Motor Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance: The Worldwide Experience Michael P. Walsh International Consultant Summary Air Pollution Causes Serious Health and Environmental Problems A Comprehensive Strategy is Needed I/M Plays A Critical Role The Keys To Successful I/M Conclusions M.P. Walsh 2 The Global Health Impact of Urban Air Pollution Other 312, 39.% Annual Premature Deaths Total: 799, Asia 487, 61.% Source: WHO The World Health Report 22 M.P. Walsh 3 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Benzene Concentration in Ambient Air of Delhi 28 21 21 11 2 21 22 23 4 35 26 26 25 25 Resident ial Area Indust rial Area Traf f ic Int ersect ion 13 M.P. Walsh 4 14
B (a) P Conc. (ng/m3) 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Annual average concentration of Benzo(a) Pyrene Levels in RSPM in 38.5 the Ambient air of Delhi (Source: NEERI, Nagpur) 23.8 24.8 24 23.5 1999 2 21 22 23 Year M.P. Walsh 5 Concentration (µg/m 3 Concentration (µg/m ) 3 ) Air quality Trends of RSPM / PM 1 Res. Areas % Calm Conditions NAAQS (Res. Areas) 3 8 25 56.1 6 2 5.8 42.6 15 4 1 5 2 21 22 23 Delhi Res. Areas NAAQS (Res. Areas) 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 1999 2 21 22 23 % Calm Conditions Concentration (µg/m 3 ) Concentration (µg/m 3 ) in Major Cities 15 Res. Areas NAAQS (Res. Areas) 125 1 75 5 1999 2 21 22 23 Mumbai Res. Areas NAAQS (Res. Areas) 2 15 1 5 1999 2 21 22 23 Chennai M.P. Walsh Kolkata 6 Concentration of PM 2.5, PM 1, and TSPM in Delhi (Traffic Intersections Give The Highest Readings) Concentration (µg / m3) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 149 413 292 299 37 128 562 153 PM 2.5 PM 1 TSPM 589 135 46 322 137 229 51 February March M.P. Walsh April June July 7 Months % of individuals Lung Function Impairment in Residents of Delhi 6 5 4 3 2 1 53.9 46.1 24.7 (Non-smokers) Pattern of impairment 14.2 Normal Impaired Restrictive Obstructive Combined 7.2 M.P. Walsh 8
ELEMENTS OF A COMPREHENSIVE VEHICLE POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGY New Vehicle Standards in India APPROPRIATE MAINTENANCE CLEAN VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY CLEAN FUELS TRANSPORTATION & LAND USE PLANNING Entire Country Euro 2 April 25 Euro 3 April 21 Major Cities Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad & Ahmedabad, Pune Surat, Kanpur & Agra Already Euro 2 Tighter emission norms for all private vehicles, city public service vehicles and city commercial vehicles Euro 3 From April 25 Euro 4 From April 21 M.P. Walsh 9 M.P. Walsh 1 25 National Metros 2 15 1 5 India Diesel Fuels Road Map Current 25 21 M.P. Walsh 11 Delhi: Air Quality Improvement Plan (AQIP) Chronology of Recent Actions 21: Transport, Industry & Urban Replacement of all post-199 3-wheelers and taxis with new vehicles on clean fuels Sulphur content in diesel reduced to.5% in select outlets Number of CNG vehicles increases: 14 3-w; 22 taxis; 4 buses; 25 RTVs; 95 private (2635 total) Piped NG by March to 2821 domestic, 15 small and 5 large commercial establishments Hazardous Industry closure continues: total of 3538 closed M.P. Walsh 12 Conti
Delhi: Air Quality Improvement Plan (AQIP) 22: Transport & Urban 94 CNG stations setup up by March Chronology of Actions All diesel buses phased-out / converted to CNG. Number of CNG vehicles increases further: 35678 3-w; 4816 taxis; 4231 buses; 2165 RTVs; 135 private (5724 total) Piped NG by March to 4111 domestic, 37 small, and 5 large commercial establishments 1634 non-destined good vehicles turned away from entering Delhi between July and November M.P. Walsh 13 CNG Situation in Delhi January 1, 25 Buses 1,352 Minibuses 4,999 Taxis 5.69 Three Wheelers <6, Pvt. Cars 1,895 CNG Stations 126 M.P. Walsh 14 5 45 4 35 3 PPM 25 2 15 1 5 International Best Practice Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel Is Spreading US 1993 US 26 EU 2 EU 25 EU 25-9 Japan Japan 24 Japan 25-7 Hong Kong South Korea 26 M.P. Walsh 15 Taipei, China 27 Australia 26 Thailand 21 Santiago, Chile... India 1996 India 2 India Metros 2 India 25 India 21 India Continues To Lag Linkage Between Fuel Sulfur and PM Emissions PM Emissions grams/kilometer.6.5.4.3.2.1 PM Filter Oxidation Catalyst 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 Fuel Sulfur PPM Other PM Sulfur M.P. Walsh 16
