DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE Headquarters US Air Frce Washingtn, D.C. 20330-1030 QTP24-3-B214 24 April 2018 Oversized Carg Truck Vehicle Management Cdes: B214, B219, B220, B226, B233 B235, B237, B239 B241, B255, B263, B265 B267, B274, B280, C157, C158, C170, C181, C182, C192, C200, C203 C205, C207, C209, C211, C218, C260, C316, C319, F263 QUALIFICATION TRAINING PACKAGE
CONTENTS SECTION 1 OVERVIEW... 3 1.1. Overview... 3 SECTION 2 RESPONSIBILITIES... 3 2.1. Respnsibilities.... 3 SECTION 3 INTRODUCTION... 4 3.1. Objectives.... 4 3.2. Desired Learning Outcmes.... 4 3.3. Lessn Duratin.... 5 3.4. Instructinal References.... 5 3.5. Instructinal Training Aids and Equipment.... 5 SECTION 4 TRAINEE PREPARATION... 6 4.1. Licensing Requirements.... 6 4.2. Required Reading (Testable Material).... 6 SECTION 5 KNOWLEDGE LECTURE AND EVALUATION... 6 5.1. Overview f Training and Requirements.... 6 5.2. Vehicle Inspectin.... 8 5.3. Vehicle Safety and Equipment.... 13 5.4. Driving Safety and Precautins.... 14 5.5. Vehicle Operatin.... 15 SECTION 6 EXPLANATION AND DEMONSTRATION.... 17 6.1. Instructr s Preparatin.... 17 6.2. Safety Prcedures and Equipment.... 17 6.3. Operatr Maintenance Demnstratin.... 18 6.4. Operatin Demnstratin.... 18 SECTION 7 TRAINEE PERFORMANCE AND EVALUATION... 22 7.1. Trainee Perfrmance.... 22 7.2. Perfrmance Evaluatin.... 25 SECTION 8 AIR BRAKES (IF EQUIPPED)... 28 8.1. Safe Operatin f a CMV with an Air Brake System... 28 8.2. Using Air Brakes.... 34 8.3. Cmbinatin Vehicle Air Brakes.... 36 Attachment 1 GLOSSARY OF REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION 40 Attachment 2 VEHICLE INSPECTION GUIDE 41 Attachment 3 PERFORMANCE TEST 45 Attachment 4 PERFORMANCE TEST GUIDE 50 Attachment 5 SEVEN-STEP INSPECTION PROCESS 54
Sectin 1 OVERVIEW 1.1. Overview. 1.1.1. Send cmments and suggested imprvements n AF Frm, Recmmendatin fr Change f Publicatin thrugh Air Frce Installatin and Missin Supprt Center (AFIMSC) functinal managers via e-mail at AFIMSC.IZSL.VehicleOps@us.af.mil. 1.1.2. Hw t use this plan: 1.1.2.1. Instructr: 1.1.2.1.1. Prvide verview f training, Sectin 2 and Sectin 3. 1.1.2.1.2. Instructr s lessn plan fr trainee preparatin, give classrm lecture, Sectin 4. 1.1.2.1.3. Instructr s lessn plan fr knwledge training, Sectin 5. 1.1.2.1.4. Instructr s lessn plan fr demnstratin, Sectin 6. 1.1.2.1.5. Instructr s lessn plan fr perfrmance and evaluatin, Sectin 7. 1.1.2.2. Trainee: 1.1.2.2.1. Reads this entire lessn plan prir t starting lecture. 1.1.2.2.2. Fllws alng with lecture using this lessn plan and its attachments. 1.1.2.2.3. Uses Attachment 2 and Attachment 5 as guides fr vehicle inspectin. 1.1.2.2.4. Takes perfrmance test. Sectin 2 RESPONSIBILITIES 2.1. Respnsibilities. 2.1.1. The trainee shall: 2.1.1.1. Ensure the trainer explains the Air Frce Qualificatin Training Plan (AFQTP) prcess and the respnsibilities. 2.1.1.2. Review the AFQTP/Mdule/Unit with the trainer. 2.1.1.3. The trainee shuld ask questins if he/she des nt understand the bjectives fr each unit.
2.1.1.4. Review missed questins with the trainer. 2.1.2. Instructr shall: 2.1.2.1. Review the AFQTP with the trainee. 2.1.2.2. Cnduct knwledge training with the trainee using the AFQTP. 2.1.2.3. Grade the review questins using the answer key. 2.1.2.4. Review missed questins with the trainee t ensure the required task knwledge has been gained t cmplete the task. 2.1.2.5. Sign-ff the task(s). 2.1.3. The Certifier shall: 2.1.3.1. Evaluate the Airman s task perfrmance withut assistance. 2.1.3.2. Sign-ff the task(s). Sectin 3 INTRODUCTION 3.1. Objectives. 3.1.1. Given lectures, demnstratins, hands-n driving sessin and a perfrmance test, trainees will be able t perfrm peratr s inspectin and cmplete the perfrmance test with zer instructr assists. 3.1.1.1. Train and qualify each trainee in safe peratin and preventive maintenance f the varius versize carg trucks. 3.1.1.2. This training will ensure the trainee becmes a qualified versized carg truck peratr; an peratr wh has the knwledge and skills t perate an versized carg truck in a safe and prfessinal manner. 3.2. Desired Learning Outcmes. 3.2.1. Understand the safety precautins t be fllwed pre-, during-, and pst- peratin f the versized carg truck. 3.2.2. Understand the purpse f the versized carg truck and its rle in the missin. 3.2.3. Knw the prper peratr maintenance prcedures f the versized carg truck, IAW applicable technical rders (TOs) and use f Air Frce (AF) Frm 1800.
3.2.4. Safely and prficiently perate the versized carg truck. 3.3. Lessn Duratin. 3.3.1. Recmmended instructinal and hands n training time is 23 hurs: Figure 3.1. Recmmended Training Time fr Training Activities. Training Activity Trainee s Preparatin Instructr s Lecture and Demnstratin Trainee s Persnal Experience (t build cnfidence and prficiency) Perfrm Operatr Maintenance Operate the Vehicle Trainee s Perfrmance Evaluatin 2 Hurs 5 Hurs 14 Hurs 2 Hurs Training Time Nte: This is a recmmended time; training time may be mre r less depending hw quickly a trainee learns new tasks. 3.4. Instructinal References. 3.4.1. Risk Management (RM) and Safety Principles. 3.4.2. Applicable TOs r Manufacturer s Operatr s Manual (see Vehicle Management fr TO number fr vehicle being used in training). 3.4.3. Air Frce Manual (AFMAN) 24-306, Operatin f Air Frce Gvernment Mtr Vehicles, Chapters 1-5 and 7-12. 3.4.4. AF Frm 1800, Operatr s Inspectin Guide and Truble Reprt (General Purpse Vehicles). 3.4.5. The state s Cmmercial Driver s License (CDL) Manual (mst can be dwnladed frm the internet). 3.4.6. Special references based-ff type f vehicle. 3.5. Instructinal Training Aids and Equipment. 3.5.1. Oversized Carg Truck Lessn Plan. 3.5.2. Oversized Carg Truck. 3.5.3. Applicable TO r Manufacturer s Operatr s Manual.
3.5.4. AF Frm 1800. 3.5.5. Vides (if lcally prduced). 3.5.6. Suitable training area. 3.5.7. Traffic cnes. Sectin 4 TRAINEE PREPARATION 4.1. Licensing Requirements. 4.1.1. Trainee must have in his/her pssessin a valid state driver s license. 4.1.2. AF Frm 171, Request fr Driver s Training and Additin t U.S. Gvernment Drivers IAW Air Frce Instructin (AFI) 24-301, Vehicle Operatins. 4.1.3. Applicable lcal licensing jurisdictin requirements. 4.2. Required Reading (Testable Material). 4.2.1. Read this entire lessn plan. 4.2.2. Read AFMAN 24-306, Chapters 1-5 and 7-12. 4.2.3. Read manufacturer s peratr s manual fr the vehicle being trained n. Sectin 5 KNOWLEDGE LECTURE AND EVALUATION 5.1. Overview f Training and Requirements. 5.1.1. Training bjectives: 5.1.1.1. Given lectures, demnstratins, hands-n driving sessin and a perfrmance test, trainees will be able t perfrm peratr s inspectin and cmplete the perfrmance test with zer instructr assists. 5.1.1.2. Train and qualify each trainee in safe peratin and preventive maintenance f the varius versized carg trucks. 5.1.1.3. This training will ensure the trainee becmes a qualified versized carg peratr an peratr wh has the knwledge and skills t perate an versized carg truck in a safe and prfessinal manner.
