Raphael Görner, Head of Marketing & Sales, Grid Systems Germany 20.05.2011 Building bridges with HVDC Solar Energy for Science May 20, 2011 Slide 1
Europe 20XX Scenario ABB s DC grid vision already in the 1990 s 99LFC0825 Hydro 200 GW Hydro power Solar power Wind power DC transmission Wind 300 GW 25 000 km sq 5000 x 10 km Cables (Solar) 140 pairs of 5 GW and 3000 km each Solar 700 GW 8000 km sq 90 x 90 km May 20, 2011 Slide 2
Why HVDC? Benchmarking AC vs DC Line Line Loadability Loadability v v Distance Distance Loadability Loadability (MW) (MW) 8000 8000 7000 7000 6000 6000 5000 5000 4000 4000 3000 3000 2000 2000 1000 1000 0 0 0 0 100 100 200 200 300 300 400 400 500 500 600 600 700 700 Distance Distance (m (m i) i) 345 345 kv kv AC AC 500 500 kv kv AC AC 765 765 kv kv AC AC ±500 ±500 kv kv DC DC ±600 ±600 kv kv DC DC ±800 ±800 kv kv DC DC May 20, 2011 Slide 3
Multiterminal HVDC emerges as the first steps towards HVDC Grids Significant loss reduction Stabilized AC & DC grid operation Increased power capacity per line/cable vs. AC Less visual impact and lower electromagnetic fields Easier acceptance of new DC projects if lines can be tapped DC = only solution for subsea connections > 60 km Connection of asynchronous AC Networks Circumvent right of way limitations Technology required for visions like Desertec & North Sea Offshore Grid May 20, 2011 Slide 4
What is an HVDC Transmission System? HVDC Converter Station > 6400 MW, Classic Overhead Lines Two conductors HVDC Converter Station > 6400 MW, Classic Customers Grid Hydro Solar Alt. Submarine cables Customers Grid Solar Customers Grid HVDC Converter Station < 1200 MW, Light Land or Submarine cables HVDC Converter Station < 1200 MW, Light Customers Grid May 20, 2011 Slide 5 Power/Energy direction
HVDC Technologies Hydro Solar Solar HVDC Classic Current source converters Line-commutated thyristor valves Requires 50% reactive compensation (35% HF) Converter transformers Minimum short circuit capacity > 2x converter rating HVDC Light Voltage source converters Self-commutated IGBT valves Requires no reactive power compensation (<5% HF) Standard transformers No minimum short circuit capacity, black start May 20, 2011 Slide 6
Three Gorges-Shanghai 3000 MW, ± 500 kv Hydro Solar Solar May 20, 2011 Slide 7
R&D achievements 800 kv Xiangjiaba-Shanghai Applications Products Modules Sub-Modules DC pole equipment Transformers and bushings 6 thyristor and valve Control equipment Control concept World s first 800 kv in service Delivered ahead of schedule Customer s benefits Increased power transfer Huge savings in losses and investment Quick implementation May 20, 2011 Slide 8
HVDC development steps towards UHVDC 1100 kv 2009: Long term test of components at 1050 kv (Ludvika) 2010: Concept selection 2011: Equipment development 2012: Type testing Goal: Get first order for 10.500 MW project in 2013 May 20, 2011 Slide 9 Challenge: UHVDC transmission on high altitude (4000 m) for projects in Tibet
Multi-terminal Line Commutated Converters (Classic) Main driver is to reduce n:o of OH lines Secondary driver is distribution of generation and load Tertiary driver is respect for high altitude insulation Preferred solution seems to be series converters ABB can do this High altitude 2,5 GW ~ = +550 kv Split and distribute Low altitude Normal configuration in a station +1100 kv 2,5 GW ~ = 2,5 GW +550 kv ~ = 2,5 GW Neutral ~ = 2,5 GW -550 kv ~ = -1100 kv 2,5 GW ~ = Neutral 2,5 GW 2,5 GW ~ ~ = = Single bipolar line 2000 km 10 GW ± 1100 kv To Shanghai (e.g.) Each end can be concentrated or distributed -550 kv May 20, 2011 Slide 10
2014: North East Agra: Multiterminal Classic UHVDC 8 000 MW World Record Power Transmission NEA800: 1 728 km transmission 15 km wide corridor Buthan Nepal Bangladesh 800 kv Converter Valve, Shanghai HVDC connection of multiple remote hydro power regions in NE India Low losses, reliability, flexibility North East - Agra (NEA 800) Hydro resources NE locally 13 m of rainfall per year 15 km narrow Chicken Neck Transmission Corridor, between Buthan, Nepal & Bangladesh Electricity to 90 M people ABB:s second Multiterminal HVDC 1. New England Hydro Quebec 1992 Three terminal, 2000 MW ABB:s second 800 kv HVDC 1. Xiangjiaba Shanghai 2010 2000 km, 6400 MW UHVDC May 20, 2011 Slide 11
