Solar PV & Wind. Systems Engineering & Development. USAID Power the Future Regional Program November 12-13, 2018 Almaty, Kazakhstan

Solar PV & Wind. Systems Engineering & Development. USAID Power the Future Regional Program November 12-13, 2018 Almaty, Kazakhstan 1

Unit 1 Generation Options

Technology Overview. Generation Consumer Grid Integrated Architecture

Technology Overview. 1 5 13 12 2 10 7 8 9 6 11 3 4 1. Solar PV Field 2. Inverter. 3. Storage Bank 4. Genset 5. Wind Turbine 6. Consumer/s & Metering 7. Transformer (Up/Down) 8. Grid (Transmission/Distribution) 9. Protections (DC) 10. Protections (AC) 11. Protections (HV) & Metering 12. Telecommunications 13. Remote Management (SCADA)

Wind. Generation Options.

Technology Overview. 3 1 13 4 12 10 7 8 9 6 11 2 5 1. Wind Turbine 2. Storage Bank 3. Solar PV 4. Inverter 5. Genset 6. Consumer/s & Metering 7. Transformer (Up/Down) 8. Grid (Transmission/Distribution) 9. Protections (DC) 10. Protections (AC) 11. Protections (HV) & Metering 12. Telecommunications 13. Remote Management (SCADA)

Unit 1 Solar Generation

Solar PV. Solar Generation Side. A solar panel is a combination of multiple smaller panels, called Cells or Wafers, each of them is formed by various layers of different semiconducting materials, which trap the electrons as they hit the surface and convert them into electricity, which is delivered by the back layer. The cells or wafers and connected in series (to add up volts) and the series into parallels (to add up amps).

Solar PV. Solar Generation Side. Market Available Panel Technologies. c-si or Crystalline Type 1. Mono Crystalline 2. Poly Crystalline. Thin Film Type 1. Cadmium Telluride 2. Other non-commercial Advantages Disadvantages Notes c-si Mono c-si Poly CdTe Good efficiency with turbid sky. Long cleaning cycles. Steady market availability. Good efficiency with clear sky. Low degradation mismatch. Uneven market availability. Shorter cleaning intervals. Performance below optimal in typical equatorial turbid sky Industry average degradation mismatch. The balance between Total Project s cost vs Performance vs OM costs vs standardization and availability, makes this to be recommended technology. Same panel cost as c-si Poly. Best efficiency in turbid skies and/in hot weather. Uneven market availability. Delicate logistics. Higher Total project costs. High degradation mismatch. Shorter cleaning intervals. Even having the best performance for the local environment these are overweighted by the shortcomings Crystalline technology dominates the world industry with more than 150 GW of manufacturing capacity. Poly type is the most widely available. There is only 1 big manufacturer of CdTe and has very limited supply capacity, most of it devoted to large utility scale projects of more than 100 MWp.

Solar PV. Solar Generation Side. Strings & Tables. Strings are organized in tables and tables into arrays. Cables between panels shall never jump between tables. There are many possible configurations of tables, according to how many panels are in vertical order, normally it varies between 1 and 4. The panels can be oriented either in vertical position or horizontal position, as by where their long side is oriented. Here are some examples of tables: Strings must follow the table Strings can be routed on the table to reduce cable to reach the combiner of inverter. Multiple strings can be routed on the table in different shapes to reduce cable to reach the combiner of inverter.

Unit 1 Wind Generation.

Wind. Generation Side. Micro Turbines 10 kw to 800 kw Utility Scale 0 to 10 kw 800 kw to 12 MW ALMOST EMPTY Do It Yourself approach. Available even in department stores. No mainstream products in the market Manufacturers Vertical Integration. Financial product approach.

Wind. Generation Side. A Wind turbine is an electromechanical generation unit, where an inductive (spinning) generator is actuated by the effect of the wind against the blades of the rotor. Depending on the technology of the spinning generator. Today, the small units with less than 300 kw are no longer considered financially viable and the usual platform starts with 2 WM. The domestic types (< 50 kw) either generate DC or AC in freespin and must be associated with a battery bank due to the extreme variability of their output and their lack of controls.

Wind. Generation Side.

Wind. Generation Side. Market Available Technologies. Horizontal type 1. Domestic or Utility 2. DC or AC Output Vertical type: 1. Domestic Application 2. DC or AC Output Advantages Horizontal High availability. Proven design. Available in any scale. More units per area. No mechanical stress. Very low noise. Vertical Disadvantages Difficult OM. High mechanical stress. Complex foundations & EPC. Only available for domestic scale. More expensive. Limited market availability. Notes Utility scale presents a high inertia, allowing for smooth grid integration. The balance between cost and power has limited his development towards utility scale type. Horizontal technology dominates the market in all sizes. Verticals are mostly considered for aesthetical reasons.