5.1.2. Desired learning utcmes: 5.1.2.1. Understand the safety precautins t be fllwed pre-, during-, and pst-peratin f the versized carg trucks. 5.1.2.2. Understand the purpse f the versized carg truck and its rle in the missin. 5.1.2.2.1. Purpse varius based n vehicle type (carg mvement, passenger mvement, emergency services supprt, etc.). 5.1.2.2.2. Rle in the missin (Unit/Base/Cmmunity (during natural disasters)/air Frce). 5.1.3. Oversized Carg Truck Design. The design f an versized carg truck varies depending n the vehicle type. Refer t the manufacturer s peratr s manual fr additinal infrmatin n the specific versized carg truck being perated, and t the data plate fr safe lad capacity guidance. The versized carg truck nrmally can be identified by the fllwing characteristics: 5.1.3.1. 4WD Vehicle. A fur-wheeled vehicle with a drive train that allws all fur wheels t receive trque frm the engine simultaneusly. 5.1.3.2. 2-3 axles. 5.1.3.2.1. 1 frnt (steer). 5.1.3.2.2. 1-2 rear (drive, dual wheels). 5.1.3.3. 6-10 wheels ttal. 5.1.3.4. Additinal cmmn cmpnents: 5.1.3.4.1. Air brakes. 5.1.3.4.2. Manual transmissin. 5.1.4. The 4WD System. A vehicle equipped with 4WD has the ability t use all fur wheels t pwer itself. This increases tractin which may enable the peratr t safely drive ver terrain and rad cnditins that a cnventinal tw-wheel drive vehicle cannt.
Figure 5.1. The 4WD System. 5.1.4.1. Pwer is supplied t all fur wheels thrugh a transfer case r pwer transfer unit. 4WD vehicles allw the peratr t select different drive mdes as necessary. 5.1.4.2. Refer t the manufacturer s peratr s manual fr infrmatin n shifting prcedures and maintenance. 5.1.4.3. On sme 4WD mdels, the initial shift frm tw-wheel drive t 4WD while the vehicle is mving can cause a mmentary clunk and ratcheting sund. These sunds are nrmal as the frnt drivetrain cmes up t speed and is nt cause fr cncern. 5.2. Vehicle Inspectin. 5.2.1. Pre-trip vehicle inspectin test. Use Attachment 2 as a walk arund guide alng with AF Frm 1800. 5.2.2. A Seven-Step Inspectin Methd will help ensure the inspectin is the same each time it is cnducted, and that nthing is left ut. See Attachment 5 fr the Seven-Step Inspectin Methd. 5.2.3. Types f Vehicle Inspectin. If discrepancies are fund they must be reprted t the Vehicle Cntrl Officer/Vehicle Cntrl Nn Cmmissined Officer (VCO/VCNCO), the supervisr, and/r vehicle maintenance: 5.2.3.1. Pre-trip inspectin find items/prblems that culd cause accident r breakdwn. 5.2.3.1.1. Vehicle maintenance may authrize cntinued use fr all ther maintenance discrepancies. 5.2.3.1.2. Cleanliness/damage/missing items. 5.2.3.1.3. Leaks (fuel/il/clant/hydraulic/air).
5.2.3.1.4. Fluid Levels; ensure level is within limits: 5.2.3.1.4.1. Engine il. 5.2.3.1.4.2. Clant. 5.2.3.1.4.3. Pwer steering fluid. 5.2.3.1.4.4. Transmissin fluid. 5.2.3.1.4.5. Antifreeze. 5.2.3.1.5. Battery; security, fluid, damage and crrsin. 5.2.3.1.6. All wheel rims (cracks, splits, etc.); check fr lse r missing lug nuts. 5.2.3.1.7. All tires. 5.2.3.1.7.1. Prper inflatin. Nte: Ntify VCO/VCNCO, the supervisr, and/r vehicle maintenance if split rim is cmpletely flat. 5.2.3.1.7.2. Sidewalls, tread t include depth, bulges. 5.2.3.1.7.3. Cuts and abrasins. 5.2.3.1.7.4. Lug nuts. 5.2.3.1.8. Transmissin. 5.2.3.1.9. Drive belts; tensin and fraying. 5.2.3.1.10. All hses and wiring. 5.2.3.1.11. Differential, shcks and brakes fr leaks. 5.2.3.1.12. Suspensin and springs. 5.2.3.1.13. Fuel dr and fuel cap; intact, nt brken r damaged. 5.2.3.1.14. Hrn peratin. 5.2.3.1.15. Cntrl panel. 5.2.3.1.16. Heater/defrster. 5.2.3.1.17. Wiring/lights/reflectrs (interir and exterir).
5.2.3.1.18. Mirrrs. 5.2.3.1.19. Windshield and windshield wipers/washers. 5.2.3.1.20. Drs. 5.2.3.1.21. Windws. 5.2.3.1.22. Hd latches. 5.2.3.1.23. Seatbelts. 5.2.3.1.24. Fire Extinguisher. 5.2.3.2. Pst-peratin. 5.2.3.2.1. All gauges and warning lights fr prper peratins. 5.2.3.2.1.1. Warning lights. 5.2.3.2.1.2. Gauges (il pressure, fuel gauge, water temperature, vltage). 5.2.3.2.1.3. Indicatrs. 5.2.3.2.2. Listen fr exhaust and air leaks. Listen fr any unusual sunds. 5.2.3.2.3. Stay alert fr any unusual smells r drs. 5.2.3.2.4. Stay alert fr any abnrmal vibratins r handling prblems. 5.2.3.3. What t lk fr during an inspectin.
Figure 5.2. What t Lk fr During an Inspectin. What t Lk fr During an Inspectin Inspectin Lcatin Prblem T much r t little air pressure. Bad wear (cntact Vehicle Management fr prper tread depth). N fabric shuld shw thrugh the tread r sidewall. Cuts r ther damage. Tread separatin. Tires Dual tires that cme in cntact with each ther r ther parts f the vehicle. Mismatched sizes. Radial and bias-ply tires used tgether. Cut r cracked valve stems. Re-grved, recapped, r retreated tires n the frnt wheels f a bus are prhibited. Damaged rims. Rust arund wheel nuts; may mean the nuts are lse check tightness. Nte: After a tire has been changed, stp a shrt while later and re-check tightness f nuts. Wheels and Rims Missing clamps, spacers, studs r lugs; means danger, mismatched, bent r cracked lck rings are dangerus. Wheels r rims that have had welding repairs are nt safe. Large rcks stuck between wheels. Cracked drums. Shes r pads with il, grease r brake Bad Brake Drums fluid n them. Shes wrn dangerusly thin, missing r brken. Missing nuts, blts, ctter keys r ther parts. Bent, lse, r brken parts, such as steering clumn. Steering gear bx, r tie rds. Steering System Defects (If pwer steering equipped) hses, pumps, and fluid level. Check fr leaks.
Suspensin System Defects Exhaust System Defects Emergency Equipment Carg (Trucks) Steering wheel play f mre than 10 degrees (apprximately tw inches mvement at the rim f a 20-inch steering wheel) can make it hard t steer. Spring hangers that allw mvement. Cracked r brken spring hangers. Missing r brken leaves in any leaf spring. Brken leaves that have shifted. Leaking shck absrbers. Trque rd r arm, U-blts, spring hangers, r ther axle psitining parts. Air suspensin systems that are damaged and/r leaking. Any lse, cracked, brken r missing frame members. Lse, brken, r missing exhaust pipes, mufflers, tailpipes r vertical stacks. Lse, brken, r missing munting brackets, clamps, blts r nuts. Exhaust system parts rubbing against fuel system parts, tires r ther mving parts f vehicle. Exhaust system parts that are leaking. Fire extinguishers. Nte: Additinal external fire extinguishers will be required t transprt sme hazardus materials. Spare electrical fuses (unless equipped with circuit breakers). Warning devices fr parked vehicles. Spare tire, jack and lug wrench. Nt verladed. Carg is balanced and secured befre each trip. Hazardus Material (HAZMAT) prperly labeled and vehicle placarded Prper HAZMAT paperwrk. 5.2.3.4. Pst-trip inspectin and reprt. 5.2.3.4.1. Ensure vehicle and cmpnents are cleaned. 5.2.3.4.2. Equipment is prperly stwed.
