Ny Generation Energisnåla Färjor Road show Stockholm Maj 15, 2013 Mats Hjortberg, M.Sc.Nav.Arch mats@coriolis.se CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 1
Agenda: Which are the key-factors to achieve a Green Ferry. - Weight - Hull resistance - Speed Smart usage of energy - Time simulation vs. Required time schedule - Efficiency factors (η) of propulsion components - Energy cost ; What does 1 kwh cost? Technical options - Batteries - Supercapacitors - Fuel cells - Flywheel Some examples : Green configurations - Diesel electric hybrid no charging from shore - Diesel electric hybrid partially charging from shore - Fully electric (plug-in) all (100%) energy from shore Some more reference projects 2
Key factor 1 : Reduced weight What do we mean by Lightweight? 1 KG < 5 KG Definition in Shipbuilding: Displacement = Light Weight + Dead Weight Total weight of ship Complete ship, but no load or fuel onboard Payload. This is what the customer pays for CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 3
DeadWeight to LightWeight ratios for various ship types PANAMAX tanker DW LW = 75 000T = 15 000T 5 Fishing vessel DW LW = 500T 500T = 1 Passenger ferry DW LW = 50T 100T = 0.5 CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 4
Example: Operation profile 30 m Ferry boat Single trip: 5 min /1000 m Speed at steady state : 8 knots Energy Typical: 10 kwh for Depl. = 100 T 13 kwh for Depl. = 125 T + 30% Fuel cost P (kw) Acceleration F = M * a Deceleration F = M * a Ferry at Sea Ferry at Quay Ferry at Sea 191 (peak) 98 T (min) 5 10 CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 5
Key factor 2 : Hull forms (Resistance) CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 6
50 Total Resistance [kn] 45 40 35 30 25 20 135, MC6, Holtrop, NKH 135, MC6, Holtrop, Navcad 135, MC6, Univ Den, Navcad 135, B8, Insel & Molland, NKH 15 10 5 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 [kts] Speed V: [kts] 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 135, MC6, Holtrop, NKH 0.7 1.1 1.7 2.5 3.7 5.7 9.6 16.2 20.1 27.6 135, MC6, Holtrop, Navcad 0.8 1.4 2.2 3.2 4.6 6.8 10.6 16.4 21.9 30.3 135, MC6, Univ Den, Navcad 0.8 1.5 2.2 3.2 4.5 6.1 8.9 14.3 19.8 29.8 135, B8, Insel & Molland, NKH 1.4 2.3 3.3 4.1 5.8 10.6 17.0 24.9 34.9 46.3 135, B8, Navcad 1.2 2.2 3.8 5.9 8.5 11.8 15.6 20.1 25.2 30.8 135, B9, Insel & Molland, NKH 1.3 2.1 3.0 3.7 5.2 9.5 15.3 22.5 31.4 41.7 CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 7
Key factor 3 : Speed Tunø færgen 700 600 500 Required power vs. Speed EKO-Ö TUNÖ [kw W] 400 300 200 100 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 [knots] Eko Ø færgen Replacement for the Tunø-ferry EC directive, D-class Construction material: FRP Passengers & Cars approx. 30 meters 10 knots Light weight 72 T Installed engine power: 220 kw Reference ship: Tunø-ferry EC directive, D-class Construction material: Steel Passengers & Cars approx. 30 meters 10 knots Light weight 250 T Installed engine power: 588 kw Note! Power (kw) (Speed)3 CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 8
Smart usage of energy Time simulation vs. Time schedule Example : New shuttle ferries for Port of Gothenburg Assume time schedule is fixed. Ex. 5 minutes. Distance is fixed. Ex. 1100 m Optimize Acceleration, Cruising & Deceleration to minimize required Power (kw) and Energy (kwh) CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 9
Smart usage of energy Efficiency factors (η) for propulsion components Note! Pay attention to efficency factors for propulsion components IT MAKES A DIFFERENCE!! Diesel engine Spec.fuel cons. 230 g/kwh Gearbox η = 0.95 Propeller η = 0.60 Generator η = 0.96 Electr. motor η = 0.96 Batteries η = 098 0.98 AC/DC coverter η = 096 0.96 Frequency controller η = 096 0.96 Cables η = depending on length and area CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 10
Smart usage of energy Energy cost ; What does 1 kwh cost? Energy produced by Diesel genset onboard Energy produced by Windmills ashore DKK 2:30 2:50 per kwh (@ bunker price DKK 5:87/liter) DKK 0:57 per kwh Conclusion : Plug-in energy from shore-based grid is much cheaper than energy produced onboard. CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 11