Wind. Generation Side. Market Available Technologies. Platform Average Power Civil Works Turbine Total cost Cost per kw Endurance E-3120 55 kw 176,400 327,600 504,000 9,164 Enercon E53/48/44 800 kw 686,000 1,274,000 1,960,000 2,450 EWT DW61 900 kw 735,000 1,365,000 2,100,000 2,333 GE 1.5sle 1.5 MW 1,421,000 2,639,000 4,060,000 2,707 Enercon E82 2 3 MW 1,519,000 2,821,000 4,340,000 2,170

Wind. Generation Side. Plant layout. T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 > Diam x 10 T 5 T 5 > Diam x 10

Solar PV. Solar Generation Side. The inverter processes the DC energy received the PV Field to deliver usable AC energy

Solar PV. Solar Generation Side. Inverters. They convert DC power into AC power.there are various types: On Grid or Grid tied.they synchronize his output to the voltage and frequency of the hosting grid. Grid dependent. Anti-islanding protection prevails. No grid, no power. Grid forming. Anti-islanding can be cancelled or programmed. No grid, power output if desired.vrth capabilities. Off Grid or Isolated.They serve facilities not connected to the grid.they are not grid compatible. DC to AC. They create a standard power AC power in pure sinewave. Storage should be added. Inverter-Charger or DC to AC to DC. They can have multiple DC and AC inputs and include the battery charger function. DC to DC. They create a stable DC output from various DC sources to supply an Off Grid or Grid Ties inverter. The main application is large storage with multiple large DC generation sources and multiple storage banks of different technologies. Hybrids. Multiple DC and multiple AC inputs, like an Inverter-Charger, but with smart power management capabilities. Output can be Off grid or Grid tie, but not both.

Solar PV. Solar Generation Side. Inverters. System s Load Flow Basic SLD s. On Grid system structure. Grid Dependent. Typical grid connected utility plant. All generation is sold to the grid, where supplements the grid in serving the overall load.

Generation Side. Inverters. System s Load Flow Basic SLD s. Simplified Symbols. = DC Generator ~ AC Generator Transformer Load / Consumers Storage ~ AC Generator

Unit 1 Storage

Generation Side. Storage. There are many forms of storage, either direct or indirect. In our industry, direct storage of energy in the form of batteries and storage banks is the most usual approach.

Generation Side. Storage Types. - Electro-chemical. - Lead-acid gel, like OPZ type. - Lithium-Ion. - Flow. - Fuel Cells (Hydrogen). - Capacitors - Electro-mechanical. - Pumped hydro. - Compressed air. - Flywheels. Technology characteristics, application and dimensioning of batteries and storage banks

Generation Side. Storage Dimensioning. - Electro-chemical. - Lead-acid gel, OPZ type. - Lithium-Ion. - Flow. - Fuel Cells (Hydrogen). - Capacitors. Type Single User/House Single User Commercial MiniGrid DER On-Grid Solar PV Plant Distribution Grid Transmission Grid OPZ Average Average NO NO NO NO Li-Ion OK OK OK Compensate Variability Small scale (< 50 MWh) NO Flow NO Grid Cost (> 1 MWh) 24 h Supply (> 1 MWh) 24h Supply (> 5 MWh) Flexibility (> 50 MWh) Yes Fuel Cells NO NO Average Average Average NO Capacitors NO User Power Quality NO Average Grid Power Quality Grid Power Quality

Unit 1 Protections

Generation Side. Protections. - DC. - Fuses, ultra-rapid type. - Breakers 4 pole loop. - AC & HV. - Fuses, slow type. - Thermal breakers. - Differential breakers. - Surge arresters & grounding. Type DC Single Phase AC Three Phase AC HV Surge Lightning Fuses >1 V/<1,000 A 240 V / < 16 A 400 V / > 20 A >1 kv/<100 A > 1 kv / >10 A > 1 kv Breakers < 1 kv/<100 A 240 V / < 16 A 400 V / > 20 A Program N/A N/A Grounding* < 100 Oh < 100 Oh < 100 Oh < 100 Oh < 100 Oh < 100 Oh

Generation Side. Protections. Section Protection & Insulation T ~ D T D T T Section Protection & Insulation Type DC Single Phase AC Three Phase AC HV Surge Lightning Fuses >1 V/<1,000 A 240 V / < 16 A 400 V / > 20 A >1 kv/<100 A > 1 kv / >10 A > 1 kv Breakers < 1 kv/<100 A 240 V / < 16 A 400 V / > 20 A Program N/A N/A

Unit 1 Cables

Generation Side. Cabling. Cables are an utmost critical component of every system, often overlooked. His correct selection, sizing and installation methods are key for the system performance. Cutting corners or being cheap on cables has dramatic financial impacts in the long term.