5.2.3.4.3. Refueled. 5.2.3.4.4. Parked. 5.2.3.4.5. Apply brakes. 5.2.3.4.6. Place transmissin in neutral (park fr an autmatic). 5.3. Vehicle Safety and Equipment. 5.3.1. Hazards and Human Factrs: 5.3.1.1. Traffic due t size and weight. 5.3.1.2. Carg lads beynd the vehicle s capability. 5.3.1.3. Jerky starts and stps. 5.3.1.4. Traveling t fast and turning t sharply. 5.3.1.5. Cutting crners t sharply. 5.3.1.6. Nt prperly securing the carg. 5.3.1.7. Overhead clearance. 5.3.1.8. Rllver risk. 5.3.2. Safety Clthing and Equipment: 5.3.2.1. Safety steel-ted bts must be wrn. 5.3.2.2. Glves will be wrn during carg lading and unlading (take ff rings/jewelry first. 5.3.2.3. First aid kit. 5.3.2.4. Raingear, cld weather gear, etc. 5.3.2.5. Reflective belt during hurs f reduced visibility and n flightline. 5.3.2.6. Hearing prtecting. 5.3.2.7. Tire gauge. 5.3.2.8. Fire extinguisher.
5.3.2.9. Shvel, tw chains and cables. 5.3.2.10. Material fr under wheels (sft areas). 5.3.2.11. AF Frm 1800. 5.4. Driving Safety and Precautins. 5.4.1. Rllver risk warning. The ptential fr a vehicle t rllver increases fr vehicles with a high grss weight (20,000 lbs r mre) r a high center f gravity. Check the vehicle s data plate t determine if the vehicle is at higher risk fr rllver. 5.4.2. Tire Changing Safety. 5.4.2.1. Cnsider where the vehicle is lcated. If n a bridge, curve, rad with n shulder, etc.; it is safer t mve a vehicle n a flat tire t a safe lcatin. 5.4.2.2. Find a lcatin with a firm and level surface fr the jack. 5.4.2.3. Turn-n the fur-way flashers. 5.4.2.4. Blck the wheels. If changing a frnt tire, blck the rear wheels. If changing a rear tire, blck the frnt wheels. 5.4.2.5. Place the vehicle in Park if it has an autmatic transmissin and lw gear if it has a standard shift. If the vehicle des nt have Park, place the vehicle in neutral and engage the parking brake. 5.4.2.6. Ensure the jack is rated fr the weight f the vehicle. Ensure prper placement f jack. 5.4.2.7. If available, use jack stands after lifting the vehicle. Once the vehicle is lifted; never at any time get under the vehicle. 5.4.2.8. Befre remving lug nuts, ensure lug wedges are lse (duble check). 5.4.2.9. After changing the tire, return the jack and lug wrench t the lcatin recmmended by the manufacturer (keep them frm becming flying prjectiles and makes them available fr future tire changes). 5.4.2.10. Secure the damaged tire and nce it is repaired, return the spare tire back t its prper lcatin. 5.4.3. Off-rad driving. Fr mre infrmatin n ff-rad driving and safe vehicle peratin guidance, refer t AFMAN 24-306.
5.4.4. Carg lading and tie-dwn prcedures. Fr mre infrmatin n safely lading, transprting and unlading carg, refer t AFMAN 24-306 the manufacturer s peratr s manual fr the specific vehicle type. 5.4.5. Hazardus carg. Fr mre infrmatin n transprting hazardus carg, refer t the Hazardus Carg Lessn Plan and AFMAN 24-306 5.4.6. Freign Object Damage (FOD). Vehicle peratrs will remve FOD frm tires during daily the vehicle inspectin. Befre entering the airfield, a physical check fr lse/unsecured bjects and an inspectin f the tire treads fr FOD will be accmplished, with the exceptin f emergency vehicles respnding t actual situatins. 5.4.6.1. Any vehicle which has been driven n an unpaved surface will have a tire FOD inspectin accmplished prir t re-entering the airfield area. Vehicles that frequent the flight line will be equipped with a FOD picker and a cvered FOD cntainer. 5.4.6.2. FOD picker will be etched with the vehicle number painted n red r range (r have a red streamer attached). 5.4.6.3. FOD picker will be anntated n vehicle inspectin frm. 5.4.6.4. FOD cntainers will be identified with the letters "FOD" and will be emptied daily. 5.4.6.5. FOD checks are perfrmed s that aircraft damage can be kept at a minimum. 5.5. Vehicle Operatin. 5.5.1. 4WD peratin (if equipped). 5.5.1.1. High rati, tw wheel drive (H2): This setting is used fr driving in mst street and highway situatins. The frnt axle is nt engaged in H2. This setting als prvides the best fuel ecnmy. 5.5.1.1.1. Shifting in r ut f H2 can be dne at any vehicle speed. It may be harder t shift when the vehicle is cld. 5.5.1.1.2. Maintain a cnstant speed while shifting in and ut f H2 and avid slwing dwn. 5.5.1.1.3. Shift transfer case lever in ne cntinuus mtin.
5.5.1.2. High rati, fur wheel drive (H4): Use this setting when extra tractin is needed (snwy r icy rads and mst ff-rad situatins). This setting als engages the frnt axle and is best used when plwing snw. 5.5.1.2.1. Shifting in and ut f H4 can be dne at any vehicle speed. It may be harder t shift when the vehicle is cld. 5.5.1.2.2. Maintain a cnstant speed while shifting in and ut f H2 and avid slwing dwn. 5.5.1.2.3. Shift transfer case lever in ne cntinuus mtin. 5.5.1.3. Neutral (N): Shift t this setting nly when the vehicle needs t be twed. 5.5.1.3.1. With the vehicle running and the engine at an idle, set the vehicle parking brake. 5.5.1.3.2. Place the transmissin in Neutral. 5.5.1.3.3. Shift the transfer case in ne cntinuus mtin int r ut f the Neutral psitin. 5.5.1.4. Lw rati, fur wheel drive (L4): This setting engages the frnt axle and delivers extra trque. It sends maximum pwer t all fur wheels. Chse L4 fr driving ff-rad in deep sand, deep snw and while climbing r descending steep hills. 5.5.1.4.1. Shifting the transfer case int L4 while mving at speeds faster than 3 mph may cause premature wear t the transfer case and may cause gears t grind. 5.5.1.4.2. Shift the transmissin int Neutral. 5.5.1.4.3. Shift the transfer case lever in ne cntinuus mtin int the L4 psitin. 5.5.1.4.4. When in L4 d nt drive faster than 45 mph. This will reduce wear and extend the life f the transfer case. 5.5.2. Refrigeratin unit peratin (if equipped). Refer t the specific vehicle s Manufacturer s Operatr s Manual fr mre infrmatin and recmmendatins. 5.5.2.1. Adjust thermstat t desired temperature. 5.5.2.2. Place Cl Idle Heat switch t idle psitin. 5.5.2.3. Hld Pre-heat switch t the n psitin.