Technical options - Batteries Lead/Acid 200 kwh energy storage Weight: 5.0T Volume: 6.0 m 3 Foot print: 6.0 m 2 Price: 160, per kwh No. of charging cycles : few Life time : short Li Ion 200 kwh energy storage Weight: 2.5T Volume: 6.0 m 3 Foot print: 4.0 m 2 Price: 1000, per kwh No. of charging cycles : many Life time : long CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 12
Technical options Supercapacitors Supercap s: 200 kwh energy storage Weight: More than Li Ion batteries Volume: More than Li Ion batteries Foot print: More than Li Ion batteries Charging : Quick! Price:? Fuel cells Fuel cells Very few reference projects so far. Wallenius has a 20 kw test plant Tourist boat in Hamburg, 100 kw Price:? Flywheel Flywheel Old, well known technology. Used as UPS in server (computer) halls. Used in space industry (NASA) for space shuttles. CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 13
Diesel electric hybrid system no charging from shore P (kw) Ferry at Sea Ferry at Quay 170 10.77 kwh = Energy produced by diesel engine(s) 129.22 Installed engine power: 2 x 75 kw Diesel genset 105 5 5 10 Propulsion + Hotel T (min) * Diesel engines running 5 minutes during sailing. * Diesel engines stopped for 5 minutes when at quay. * Diesel engines running at 84% of MCR (always!). * Batteries takes care of Propulsion (5 minutes) and Hotel load (10 minutes) * No charging during night time. All charging done by the generators while at sea. * Shore connection during night to power up hotel load only. CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 14
Diesel electric hybrid system no charging from shore Gearbox Z config Azimuth Thruster Electr.motor 150 kw, AC Hotel Load approx. 5 kw Electr.motor 150 kw, AC Freq.Conv DC/AC Freq.Conv DC/AC Main Switch hboard, AC & DC Shore connection (Only hotel load during night) Freq.Conv AC/DC Freq.Conv AC/DC Generator AC, 75 kw Generator AC, 75 kw Diesel engine 75 kw Diesel engine 75 kw PS side SB side Btt Batteries, Li Ion 250 kwh CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 15
Diesel electric hybrid system no charging from shore BRAKEL II (2009) Holland Length: 42 m, 18 cars, 130 passengers Diesel Electric system by SIEMENS CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 16
Diesel electric hybrid system partially charging from shore P (kw) 170 106 51.2 Ferry at Sea Ferry at Quay Installed engine power: 4.26 kwh 2 x 35 kw Diesel genset = Energy produced by diesel engine(s) Supported by: Shore connection during night time (12 hours) Power from shore connection: P el = 10.98 4.26 = 6.72 kwh/single trip approx. 500 kwh/day 5 5 10 Propulsion + Hotel T (min) * Diesel engines running 5 minutes during sailing. * Diesel engines stopped for 5 minutes when at quay. * Diesel engines running at 75% of MCR (always!). * Batteries takes care of Propulsion (5 minutes) and Hotel load (10 minutes) * Batteries supported by charging from shore during night time (12 hours). * Shore connection requires 3 phase, 400V, 63A for 12 hours. * Shore connection power up hotel load during night time. CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 17
Diesel electric hybrid system partially charging from shore Gearbox Z config Azimuth Thruster Electr.motor 150 kw, AC Hotel Load approx. 5 kw Electr.motor 150 kw, AC Freq.Conv DC/AC Freq.Conv DC/AC Main Switch hboard, AC & DC Shore connection 400V, 63A, 3 phase 12 hrs during night Freq.Conv AC/DC Freq.Conv AC/DC Generator AC, 35 kw Generator AC, 35 kw Diesel engine 35 kw Diesel engine 35 kw PS side SB side Btt Batteries, Li Ion 600 kwh CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 18
Diesel electric hybrid system partially charging from shore KEOLIS (2012) River of Garonne /Bordeaux 200 000 passengers per year 140 kwh Li Ion batteries from SAFT batteries CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 19