Generation Side. Cable Insulation. Material Advantages Disadvantages PVC PE Cheap Durable Widely available Lowest dielectric losses High initial dielectric strength Highest dielectric losses Melts at high temperatures Contains halogens Not suitable for MV/ HV cables Highly sensitive to water treeing Material breaks down at high temperatures XLPE EPR Paper/ Oil Low dielectric losses Improved material properties al high temperatures Does not melt but thermal expansion occurs Increased flexibility Reduced thermal expansion (relative to XLPE) Low sensitivity to water treeing Low-Medium dielectric losses Not harmed by DC testing Known history of reliability Medium sensitivity to water treeing (although some XLPE polymers are water resistant) Medium-High dielectric losses Requires inorganic filler/ additive High weight & High cost Requires hydraulic pressure/ pumps for insulating fluid Difficult to repair Degrades with moisture

Generation Side. Cable Capacity.

Generation Side. Cable Loses.

Generation Side. Cable Loses.

Generation Side. Cable Loses.

Unit 1 Master Plant EPC

Dimensioning and design of Off-Grid single user facilities. The combination of generation means and storage is managed by the inverter/charger to deliver stable power to the user facilities.

Unit 1 EPC Allocation & Resources

Dimensioning and design of Off-Grid single user facilities.

Solar PV. Dimensioning and design of Off-Grid single user facilities.

Unit 1 EPC Allocation and Resources

Dimensioning and design of Off-Grid single user facilities.

Dimensioning and design of Off-Grid single user facilities.

Dimensioning and design of Off-Grid single user facilities.

Dimensioning and design of Off-Grid single user facilities.

Dimensioning and design of Off-Grid single user facilities.

Wind. Dimensioning and design of Off-Grid single user facilities.

Wind. Dimensioning and design of Off-Grid single user facilities. Load Profile. Load & Sizing Periods Hours % Main load Main Load kw Main Load kwh day Main Load kwh Storage 3 days Gross Generation kwh/year* Parameters 32 3 06.00 to 11.59 6.00 30 10 58 173 12.00 to 16.59 5.00 60 19 96 288 17.00 to 19.59 3.00 70 22 67 202 20.00 to 06.00 10.00 10 3 32 96 Totals 24.00 54 253 758 183,270 (*) Formula : (253 * 365 + (758 * (365 / 3))) = 183,270 kwh per year

Unit 1 Dimensioning Viability Estimation & CoE Approach

Solar PV. Dimensioning and design of Off-Grid single user facilities. Cost Approach Cost approach USD/kWp Calculated Size kwp Lifespan years PV System 198 25.00 Panels 400.00 79,200 Mounting 350.00 69,300 Inverters 500.00 99,000 BoS & EPC 437.50 86,625 CAPEX 1,687.50 334,125 OPEX 15.00 2,970 Lifespan kwh Generated CAPEX Lifespan OPEX CoE USD/kWh CoE Calculation 6,930,000 334,125 2,970 0.05 USD/kWh Calculated kwh Total Lifespan Years Storage (Li-Ion) 350.00 758 25.00 CAPEX 265,440 OPEX 3.00 2,275 Lifespan kwh Delivered CAPEX Lifespan OPEX CoE USD/kWh CoE Calculation 2,306,800 265,440 2,275 0.12

Solar PV. Dimensioning and design of Off-Grid single user facilities. Cost Approach USD/kWp Calculated Size kwp Lifespan years PV System 66 25.00 Panels 400.00 26,400 Mounting 350.00 23,100 Inverters 500.00 33,000 BoS & EPC 437.50 28,875 CAPEX 1,687.50 111,375 OPEX 15.00 990 Lifespan kwh Generated CAPEX Lifespan OPEX CoE USD/kWh CoE Calculation 2,310,000 111,375 990 0.05 kw USD/kWh Calculated kwh Total Lifespan Years Lifespan Hours Generator 115 150.00 2.44 16,000.00 CAPEX 17,280 1,536,000 OPEX 3.00 48,000 Fuel 0.99 0.25 380,160 Lifespan kwh Delivered CAPEX Lifespan OPEX CoE USD/kWh CoE Calculation 1,536,000 17,280 428,160 0.29 Total CoE USD/kWh 0.34

Unit 1 Viability LCoE and Financial Model