5.5.2.4. Preheating temperatures and times: 5.5.2.4.1. Abve 60 degrees, ½ minute. 5.5.2.4.2. 32-60 degrees, 1 minute. 5.5.2.4.3. 0-32 degrees, 2 minute. 5.5.2.4.4. Belw 0 degrees, 3 minute. 5.5.2.5. Turn start switch until engine starts. 5.5.2.6. If engine fails t start, check starter fr verheating and lw il pressure. Repeat abve steps. 5.5.2.7. After engine starts, idle fr 2 min and place Cl Idle Heat switch t cl r heat as required. 5.5.2.8. Ensure the unit is empty f all persnnel prir t lcking drs. Sectin 6 EXPLANATION AND DEMONSTRATION. 6.1. Instructr s Preparatin. 6.1.1. Establish a training lcatin. 6.1.2. Obtain apprpriate vehicle peratr s manual. 6.1.3. Schedule/reserve a vehicle. 6.1.4. Ensure trainee cmpletes AF Frm 171. 6.2. Safety Prcedures and Equipment. 6.2.1. The fllwing safety items shuld be fllwed by bth the instructr and trainee. 6.2.1.1. Chck wheel (if required) when versized carg truck is parked. 6.2.1.2. Remve all jewelry and identificatin tags. 6.2.1.3. Persnal prtective equipment and equipment items. 6.2.1.3.1. Safety steel-ted bts must be wrn. 6.2.1.3.2. Glves will be wrn during carg lading and unlading.
6.2.1.3.3. First aid kit. 6.2.1.3.4. Raingear, cld weather gear, etc. 6.2.1.3.5. Reflective belt during hurs f reduced visibility r n the flightline. 6.2.1.3.6. Hearing prtectin. 6.2.1.4. Walk arund vehicle t familiarize trainee with all warning labels and signs. 6.2.1.5. Ensure trainee wears seatbelts. 6.2.1.6. Prperly adjust driver s seat and all mirrrs. 6.2.1.7. Thrughut demnstratin, practice versized carg truck safety. 6.2.2. Practice standard AF RM prcess during demnstratin: 6.2.2.1. Identify hazards. 6.2.2.2. Assess hazards. 6.2.2.3. Develp cntrls and make decisins. 6.2.2.4. Implement cntrls. 6.2.2.5. Supervise and evaluate. 6.3. Operatr Maintenance Demnstratin. 6.3.1. With trainee, accmplish vehicle inspectin using AF Frm 1800. The vehicle inspectin will fllw the seven-step methd as described in Attachment 5. An inspectin guide (Attachment 2) can be used t ensure all areas f the tractr and trailer are cvered in additin t the Operatin Demnstratin guidelines prvided belw. 6.4. Operatin Demnstratin. 6.4.1. Thrughut demnstratin: 6.4.1.1. Allw fr questins. 6.4.1.2. Repeat demnstratins as needed. 6.4.2. Fr all versized carg trucks, within the training area, demnstrate and explain the fllwing. Nte: Use infrmatin cntained n the data plate and/r the peratr s manual:
6.4.2.1. Specific versized carg truck capacities: Explain parking brake as they apply t versized carg truck being used. 6.4.2.2. Oversized carg truck cntrls. 6.4.2.2.1. Shifting pattern. 6.4.2.2.2. Overdrive. 6.4.2.3. Pint ut the items t be inspected during peratins. 6.4.2.3.1. Instruments. 6.4.2.3.2. Air pressure gauge (if the vehicle has air brakes). 6.4.2.3.3. Temperature gauges. 6.4.2.3.4. Pressure gauges. 6.4.2.3.5. Ammeter/vltmeter. 6.4.2.3.6. Mirrrs. 6.4.2.3.7. Tires. 6.4.2.3.8. Carg, carg cvers. 6.4.3. Demnstrate the fllwing versized carg truck peratins (use sptter when backing). 6.4.3.1. Frward stp (see fllwing example fr bundary setup). 6.4.3.1.1. Drive frward between the tw rws. 6.4.3.1.2. Bring vehicles t a cmplete stp as clse t the bundary. 6.4.3.2. Backing. 6.4.3.2.1. Always use a sptter when backing. The peratr must maintain visual cntact with the sptter at all times. If the peratr lses visual cntact with the sptter at any time, he/she must immediately stp the vehicle until visual cntact is established. Fr additinal guidance n sptter safety and standard AF sptter hand signals, see AFMAN 24-306. 6.4.3.2.2. Straight line backing (see fllwing example fr bundary setup). 6.4.3.2.2.1. Back vehicle in a straight line between tw rws.
6.4.3.2.2.2. Bring vehicles t a cmplete stp as clse t the bundary. 6.4.3.2.3. Alley dck (see fllwing example fr bundary setup). 6.4.3.2.3.1. Sight-side back the vehicle int an alley. 6.4.3.2.3.2. Bring the rear f vehicle as clse as pssible t the rear f the alley withut ging beynd the exercise bundary. 6.4.3.2.4. Offset back Left. 6.4.3.2.5. Offset back Right. 6.4.3.3. Parking. 6.4.3.3.1. Sight side parallel park (driver side) (see fllwing example fr bundary setup). 6.4.3.3.1.1. Drive past the parking space n the left. 6.4.3.3.1.2. Back rear f vehicle as clse as pssible t the rear f the space withut crssing side r rear bundaries. 6.4.3.3.2. Parallel park (cnventinal) (see fllwing example fr bundary set-up). 6.4.3.3.2.1. Drive past the parking space n the right. 6.4.3.3.2.2. Back rear f vehicle as clse as pssible t the rear f the space withut crssing side r rear bundaries. 6.4.3.4. Right turn (see fllwing example fr bundary set-up). 6.4.3.4.1. Drive frward and make a right turn arund a cne. 6.4.3.4.2. Bring right rear wheel(s) f the vehicle as clse t the base f the cne as pssible withut hitting it. 6.4.3.5. Backward serpentine (see fllwing example fr bundary setup). 6.4.3.5.1. Back vehicle thrugh a 3-cne serpentine. 6.4.3.5.2. Cmplete withut tuching any cnes r crssing. 6.4.4. Demnstrate securing carg (if applicable t vehicle type).
6.4.5. With the versized carg truck, demnstrate driving n a rad curse. 6.4.5.1. Turns (4 Left/4 Right). 6.4.5.2. Intersectins. 6.4.5.3. Urban/rural straight. 6.4.5.4. Expressway. 6.4.5.5. Start/stp. 6.4.5.6. Curves (1 Left/1 Right). 6.4.5.7. Upgrades. 6.4.5.8. Dwngrades. 6.4.5.9. Railrad crssing (1). 6.4.5.10. Bridge/verpass. 6.4.6. Shw trainee the after peratin inspectin and reprt. 6.4.6.1. Ensure vehicle is cleaned. 6.4.6.2. Carg straps and chains are prperly stwed. 6.4.6.3. Refuel vehicle. 6.4.6.4. Fllwing manufacturer s shut-dwn prcedures. 6.4.6.5. Park. 6.4.6.5.1. Apply brakes. 6.4.6.5.2. Place transmissin in neutral (park r an autmatic). 6.4.6.6. Perfrm a walk arund inspectin. 6.4.6.7. Anntate any discrepancies fund n AF Frm 1800. 6.4.7. Cnclude by allwing time fr questins and any requested re-demnstratins.
Sectin 7 TRAINEE PERFORMANCE AND EVALUATION 7.1. Trainee Perfrmance. 7.1.1. Instructr will: 7.1.1.1. Ensure safety at all times. Nte: Stp training when safety precautins are vilated. Prceed nly when the trainee fully understands hw t avid repeating the safety infractin(s). 7.1.1.1.1. Chck wheel (if required) when versized carg truck is parked. 7.1.1.1.2. Remve all jewelry and identificatin tags. Nte: If available, mark vehicle with magnetic sign indicating Driver-in-Training r Trainee Operatr. 7.1.1.2. Persnal prtective equipment and ther items: 7.1.1.2.1. Safety steel-ted bts must be wrn. 7.1.1.2.2. Glves will be wrn during carg lading and unlading. 7.1.1.2.3. First aid kit. 7.1.1.2.4. Reflective belt during hurs f reduced visibility r n the flightline. 7.1.1.2.5. Raingear, cld weather gear, etc. 7.1.1.3. Pay particular attentin t the cautins and warnings listed in the peratr's manual. 7.1.1.4. Ensure trainee wears seat belts. 7.1.1.5. Prperly adjust driver s seat and all mirrrs. 7.1.1.6. Oversized carg truck safety items/prcedures. 7.1.1.7. Ensure the driver is aware f driving situatins he/she is t perfrm. 7.1.1.8. Cnduct during/after-actin reviews with the trainee (demnstratin may need t be re-accmplished).
