Vehicles Emissions In-Service Conformity February 2017
CONTENTS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction Selection of vehicles Vehicles families Samples lots Statistical process Outliers Reporting 2
1. INTRODUCTION Before production End of production line 6 months to 5 years 15,000 to 100,000 km Min. 4 years + every 2 years TYPE APPROVAL including DURABILITY &OBD CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION IN-SERVICE CONFORMITY PERIODIC TECHNICAL INSPECTION Emissions testing throughout vehicle useful life 3
2. SELECTION OF VEHICLES (EC) No. 692/2008 Annex II Appendix 1 Vehicle examination and driver/owner interview Mileage & age: Minimum 15,000 km and 6 months Maximum 100,000 km or 5 years whichever is sooner Maintenance according to manufacturer s recommendations: full service & repair history, no indication of abuse, no major repair, no misfuelling, no operation under OBD fault codes Normal driving conditions in at least two Member States: speed, ambient conditions, fuel quality, etc. 4
2. SELECTION OF VEHICLES Commercial agreement with customers for ISC: The manufacturer typically takes away vehicles from customers for weeks in exchange for services, for example: servicing, lease vehicle, fuel refill, valeting, etc. Future impact of RDE ISC on customers: PEMS tests will require the customer vehicle for more than a week in addition to dyno ISC. Safety checks Install PEMS kit WLTC validation Soaking Test Data processing Uninstall PEMS kit Servicing Very often re-test due to road conditions 5
3. VEHICLES FAMILIES Parameters defining the IN-SERVICE FAMILY for tailpipe emissions: (EC) No. 692/2008 Annex II 1. Combustion process 2. Number of cylinders 3. Configuration of cylinder block 4. Method of engine fuelling 5. Type of cooling system 6. Method of aspiration 7. Type of fuel 8. Type of catalytic converter 9. With / without particle trap 10. EGR 11. Engine volume Vmax-30% 6
4. SAMPLE LOTS For each family, the number of sample lots is based on sales volumes: (EC) No. 692/2008 Annex II Each sample lot is minimum 3 vehicles, maximum 20 vehicles. 7
5. STATISTICAL PROCEDURE Number NOK 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Sample size (EC) No. 692/2008 Appendix 2 UNECE Reg. 83 Appendix 4 ISO 8422 Sequential sampling plans for inspection by attributes FAIL TEST MORE PASS 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 8
TRUTH 5. STATISTICAL PROCEDURE DECISION PASS FAIL Vehicles are compliant Correct decision Type I error = Producer risk Vehicles are noncompliant Type II error = Consumer risk Correct decision 9
5. STATISTICAL PROCEDURE Operating Characteristic curve acceptance probability 1.000 Producer risk to reject compliant vehicle 0.900 P(40 % ; 0.95) 0.800 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100 C(75 % ; 0.15) Consumer risk to accept non-compliant vehicles Source: UTAC 0.000 0 20 40 60 80 100 process quality level (in percent of non-conforming) 10
Number of vehicles tested 5. STATISTICAL PROCEDURE Expected statistical behaviour of RDE ISC tests Today ISC tests on dyno have a car-to-car spread only (asymmetric because limited to zero). RDE tests have additional variation effects due to weather, route, driving style, traffic, measurement, gear-shifting, etc. Engineering target Limit Dyno In consequence, with RDE tests there will be a wider spread. RDE Emissions (mg/km) 11
6. OUTLIERS Emissions (mg/km) X 2.5 X 1.5 Pollutant limit Vehicle FAILS Authorities determine cause Vehicle FAILS Manufacturer determine cause If authorities determine same cause - Sample FAILS If manufacturer and authorities agree on same cause - Sample FAILS FAILURE ZONE INTERMEDIATE ZONE Vehicle PASS Vehicle FAILS Number of vehicles tested 12
7. REPORTING Manufacturer develops internal procedure For each family, period between commencing two checks max. 18 months (can be extended to 24 months in case of type approval extension) Authorities audit manufacturers In case of non-compliance, manufacturer submits plan of remedial measures to authorities within 60 days Information from approval authority and Member State surveillance testing may complement the in-service monitoring reports supplied by the manufacturer 13