016 Households with no cars % 23.0 17.0-39.7 26.0 16.6 48.3 28.7 36.3 18.1 17.3 Households with at least one car % 77.0 83.0-60.3 74.0 83.4 51.7 71.3 63.7 81.9 82.7 Households with one car % 50.0 55.0-44.5 54.0 48.0 86.6 48.2 - - Households with two cars % 21.0 24.0-13.8 17.0 30.3 11.7 18.8 - - Households with three or more cars % 6.0 4.0-1.6 3.0 5.2 1.7 4.2 - - Average ownership period years - - - - 3.5 5.6 - - - - Share of second-hand cars % - - - - - 58.7 - - - - Average distance travelled km 13,900 14,999 10,100-15,501 12,020 13,000 13,216-12,653 12,240 Average distance travelled (petrol) km - 9,570 - - 13,204 8,160 12,400 10,620-10,235 9,520 Average distance travelled (diesel) km - 18,721 - - 21,748 14,540 14,700 23,707-16,879 17,270 10 Latest data; only countries for which data is available are listed ACEA Report: Vehicles in use Europe 2018 17

ABOUT ACEA ACEA represents the 15 Europe-based car, van, truck and bus manufacturers: BMW Group, DAF Trucks, Daimler, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, Ford of Europe, Honda Motor Europe, Hyundai Motor Europe, Iveco, Jaguar Land Rover, PSA Group, Renault Group, Toyota Motor Europe, Volkswagen Group, Volvo Cars, and Volvo Group. More information can be found on www.acea.be or @ACEA_eu. ABOUT THE EU AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY 13.3 million people or 6.1% of the EU employed population work in the sector. The 3.4 million jobs in automotive manufacturing represent over 11% of total EU manufacturing employment. Motor vehicles account for some 413 billion in tax contributions in the EU15. The sector is also a key driver of knowledge and innovation, representing Europe's largest private contributor to R&D, with 54 billion invested annually. The automobile industry generates a trade surplus of 90.3 billion for the EU. European Automobile Manufacturers' Association (ACEA) Avenue des Nerviens 85 B-1040 Brussels www.acea.be T +32 2 732 55 50 F +32 738 73 10 info@acea.be @ACEA_eu