7.1.2. Trainee Perfrmance. 7.1.2.1. Cnduct peratr maintenance (have trainee explain items being inspected). Nte: Allw trainee t use Attachment 2 as a guide while perfrming inspectin. 7.1.2.1.1. Pre-inspectin. 7.1.2.1.2. During-inspectin. 7.1.2.2. Ensure AF Frm 1800 is prperly dcumented. 7.1.2.2.1. Establish a rad curse that will have the fllwing: (if the curse des nt have ne f the fllwing, then the trainee shuld be able t explain the crrect driving techniques). 7.1.2.2.1.1. Turns (4 Left/4 Right). 7.1.2.2.1.2. Lane change maneuvers (2). 7.1.2.2.2. Intersectins. 7.1.2.2.2.1. Urban/rural straight. 7.1.2.2.2.2. Expressway. 7.1.2.2.2.3. Start/stp. 7.1.2.2.2.4. Curves (1 left/1 right). 7.1.2.2.2.5. Upgrades. 7.1.2.2.2.6. Dwngrades. 7.1.2.2.2.7. Railrad crssing (1). 7.1.2.2.2.8. Lw clearance, weight restrictin, r traffic sign (bridge/verpass). 7.1.2.2.2.9. Radside stp/start. 7.1.2.2.2.10. Backing. 7.1.2.2.2.10.1. Straight line backing. 7.1.2.2.2.10.2. Offset back-left. 7.1.2.2.2.10.3. Offset back-right.
7.1.2.2.2.11. Parking. 7.1.2.2.2.11.1. Sight side parallel park. 7.1.2.2.2.11.2. Cnventinal parallel park. 7.1.2.2.3. Backing. Serve as the trainee s sptter, r if available, have anther trainee be the sptter. 7.1.2.2.4. Cntinue until trainee can shw prficiency in perating. 7.1.2.3. Have trainee practice the versized carg truck peratins listed belw (use sptter when backing) until they can safely and efficiently perfrm. 7.1.2.4. Establish a rad curse and perate the versized carg truck until trainee perfrms safely and efficiently, the curse shuld include the fllwing: 7.1.2.4.1. Turns (4 Left/4 Right). 7.1.2.4.2. Lane change maneuvers (2). 7.1.2.4.3. Intersectins. 7.1.2.4.4. Urban/rural straight. 7.1.2.4.5. Expressway. 7.1.2.4.6. Start/stp. 7.1.2.4.7. Curves (1 left/1 right). 7.1.2.4.8. Upgrades. 7.1.2.4.9. Dwngrades. 7.1.2.4.10. Railrad crssing (1). 7.1.2.4.11. Lw clearance, weight restrictin, r traffic sign (bridge/verpass). 7.1.2.4.12. Radside stp/start. 7.1.2.4.13. Backing. 7.1.2.4.13.1. Straight line backing.
7.1.2.4.13.2. Offset back-left. 7.1.2.4.13.3. Offset back-right. 7.1.2.4.14. Parking. 7.1.2.4.14.1. Sight side parallel park. 7.1.2.4.14.2. Cnventinal parallel park. 7.1.2.4.15. Securing carg, have trainees secure different types f carg, if applicable t vehicle type. 7.1.2.5. Perfrm after-peratin inspectin. 7.1.2.5.1. Ensure vehicle cleaned. 7.1.2.5.2. Carg straps and chains are prperly stwed. 7.1.2.5.3. Refueled. 7.1.2.5.4. Fllwing manufacturer s shut-dwn prcedures. 7.1.2.5.5. Park. 7.1.2.5.6. Apply brakes. 7.1.2.5.7. Place transmissin in neutral (park r an autmatic). 7.1.2.6. Perfrm a walk arund inspectin. 7.1.2.7. Reprt any discrepancies fund n AF Frm 1800. 7.2. Perfrmance Evaluatin. 7.2.1. Trainee will perfrm perfrmance evaluatin fund in Attachment 3. 7.2.1.1. Instructr and trainee will review Attachment 3 and Attachment 4. 7.2.1.2. Instructr will answer trainee s questins. Nte: If available, mark vehicle with magnetic sign indicating Driver-in-Training r Trainee Operatr.
7.2.2. Instructr will: 7.2.2.1. Ensure safety at all times. 7.2.2.1.1. Place wheel chcks (if required) when versized carg truck is parked, 7.2.2.1.2. Remve all jewelry and identificatin tags. 7.2.2.2. Persnal prtective equipment and ther items. 7.2.2.2.1. Safety steel-ted bts must be wrn. 7.2.2.2.2. Glves will be wrn during carg lading and unlading. 7.2.2.2.3. First aid kit. 7.2.2.2.4. Reflective belt during hurs f reduced visibility r n the flightline. 7.2.2.3. Pay particular attentin t the cautins and warnings listed in the peratr's manual. 7.2.2.4. Ensure trainee wears seatbelts. 7.2.2.5. Prperly adjust driver s seat and all mirrrs. 7.2.2.6. Oversized carg truck safety items/prcedures. 7.2.3. Explain driving techniques. 7.2.4. Establish a rad curse that will have the fllwing: (if the curse des nt have ne f the fllwing, then the trainee shuld be able t explain the crrect driving techniques). 7.2.4.1. Establish a rad curse that will have the fllwing: (if the curse des nt have ne f the fllwing, then the trainee shuld be able t explain the crrect driving techniques). 7.2.4.1.1. Turns (4 Left/4 Right). 7.2.4.1.2. Lane change maneuvers (2). 7.2.4.1.3. Intersectins (2 thrugh/2 requiring stpping the bus). 7.2.4.1.4. Urban/rural straight. 7.2.4.1.5. Expressway.
7.2.4.1.6. Curves (1 left/1 right). 7.2.4.1.7. Upgrades. 7.2.4.1.8. Dwngrades. 7.2.4.1.9. Railrad crssing (1). 7.2.4.1.10. Lw clearance, weight restrictin, r traffic sign (bridge/verpass). 7.2.4.1.11. Radside stp/start. 7.2.4.1.12. Backing. 7.2.4.1.12.1. Straight line backing. 7.2.4.1.12.2. Offset back-left. 7.2.4.1.12.3. Offset back-right. 7.2.4.1.13. Parking. 7.2.4.1.13.1. Sight side parallel park. 7.2.4.1.13.2. Cnventinal parallel park. 7.2.5. Ensure the driver is aware f driving situatins. 7.2.6. Cnduct after-actin reviews with the trainee. 7.2.7. Trainee is nt allwed any instructr assists t pass perfrmance evaluatin. 7.2.8. Evaluatin checklist prvided in Attachment 3. 7.2.9. Retraining; retrain N-G s. 7.2.9.1. Re-demnstrate N-G items. 7.2.9.2. Have trainee re-perfrm until they shw prficiency in perating, critique weaknesses as bserved. 7.2.9.3. Re-evaluate.
Sectin 8 AIR BRAKES (IF EQUIPPED) 8.1. Safe Operatin f a CMV with an Air Brake System. 8.1.1. Safe peratin f a CMV with an air brake system, requires knwledge f: Air Brake System nmenclature; the dangers f cntaminated air supply; implicatins f severed r discnnected air lines between the pwer unit and the vehicle implicatins f lw air pressure readings; prcedures t cnduct safe and accurate pre-trip inspectins; prcedures fr cnducting enrute and pst-trip inspectins f air actuated brake systems (ability t detect defects, which may cause the system t fail). 8.1.2. Air brakes are really three different braking systems: 8.1.2.1.1. Service brake. Applies and releases the brakes when the peratr uses the brake pedal during nrmal driving. 8.1.2.1.2. Parking brake. Applies and releases the parking brakes when the peratr uses the parking brake cntrl. 8.1.2.1.3. Emergency brake. Uses part f the service and parking brake systems t stp the vehicle in the event f a brake system failure. 8.1.3. Parts f an Air Brake System: Figure 8.1. Air Brake System Cmpnents.
