Go green, gas gas the answer to all (emission) problems? 5 th CIMAC Cascades 214 Busan GAS ENGINES - THE VIABLE ALTERNATIVE 2 rd of October 214 Peter Koch Senior development engineer, (Marine) engines market drivers Emissions Kleiner s law(s) Demand for reduced NOx, CO2, SOxand PM Exhaust after-treatment for diesel engines Make sure the dog wants to eat the Gas engine concepts dog food. No matter how Economy ground-breaking a Lower fuel consumption new technology, Lower OPEX (e.g. EHM initiatives) how large a potential Low energy loss concepts market, make certain customers Technology actually want it. Trends toward more specialised vessels with more flexible propulsion (Eugene Kleiner) systems (e.g. diesel-/gas-electric, hybrid drive) Move to deeper waters and more harsh environment operation 214 Rolls-Royce plc The information in this document is the property of Rolls-Royce plc and may not be copied or communicated to a third party, or used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied without the express written consent of Rolls-Royce plc. This information is given in good faith based upon the latest information available to Rolls-Royce plc, no warranty or representation is given concerning such information, which must not be taken as establishing any contractual or other commitment binding upon Rolls-Royce plc or any of its subsidiary or associated companies. Trusted to deliver excellence Regulations Stronger environmental focus through IMO Tier III and EPA Stronger safety focus (e.g. SOLAS, NORSOK and others) The diesel dilemma Go Gas NOx (+HC) Methane, methane, meth GWP* CH4 emissions in g/kwh 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 CO2 EEDI SOx CO2 equ. in g/kwh -5-1 -15-2 Net decreasein GHG emissions Net increasein GHG emissions PM -25 CO2 equivalent of CH4 = 25 (see IPCC for more information) *Beetlejuice Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. 1
/11/214 Methane, methane, meth GWP* 1 2 4 5 6 Methane, methane, meth GWP Gas engine fuel consumption (ISO w/o pumps) in g/kwh 7 8 9 2 19 18 17 16 15 1 % Reduction of GHG in % compared to the respective diesel engine model Change in CO2 emission to baseline CH4 emissions in g/kwh -5% -1% -15% -2% -25% -% 4 2 1 % -1-2 - Methane slip of the engine is 6 g/kwh (8 g/kwh) Total greenhouse gas (CO2 + CH4) emissions on a lower (higher) level than for a comparable diesel engine 5% reduction (increase) Methane slip in g/kwh @ mcr Methane slip isolines in g/kwh -5% 8 g/kwh CO2 75 g/kwh CO2 7 g/kwh CO2 675 g/kwh CO2 65 g/kwh CO2 625 g/kwh CO2 6 g/kwh CO2 575 g/kwh CO2 55 g/kwh CO2 5 g/kwh CO2 6 9 Methane slip in g/kwh @ E2 cycle 12 SFC and GHG basics Natural gas: Lower heating value (LHV) of 6MJ/Nm Methane number of 7 CO2 equivalent of CH4 = 25 (see IPCC for more information) CO2 equivalent of CH4 = 25 (see IPCC for more information) Explanatory note Gas engine with fuel consumption of 17 g/kwh (~45% thermal efficiency) 26 29 211 21 *Beetlejuice Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. Lean burn gas engine control CH4 slip engine (process) control TDC Gas admission Scavenging process valve overlap IV EV GAV Combustion chamber design Crevices / fireland BDC Combustion process Quenching Turbulence Lean mixture zones Boundary layer at the walls Delayed combustion / misfiring Active throttle control 2
Lean burn gas engine control Transient behaviour diesel vs. gas* p in bar Heat release MN lambda time after ignition in ms Misfiring Regular Transition Reg-to-knock Knocking time after ignition in ms Misfire Regular Transition Knocking/Preignition HV * Port injection Gas engines; CIMAC WG17; Transient response behaviourof gas engines; April 211 The Natural gas market/infrastructure Specification for marine diesel fuel ISO 8217:212 5 th edition 4 distillate & 11 residual fuel categories Natural gas work in progress 1 Methane number 9 8 7 6 8 85 9 95 1 Engine load in % BE SI gas engine Other SI gas engine ex. DF engine ex. Methane Number MN (AVL) 1 95 9 85 8 75 7 65 6 55 5 CO2 N2 H2 C2H6 CH8 C4H1 47 48 49 5 51 52 LHV in MJ/kg Arun(Indonesia) Arzew(Algeria) Badak(Indonesia) Bintulu(Malaysia) Bonny(Nigeria) Das Island(Emirates) Lumut(Brunei) Point Fortin(Trinidad & Tobago) Ras Laffan(Qatar) Skida(Algeria) Snøhvit(Norway) Withnell(Australia) Methane Average(USA) Typical(Russia) *JRC-IE; Liquefied Natural Gas for Europe Some Important Issues for Consideration, 29 Comparison of transient behavior (constant speed) P1 = Publicly available data DF engine #1 P2 = Publicly available data DF engine #2
/11/214 Marine mechanical drive key enablers Variable speed and dynamic load capability Marine mechanical drive* first tugboat in the world to run purely on natural gas M/T Borgøy Example of variable speed up-loading and subsequent pitch reversal at rated speed 75 rpm Engine speed in rpm on the 1st axis Engine power in % on the 2nd axis x-axis 4 minutes trend @ 1 s time resolution PSV in rough weather DP operation knots wind and m wave height 5 m long 14,5 m wide 1,5 knots 68 tons Bollard pull 1 x 8 m Gas tanks and ancillaries Acon gas monitoring safety system 2 x RRM US5 CP azimuth thrusters 2 x C26:L6PG @ 175kW = 2286 bhp *Pictures partly copyright of Sanmar A.Ş. Marine mechanical drive The LNG argument clinic * and the Oscars go to M/S Stavangerfjord M/S Bergensfjord No, it isn t. 17 m long 27,5 m wide 25 GT 6 cars 15 passengers 25 knots 2 x RRM Promas system 4 x B54V12PG @ 5.6kW = 7.616 bhp Over 45 operating hours (17..14) Overall true efficiency based upon thermal energy input at 47% (~5% with WHR) Costs Emissions Operation Reliability Bunkering / Infrastructure Installation Safety Conversion Yes, it is. *Monty Python s Flying Circus BBC & Python Pictures / The Ten Commandments Paramount Pictures & Motion Picture Associates, Inc. 4
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts Aristotle 5