One of the Weakest Aspects of the India Program Has Been the PUC I/M Program Test procedures and norms did not adjust to changing vehicle characteristics such as catalysts PUC Center operators are not trained Equipment not maintained / calibrated Proper test procedure not followed No well defined criteria for authorizing /registering PUC Center No auditing of PUC Center Lack of centralised agency for coordination The number of vehicles undergoing PUC test is very small and absence of control mechanism to identify vehicles escaping PUC No analysis of the data collected Existing system is prone to tampering I/M Plays A Critical Role Improved Vehicle Maintenance Deterrent To Tampering Deterrent To Misfueling Primary Enforcement Mechanism For Other Strategies Alternative Fuel Retrofit Other Retrofit M.P. Walsh 17 M.P. Walsh 18 Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) Program Purpose: To Assure that vehicle is properly maintained and used Identify Dirtiest Vehicles & Get Them Repaired Identify Unsafe vehicles & Get them Repaired General Attributes: Relatively short Relatively simple Test Types Idle 2-Stage Idle Steady Speed Loaded Transient Loaded Variety of Safety Tests Lessons From Mexico City I/M Program Test and Repair Very convenient for vehicle owners Very Difficult to Control Often Degenerates into a visibly flawed program with no Public Support Test Only-Centralized Good Technical and Administrative Control Design program for profitability Legal framework to favor sanctions Minimize impact of technician on Results Source: John Rogers M.P. Walsh 19 M.P. Walsh 2
Lessons From Mexico Gasoline Vehicle Testing Protocols Easy to generate False Pass on Static (Idle) Tests Dynamometers and NOx testing are essential to minimize False Passes Short, loaded-mode, constant-speed test (ASM) easy to operate at reasonable investment and cost Dynamic tests technically better but more difficult for low-skill technicians Source: John Rogers M.P. Walsh 21 6/4/25 Lessons From Mexico Harness Public Opinion Program success depends on public support Program benefits must be seen to outweigh social costs Must be seen to be effective, totally objective, transparent and focused on the gross polluters Well enforced, supervised and audited False Passes critically damage public opinion Design the Program to minimize False Passes from Day One Source: John Rogers Enhanced PUC system Developed By ARAI Revision in Idle emission norms based on the year of vehicle manufacture. Introduction of idle HC emission standards Introduction of idle CO and HC emission norms for CNG / LPG vehicles Will have improved test methods for gasoline and diesel vehicles Four gas analyzer for better accuracy Measurement of Engine oil temperature and engine rpm for repeatable and consistent smoke readings Training of PUC center operators by equipment suppliers and institutionalize the complete system Calibration of equipment three times per year Communication capability with computer for data transfer and storage Problems with Idle CO Testing Idle CO check : Proper extension pipes especially for 2&3 wheeler vehicles are not used Chances of leakages in the system leading to low readings Carburetor adjusted to pass the test M.P. Walsh 23 M.P. Walsh 24
ARAI developed loaded mode test method for 2 Wheeler vehicles This test method was reviewed by Dr. R.A. Mashelkar in auto fuel policy report and recommended for dovetailing with the PUC system This system represents a significant step forward and should be emulated by other countries Can be extended to light duty gasoline and CNG buses M.P. Walsh 25 Diesel Testing: Another Serious Challenge Current Smoke Testing Very Flawed M.P. Walsh 26 Test Methods for Checking Compliance A. Dynamometer Smoke Test Check rated rpm ± 5% manufacturer spec Check road power to at least 5% of manufacturer spec Smoke limit 5 HSU B. Free Acceleration Smoke Test Check rated rpm ± 5% manufacturer spec Can not check road power Smoke limit:- Pre- 9 6 HSU Post 9 5 HSU M.P. Walsh 27 Number of Repeaters among the smoky vehicles Effectiveness of Advanced Smoke Test on Smoky Light Duty Diesel Vehicles 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 FAS 9/97-9/98 9/98-9/99 9/99-9/ Period DST 59% Source: Matthew Tsang M.P. Walsh 28
Test Free Acceleration Lug-Down Lug-Down Transient DT8 Summarising Test Attributes Pollutant Measured Smoke Opacity Smoke Opacity PM PM Equipment Cost (US$) ~7, ~7, ~9, ~1, Building, Land Req d? No Yes Yes Yes Effectiveness (PM) 7% 7% 8% 9% Minimising I/M Program Costs Can Be Deceptive Selecting a diesel I/M test presents a dilemma, as lowcost tests are initially financially attractive but may fail to detect many high polluters (and even worse may fail a large number of clean vehicles). On the other hand, while equipment and infrastructure capital costs can be quite high for tests that more reliably detect high polluters investment costs can be amortised over many years in fact, test equipment outlays, over 5~1 years of operation are often the smallest budget item. Source: Peter Anyon M.P. Walsh 29 M.P. Walsh 3 Elements of A Successful I/M Program Centralized Testing Strong Enforcement Privatized Public Awareness Good Quality I/M Government Oversight & Auditing Appropriate Test Procedures Appropriate Standards & Norms Inspector Training Conclusions Air Pollution Causes Serious Health and Environmental Problems A Comprehensive Strategy is Needed India Has Made Significant Strides But Sulfur in Fuel Still Lags I/M Program Very Ineffective I/M Plays A Critical Role I/M Improvements Are Underway Loaded Testing of MC A Big Step Forward Diesels Remain Significant Challenge The Keys To Successful I/M Have Been Reviewed M.P. Walsh 31 M.P. Walsh 32