8.1.3.1. Air cmpressr. Pumps air int the air strage tanks (reservirs). The air cmpressr is cnnected t the engine thrugh gears r a v-belt. The cmpressr may be air cled r may be cled by the engine cling system. It may have its wn il supply, r be lubricated by engine il. If the cmpressr has its wn il supply, check the il level befre driving. 8.1.3.2. Air cmpressr gvernr. The gvernr cntrls when the air cmpressr will pump air int the air strage tanks. When air tank pressure rises t the cut-ut level (arund 125 punds per square inch r psi), the gvernr stps the cmpressr frm pumping air. When the tank pressure falls t the cut-in pressure (arund 100 psi), the gvernr allws the cmpressr t start pumping again. 8.1.3.3. Air strage tanks. Air strage tanks are used t hld cmpressed air. The number and size f air tanks varies amng vehicles. The tanks will hld enugh air t allw the brakes t be used several times, even if the cmpressr stps wrking. 8.1.3.4. Air tank drains. Cmpressed air usually has sme water and sme cmpressr il in it which is bad fr the air brake system. The water can freeze in cld weather and cause brake failure. Drain the air tanks cmpletely. Each air tank is equipped with a drain valve in the bttm. There are tw types: 8.1.3.4.1. Manually perated. Turn a quarter turn r pull a cable t perate. See Figure 8.2. Manually drain the tank at the end f each day f driving. 8.1.3.4.2. Autmatic. The water and il is autmatically expelled. They may be equipped fr manual draining as well. Autmatic air tanks are available with electric heating devices t help prevent freezing f the autmatic drain cld weather. Figure 8.2. Manual Drain Valve. 8.1.3.5. Alchl evapratr. Sme air brake systems have an alchl evapratr t put alchl int the air system. This helps t reduce the risk f ice in air brake valves and ther parts during cld weather which can make the brakes stp wrking. Check and fill the alchl cntainer as necessary, every day during cld weather.
8.1.3.6. Safety valve. A safety relief valve is installed in the first tank the air cmpressr pumps air t. The safety valve prtects the tank and the rest f the system frm t much pressure. The valve is usually set t pen at 150 psi. If the safety valve releases air, smething is wrng. 8.1.3.7. The brake pedal. Put n the brakes by pushing dwn the brake pedal. (It is als called the ft valve r treadle valve.) 8.1.3.7.1. Pushing the pedal dwn harder applies mre air pressure. Letting up n the brake pedal reduces the air pressure and releases the brakes. Releasing the brakes releases sme cmpressed air g ut f the system, s the air pressure in the tanks is reduced. 8.1.3.7.2. It must be made up by the air cmpressr. Pressing and releasing the pedal unnecessarily can release air ut faster than the cmpressr can replace it. If the pressure gets t lw, the brakes wn't wrk. 8.1.4. Fundatin brakes. Used at each wheel. The mst cmmn type is the s-cam drum brake, shwn in Figure 8.3. Its parts include: 8.1.4.1. Brake drums, shes, and linings. Lcated n each end f the vehicle's axles. The wheels are blted t the drums. The braking mechanism is inside the drum. T stp, the brake shes and linings are pushed against the inside f the drum. This causes frictin, which slws the vehicle (and creates heat). The heat a drum can take withut damage depends n hw hard and hw lng the brakes are used. T much heat can make the brakes stp wrking. 8.1.4.2. S-cam brakes. When the brake pedal is pushed, air is let int each brake chamber Air pressure pushes the rd ut, mving the slack adjuster, thus twisting the brake camshaft. This turns the s-cam (s called because it is shaped like the letter "S"). The s- cam frces the brake shes away frm ne anther and presses them against the inside f the brake drum. When releasing the brake pedal, the s-cam rtates back and a spring pulls the brake shes away frm the drum, letting the wheels rll freely again.
Figure 8.3. S-cam Air Brakes. 8.1.4.3. Wedge brakes. The brake chamber push rd pushes a wedge directly between the ends f tw brake shes. This shves them apart and against the inside f the brake drum. Wedge brakes may have a single brake chamber, r tw brake chambers, pushing wedges in at bth ends f the brake shes. Wedge type brakes may be self-adjusting r may require manual adjustment. 8.1.4.4. Disc brakes. In air-perated disc brakes, air pressure acts n a brake chamber and slack adjuster, like s-cam brakes. But instead f the s-cam, a "pwer screw" is used. The pressure f the brake chamber n the slack adjuster turns the pwer screw. The pwer screw clamps the disc r rtr between the brake lining pads f a caliper, similar t a large c-clamp. 8.1.5. Supply pressure gauges. All air-braked vehicles have a pressure gauge cnnected t the air tank. If the vehicle has a dual air brake system, there will be a gauge fr each half f the system. (Or a single gauge with tw needles.) Dual systems will be discussed later. These gauges tell the peratr hw much pressure is in the air tanks. 8.1.6. Applicatin pressure gauge. This gauge shws hw much air pressure is being applied t the brakes. (This gauge is nt n all vehicles.) Increasing applicatin pressure t hld the same speed means the brakes are fading. Slw dwn and use a lwer gear. The need fr increased pressure can als be caused by brakes ut f adjustment, air leaks, r mechanical prblems. 8.1.7. Lw air pressure warning. A lw air pressure warning signal is required n vehicles with air brakes. A warning signal that can be seen must cme n befre the air pressure in the tanks falls belw 60 psi. (Or ne half the cmpressr gvernr cutut pressure n lder vehicles.) The warning is usually a red light. A buzzer may als cme n.
8.1.7.1. Anther type f warning is the "wig wag." This device drps a mechanical arm int the view when the pressure in the system drps belw 60 psi. An autmatic wig wag will rise ut f the view when the pressure in the system ges abve 60 psi. The manual reset type must be placed in the "ut f view" psitin manually. It will nt stay in place until the pressure in the system is abve 60 psi. 8.1.8. Stp light switch. Drivers behind the vehicle must be warned when the brakes are put n. The air brake system des this with an electric switch that wrks by air pressure. The switch turns n the brake lights when the air brakes are put n. 8.1.9. Frnt brake limiting valve. Sme lder vehicles (made befre 1975) have a frnt brake limiting valve and a cntrl in the cab. The cntrl is usually marked "nrmal" and "slippery." When the cntrl is in the "slippery" psitin, the limiting valve cuts the "nrmal" air pressure t the frnt brakes by half. 8.1.9.1. Limiting valves were used t reduce the chance f the frnt wheels skidding n slippery surfaces. Hwever, they actually reduce the stpping pwer f the vehicle. 8.1.9.2. Frnt wheel braking is gd under all cnditins. Tests have shwn frnt wheel skids frm braking are nt likely even n ice. Make sure the cntrl is in the "nrmal" psitin t have nrmal stpping pwer. 8.1.9.3. Many vehicles have autmatic frnt wheel limiting valves. They reduce the air t the frnt brakes except when the brakes are put n very hard (60 psi r mre applicatin pressure). These valves cannt be cntrlled by the driver. 8.1.10. Spring brakes. Tractr and straight truck spring brakes will cme fully n when air pressure drps t a range f 20 t 45 psi (typically 20 t 30 psi). D nt wait fr the brakes t cme n autmatically. When the lw air pressure warning light and buzzer first cme n, bring the vehicle t a safe stp right away, while the brakes can still be cntrlled. Brakes must be prperly adjusted t wrk crrectly and t prevent the braking pwer frm being affected. 8.1.11. Parking brake cntrls. In newer vehicles with air brakes, engage the parking brakes using a diamnd-shaped, yellw, push-pull cntrl knb. Pull the knb ut t put the parking brakes (spring brakes) n, and push it in t release them. On lder vehicles, the parking brakes may be cntrlled by a lever. Use the parking brakes whenever the vehicle is parked. Nte: Never push the brake pedal dwn when the spring brakes are n. The brakes culd be damaged by the cmbined frces f the springs and the pressure. 8.1.11.1. Mdulating cntrl valves. A cntrl handle n the dash bard fund in sme vehicles that may be used t apply the spring brakes gradually. It is spring laded s the peratr has a feel fr the braking actin. The mre the cntrl lever is mved, the harder the spring brakes cme n, s that the peratr can cntrl the spring brakes if the service brakes fail. When parking a vehicle with a mdulating cntrl valve, mve the lever as far as it will g and hld it in place with the lcking device.