HVDC technology (Classic vs. Light) for HVDC Grids Power reversal AC disturbances AC connection HVDC Classic (LCC) (Developed in the 50 s) Additional mechanical switch arrangement needed for voltage reversal Cause commutation failure and short circuit of the HVDC grid for some time Need strong networks (medium to high short circuit capacity) HVDC Light (VSC) (Developed in the 90 s) Change of current directly by the voltage source converter Only momentarily loss of active power Connection to weak or even black AC-network possible AC voltage support ~50% reactive power consumed Reactive power support DC side short circuit DC breaker needed DC breaker needed May 20, 2011 Slide 12
Product portfolio HVDC Hydro Power in MW I (A) Solar Solar Power in MW 20 40 80 150 320 500 800 500 100 200 300 1000 190 370 570 600 1500 300 700 1200 900 2000 U (kv) 500 750 1000 1500 3000 3000 4800 4000 160 320 640 4000 6400 Light Light/Classic cable/classic OHL Light / Classic cable/ohl Classic OHL Classic BtB 2000 May 20, 2011 Slide 13
Historical review, 1997-2001 Two-level Converter losses 3 % Converter, Generation 1 High switching frequency Filters required + U d -U d Two-level converter phase-to-neutral voltage May 20, 2011 Slide 14
Historical review, 2002-2004 Three-level Converter losses 1.7 % Converter, Generation 2 Switching frequency reduced Harmonic generation improved + U d -U d Three-level converter phase-to-neutral voltage May 20, 2011 Slide 15
Historical review, 2005-2009 Two-level Converter, Generation 3 Converter losses 1.7 % By optimized IGBT and drive Lower switching frequency Harmonic generation maintained + U d -U d Two-level converter phase-to-neutral voltage May 20, 2011 Slide 16
Generation 3 evolution into Generation 4 Two-level Converter the base + U d Cascaded connection 1 Cell 20 kv 2 x 8 IGBT s CTLC Cascaded Two-Level Converter Low losses No filters required -U d May 20, 2011 Slide 17
HVDC Light VSC technology break through More than one qualified supplier 3,5% 3,0% 2,5% 2,0% 1,5% Losses Gen. 1 Gen. 2 Capacity HVDC Light Gen. 3 1400 1200 1000 800 600 MW Losses in the level of classic Only solution for offshore Asymmetric solution opens up for >500 kv solutions and >2,000 MW for bipoles 1,0% Gen. Gen. 4 4 400 0,5% HVDC Classic 200 0,0% 0 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 150 x 100 m 320 kv, 1000 MW May 20, 2011 Slide 18
HVDC Light Converter Arrangements IGBT Valve Double Cell IGBT module StakPak Submodule HVDC Light Voltage source converter Cascaded two-level converters DC capacitor modules IGBT valve modules StakPaks Safe short circuit failure mode Submodules Self commutated DC capacitor module Chip May 20, 2011 Slide 19
HVDC Light Valve Cascaded Two Level Converter - CTL Top Shield Support Insulators Optical Fibers Capacitor Modules Current Conductors IGBT Modules 1660 Cooling Pipes May 20, 2011 Slide 20 86 78 62 inch Weight 6,600 lbs. (3,000 kg)
Converter capabilities Available today 320 kv symmetric monopole 1100 MW Onshore+Offshore 500 kv asymmetric monopole 850 MW Onshore Future ambition 640 kv symmetric monopole 2200 MW 640 kv asymmetric monopole 1100 MW 640 kv bipole 2 x 1100 MW May 20, 2011 Slide 21
Converter Configurations DC Voltage 580 A 1140 A 1740 A +/- 80 kv 100 MVA 200 MVA 300 MVA +/- 150 kv 190 MVA 370 MVA 540 MVA +/- 320 kv 400 MVA 790 MVA 1200 MVA +/- 640 kv 800 MVA 1580 MVA 2400 MVA ~ ~ = = Bipole + U d 0 kv = ~ = ~ -U d DC transmission with overhead lines up to 800 kv today. (R&D for 1100 kv) Asymmetric monopole ~ = + U d 0 kv = ~ DC transmission with cables up to 320 kv today. (550 kv for MI cables) (R&D for 640 kv) 700 Symmetric monopole ~ = + U d -U d = ~ Cable voltage (kv) 600 500 400 300 200 100 50 MW 500 MW 2000 MW 1000 MW V1 0 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 May 20, 2011 Slide 22
DC Grids are popular in the public debate Supergrid initiatives are competing for attention pepei.pennnet.com wind-energy-the-facts.org mainstreamrp.com Statnett wikipedia/desertec Desertec-australia.org Statnett claverton-energy.com May 20, 2011 Slide 23
Desertec Industrial Initiative: Regulatory concepts & roll-out plan Dii Focus: Generation, Transmission, Markets Desertec Vision Solar and Wind to supply 15% of EU electricity 2050 First projects Possible 1 GW reference projects within the next years May 20, 2011 Slide 24
The world by night May 20, 2011 Slide 25
Solar energy from deserts 90 percent of people live within 2,700 km of a desert Source: DESERTEC 2008 May 20, 2011 Slide 26
May 20, 2011 Slide 27