Fully electric system (plug-in) all (100%) energy from shore P (kw) 180 110 Ferry at Sea Ferry at Quay Installed engine power: 1 x 44 kw Diesel genset (for emergency only!) Supported by: Shore connection during night time (12 hours) Power from shore connection: P el = 11.37 kwh/single trip approx. 846 kwh/day Not necessary to run diesel engine! 5 5 10 Propulsion + Hotel T (min) * Batteries takes care of Propulsion (5 minutes) and Hotel load load (10 minutes) * Batteries supported by charging from shore during night time (12 hours). * Shore connection requires 3 phase, 400V, 125A for 12 hours. * Shore connection power up hotel load during night time. * No diesel generator required during normal operation. CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 20
Fully electric system (plug-in) all (100%) energy from shore Gearbox Z config Electr.motor 150 kw, AC Freq.Conv DC/AC Shore connection 400V, 125A, 3 phase 12 hrs during night Azimuth Thruster Hotel Load approx. 5 kw Electr.motor 150 kw, AC Freq.Conv DC/AC Main Switch hboard, AC & DC Freq.Conv AC/DC Generator AC, 44 kw Btt Batteries, Li Ion 1000 kwh Diesel engine 44 kw Optional Only for emergency and transit to yard CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 21
Fully electric system (plug-in) all (100%) energy from shore Proposal for new ferry Denmark Capacity : 98 passengers, 12 cars Propulsion : 2 x 150 kw Btt Batteries (Li Ion) : 1000 kwh, 74 single trips/day ti CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 22
Næssund -færgen Thy Kommune Mors Thy Færgefart A/S Niels Hjørnet Yacht Design Yacht Design & Composite Engineering CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects Morsø Kommune 23
Fully electric system (plug-in) all (100%) energy from shore 700000 Yearly Energy cost Fuel + Electr. (DKK) 600000 Fuel price : DKK 5870, /m 3 Electr.price : DKK 0.57/kWh 500000 400000 Electr 300000 611402 642973 104025 Fuel 200000 100000 236399 176010.3 176010.3 0 1 2 3 4 5 Propulsion Combination 24 Diesel Electric Diesel Electricc Partially charging from shore Diesel Electric 100% charging from shore Diesel Electric 100% charging from shore Diesel Mech.
Fully electric system (plug-in) all (100%) energy from shore 300.00 CO 2 emissions (Tonnes/Year) 257.98 245.31 250.00 200.00 150.00 CO2 100.00 94.85 50.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 Propulsion Combination Diesel Electric Diesel Electric Partially charging from shore Diesel Electric 100% charging from shore Diesel Electric 100% charging from shore Diesel Mech. 25
Fully electric system (plug-in) all (100%) energy from shore 80 Differen nce in Invest tment cost [MDKK] 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Year Stålfartyg Plastkompositfartyg CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 26
Some more reference projects CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 27
Fully electric system (plug-in) with supercapacitors Passenger ferry Ar Vag Tredan (2012) River of Blavet / Lorient Length : 22 m Capacity : 113 passengers; 10 bicycles Propulsion li : 2 x 75 kw Supercapacitors : STX Lorient in cooperation with Sterling Design International CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 28
Fuel cells Tourist boat Zemship (2010) - Hamburg Length : 25 m Capacity : 100 passengers Propulsion : 100 kw Fuel cells : 2 x 50 kw CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 29
Fully electric (plug-in) with batteries Hamnfärjan II (Spårvagnen) (1948) Marstrand Sweden Length : 8.80 m Capacity : 30 passengers Propulsion : 6 kw Batteries : 40 batteries a 2.0V (Hamnfärjan I was built in 1913 with the same propulsion arrangement, but is scrapped since many years back.) CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 30
Fully electric (plug-in) with batteries ISA af Lyngnern (2011) Sätila, Sweden (Replica of historical ship from 19:th century) Length : 13.00 m Capacity : 30 passengers Propulsion : 40 kw Batteries : Lead/acid CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 31
Electric propulsion li system anno 1886 So, it s not new! CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 32
END Thank you! CORIOLIS AB Naval Architects 33