8.1.11.2. Dual parking cntrl valves. A dual valve is used when main air pressure is lst t release the spring brakes s the vehicle can be mved in an emergency. A push-pull type valve used t put the spring brakes fr parking, and a spring laded valve in the ut psitin. When pushing the cntrl in, air frm the separate air tank releases the spring brakes s the vehicle can mve. When releasing the buttn, the spring brakes cme n again. There is nly enugh air in the separate tank t d this a few times. Plan carefully when mving r the vehicle may be stpped in a dangerus lcatin when the separate air supply runs ut. 8.1.11.3. Antilck Braking System (ABS). Truck tractrs with air brakes built n r after March 1, 1997, and ther air brakes vehicles, (trucks, buses, trailers, and cnverter dllies) built n r after March 1, 1998, are required t be equipped with antilck brakes. ABS is a cmputerized system that keeps the wheels frm lcking up during hard brake applicatins. 8.1.11.3.1. On newer vehicles, the malfunctin lamp cmes n at start-up fr a bulb check, and then ges ut quickly. On an lder system, the lamp culd stay n until the vehicle is driving ver 5 mph. 8.1.11.3.2. If the lamp stays n after the bulb check, r ges n nce the vehicle is under way, the peratr may have lst ABS cntrl at ne r mre wheels. 8.1.11.3.3. ABS is in additin t the nrmal brakes. It des nt decrease r increase the nrmal braking capability. It nly activates when wheels are abut t lck up. 8.1.12. Dual air brakes. Tw separate air brake systems which use a single set f brake cntrls. Each system has its wn air tanks, hses, lines, etc. Bth systems supply air t the trailer (if there is ne). 8.1.12.1. One system (the Primary ) typically perates regular brakes n rear axle r axles. 8.1.12.2. The ther system (the Secndary ) perates regular brakes n frnt axle (and pssibly ne rear axle). 8.1.12.3. Befre driving a vehicle, allw time fr the air cmpressr t build up a minimum f 1000 psi pressure in bth the primary and secndary systems, r t the recmmended psi in the Manufacturer s Operatr s Manual. Nte: Pay attentin t the lw air pressure warning light and buzzer. Never perate if the warning light r buzzer is n (typically when the air pressure drps belw 660 psi). Bring the vehicle t a stp right away and safely park the vehicle if this happens while driving.
8.1.13. Inspecting air brakes, there are added items t be included in Step 2 Engine Cmpartment Checks, Step 5 Walk-Arund Inspecting, and Step 7 Final Air Brake Check f the Seven-Step Inspectin Prcess. See Attachment 5. Nte: If any f the belw tests fail, they must be reprted t the VCO/VCNCO, the supervisr, and r vehicle maintenance. 8.2. Using Air Brakes. 8.2.1. Nrmal stps. Push the brake pedal dwn. Cntrl the pressure s the vehicle cmes t a smth, safe stp. If the vehicle has a manual transmissin, d nt push the clutch in until the engine rpm is dwn clse t idle. When stpped, select a starting gear. 8.2.2. Emergency stps. When stpping in an emergency situatin, the peratr shuld brake in a way that will keep the vehicle in a straight line and allw the peratr t turn if it becmes necessary. The peratr can use cntrlled r stab braking methds. Nte: If driving a vehicle with anti-lck brakes, read and fllw the directins fund in the wner s manual fr stpping quickly: 8.2.2.1. Cntrlled braking: 8.2.2.1.1. Apply the brakes as hard as pssible withut lcking the wheels. 8.2.2.1.2. Keep steering wheel mvements very small while ding this. 8.2.2.1.3. Release the brakes if it is necessary t make a larger steering adjustment r if the wheels lck, and reapply the brakes as sn as pssible. 8.2.2.2. Stab braking: 8.2.2.2.1. Apply the brakes all the way. 8.2.2.2.2. Release brakes when wheels lck up. 8.2.2.2.3. As sn as the wheels start rlling, apply the brakes fully again. 8.2.3. Stpping distance. The ttal stpping distance fr vehicles with air brake systems is made up f fur different factrs: Perceptin Distance + Reactin Distance + Brake Lag Distance + Effective Braking Distance = Ttal Stpping Distance
8.2.4. Brake fading r failure: 8.2.4.1. Brakes can fade r fail frm excessive heat caused by using them t much and nt relying n the engine braking effect. Excessive heat causes chemical changes in the brake lining which reduces frictin and causes expansin f the brake drums. 8.2.4.2. Brake fade is als affected by adjustment. Brakes ut f adjustment will nt be able t share the wrklad with brakes that are prperly adjusted, causing the ther brakes t verheat and fade frm veruse. 8.2.5. Prper Braking Technique. Once the vehicle is in the prper lw gear, fllw the prper braking technique: Nte: The use f brakes n alng and/r steep dwngrade is nly a supplement t the braking effect f the engine. 8.2.5.1. Apply the brakes just hard enugh t feel a definite slwdwn. 8.2.5.2. When the speed has been reduced t apprximately 5 mph belw the "safe" speed, release the brakes (fr appx. 3 secnds). 8.2.5.3. When the speed has increased t the "safe" speed, repeat the abve. 8.2.6. Lw Air Pressure: 8.2.6.1. If the lw air pressure warning cmes n, stp and safely park the vehicle as sn as pssible. 8.2.6.2. Spring brakes will cme n when the air pressure drps int the range f 20 t 45 psi. 8.2.7. Parking Brakes. T use the parking brake, pull the parking brake cntrl knb ut. The cntrl will be a yellw, diamnd shaped knb labeled parking brakes n newer vehicles. On lder vehicles, it may be a rund blue knb r sme ther shape (including a lever that swings frm side t side r up and dwn). Nte: Never leave the vehicle unattended withut applying the parking brakes r chck the wheels. The vehicle might rll away and cause injury and damage. 8.2.7.1. D nt use the parking brakes if the brakes are very ht r they can be damaged (e.g. frm just cming dwn a steep grade). Let ht brakes cl befre using the parking brakes. 8.2.7.2. D nt use the parking brakes if the brakes are very wet in freezing temperatures (vehicle will nt be able t mve if they freeze). Use wheel chcks t hld the vehicle. If brakes are wet, use the brakes lightly while driving in a lw gear t heat and dry them. 8.2.7.3. If the vehicle des nt have autmatic air tank drains, drain air tanks t remve the misture and il.
8.2.8. Safety Reminders. 8.2.8.1. ABS will nt prevent pwer r turning skids. 8.2.8.2. ABS will nt increase r decrease ultimate stpping pwer. 8.2.8.3. ABS will nt necessarily shrten stpping distance. 8.2.8.4. ABS will nt change the way the vehicle nrmally brakes. 8.3. Cmbinatin Vehicle Air Brakes. 8.3.1. Trailer hand valve (Trlley Valve/Jhnsn Bar). 8.3.1.1. Wrks the trailer brakes. 8.3.1.2. Shuld be used nly t test the trailer brakes. D nt use in driving due t the risk f making the trailer skid. 8.3.1.3. Never use the hand valve fr parking because all the air might leak ut unlcking the brakes. 8.3.1.4. If trailer des nt have spring brakes, use wheel chcks t keep the trailer frm mving. 8.3.2. Tractr Prtectin Valve. Keeps air in the tractr shuld the trailer break away r develp a leak. 8.3.2.1. Trailer air supply cntrl valve in the cab cntrls (pens/clses) tractr prtectin valve. 8.3.2.2. Will clse autmatically if air pressure is lw (20-45 psi). This stps air frm ging ut f the tractr, and lets the air ut f the trailer emergency line which causes the trailer emergency brakes t cme n. 8.3.3. Tractr Air Supply Cntrl. 8.3.3.1. Red eight-sided knb which is used t cntrl the tractr prtectin valve. 8.3.3.2. Push in t supply the trailer with air. 8.3.3.3. Pull ut t shut the air ff and put n the trailer emergency brakes. 8.3.4. Trailer Air Lines. Every cmbinatin vehicle has tw air lines that run between each vehicle:
8.3.4.1. Service Air Line. The service line (als called the cntrl line r signal line) carries air which is cntrlled by the ft brake r the trailer hand brake. Depending n hw hard the peratr presses the ft brake r hand valve, the pressure in the service line will similarly change. The service line is cnnected t relay valves. These valves allw the trailer brakes t be applied mre quickly than wuld therwise be pssible. 8.3.4.2. Emergency Air Line (als called supply line). Supplies air t the trailer air tanks, and cntrls the emergency brakes n cmbinatin vehicles. Lss f air pressure in the emergency line causes the trailer emergency brakes t cme n. The pressure lss culd be caused by a trailer breaking lse, thus tearing apart the emergency air hse. Or it culd be caused by a hse, metal tubing, r ther part which breaks, letting the air ut. 8.3.4.2.1. Emergency lines are ften cded with the clr red (red hse, red cuplers, r ther parts) t keep frm getting them mixed up with the blue service line. 8.3.4.3. Hse Cuplers (glad hands). Cupling devices used t cnnect air lines frm tractr t the trailer. They have a rubber seal which prevents air frm escaping. 8.3.4.3.1. Check fr cracks and splits in the rubber seal. Clean the cuplers and rubber seals befre a cnnectin is made and check fr dry rtting/cracked seals and prper seat. 8.3.4.3.2. "Dead end" r dummy cuplers. A place t attach the hses when nt in use that prevents water and dirt frm getting int cupler and air lines. If unavailable, glad hands can smetimes be lcked tgether depending n the cuplings. 8.3.4.3.3. When cnnecting the glad hands, press the tw seals tgether with the cuplers at a 90 degree angle t each ther. A turn f the glad hand attached t the hse will jin and lck the cuplers. Make sure t cuple the prper glad hands tgether. 8.3.4.3.4. Lk fr clr cding and tags marked service r emergency. Service lines are blue and emergency (supply) lines are red. 8.3.4.4. If the airlines are crssed, supply air will be sent t the service line instead f ging t charge the trailer air tanks. Air will nt be available t release the trailer spring brakes (parking brakes). If the spring brakes dn't release when pushing the trailer air supply cntrl, check the air line cnnectins. 8.3.4.5. Older trailers d nt have spring brakes. If the air supply in the trailer air tank has leaked away there will be n emergency brakes, and the trailer wheels will turn freely. If the air lines were crssed, the peratr culd drive away, but they wuldn't have trailer brakes.
8.3.4.5.1. Always test the trailer brakes befre driving with the hand valve r by pulling the air supply (tractr prtectin valve) cntrl. Pull gently against them in a lw gear t make sure the brakes wrk. 8.3.5. Trailer Air Tanks. Each trailer and cnverter dlly has ne r mre air tanks. They are filled by the emergency (supply) line frm the tractr. They prvide the air pressure used t perate trailer brakes. 8.3.5.1. Air pressure is sent frm the air tanks t the brakes by relay valves. The pressure in the service line tells hw much pressure the relay valves shuld send t the trailer brakes. The pressure in the service line is cntrlled by the brake pedal (and the trailer hand brake). 8.3.5.2. It is imprtant that water and il dn t build up in the air tanks. If they d, the brakes may nt wrk crrectly. Each tank has a drain valve n it, and each tank shuld be drained every day. If the tanks have autmatic drains, they will keep mst misture ut. But pen the drains t make sure. Tank drains shuld nt be left pen ver night after draining. 8.3.6. Shut-ff valves (Cut-ut ccks). Shut-ff valves (als called cut-ut ccks) are used in the service and supply air lines at the back f trailers used t tw ther trailers. These valves permit clsing the air lines ff when anther trailer is nt being twed. Check that all shut-ff valves are in the pen psitin except the nes at the back f the last trailer, which must be clsed. 8.3.7. Trailer service, parking and emergency brakes. 8.3.7.1. Newer trailers have spring brakes just like trucks and truck tractrs. Hwever, cnverter dllies and trailers built befre 1975 are nt required t have spring brakes. 8.3.7.2. A majr leak in the emergency line will cause the tractr prtectin valve t clse and the trailer emergency brakes t cme n.
Attachment 1 GLOSSARY OF REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION References AFI 24-301, Vehicle Operatins, 5 May 2016 AFI 13-213, Airfield Driving, 1 June 2011 AFMAN 24-306, Operatin f Air Frce Gvernment Mtr Vehicles, 9 December 2016 Adpted Frms AF Frm 171, Request fr Driver s Training and Additin t U.S. Gvernment Drivers, 15 March 2011 AF Frm 847, Recmmendatin fr Change f Publicatin, 22 September 2009 AF Frm 1800, Operatr s Inspectin Guide and Truble Reprt Abbreviatins and Acrnyms ABS Antilck Brake System AF Air Frce AFI Air Frce Instructin AFIMSC Air Frce Installatin Missin Supprt Center AFMAN Air Frce Manual AFQTP Air Frce Qualificatin Training Plan CDL Cmmercial Driver s License FOD Freign Object Damage H2 High Rati, Tw Wheel Drive H4 High Rati, Fur Wheel Drive HAZMAT Hazardus Materials IAW In Accrdance With L4 Lw Rati, Fur Wheel Drive RM Risk Management TO Technical Order VCNCO Vehicle Cntrl Nn Cmmissined Officer VCO Vehicle Cntrl Officer 4WD Fur Wheel Drive
Attachment 2 OVERSIZED CARGO TRUCK INSPECTION GUIDE GENERAL STEP 1. VEHICLE OVERVIEW Paperwrk AF Frm 1800 Discrepancy Crrectin Cmplete (VM Anntatin) Vehicle Apprach Damage Vehicle Leaning Fresh Leakage f Fluids Hazards Surrunding Vehicle INTERNAL STEP 2. ENGINE COMPARTMENT Leaks/hses/Electrical Wiring Insulatin Oil Level Clant Level Pwer Steering Fluid Windshield Washer Fluid Battery Fluid Level, Cnnectins & Tie-dwns Autmatic Transmissin Fluid Level Engine Cmpartment Belts STEP 3. ENGINE START/CAB CHECK (LEFT/FRONT/RIGHT) Safe Start Gauges Oil Pressure Gauge Air Pressure Gauge Temperature Gauge (Clant/Engine Oil) Ammeter/Vltmeter Warning Lights & Buzzers Mirrrs & Windshield Wipers/Washers Emergency & Safety Equipment Red Reflective Triangles Prperly Charged & Rated Fire Extinguisher Optinal (Chains/Tire Changing Equip, Emergency Phne List)
3B Lights/Reflectrs/Reflectr Tape Cnditin (Frnt/Sides/Rear) (Dash Indicatrs fr:) Left Turn Signal Right Turn Signal Fur-Way Emergency Flashers High Beam Headlight ABS Indicatr (If equipped) Clearance Lights (Reflective Clean & Functinal Light & Reflectr Checks Include:) Headlights Taillights Backing Lights Turn Signals Fur-Way Flashers Brake Lights Red Reflectrs & Amber Reflectrs Reflective Tape Cnditin Hrn Heater/Defrster Brakes Parking Brake Check Hydraulic Brake Check Air Brake Check (if equipped) Service Brake Check Safety Belt (TURN-OFF ENGINE/TURN-ON HEADLIGHTS *LOW BEAM* AND FOUR-WAY FLASHERS) STEP 4. WALK-AROUND INSPECTION 4A Steering Steering Bx/Hses Steering Linkages 4B Suspensin Springs/Air/Trque Munts Shck Absrbers 4C Brakes Slack Adjustrs & Pushrds Brake Chambers Brake Hses/Lines Drum Brake Brake Linings
4D Wheels Rims Tires Hub Oil Seals/Axle Seals Lug Nuts Spacers & Budd Spacing SIDE OF VEHICLE 4E Drs 4E Mirrrs 4E Fuel Tank REAR OF VEHICLE
Figure A2.1. Oversized Carg Truck Inspectin Guide.