Critical Power: What s New in Electrical Engineering: Smart Grid and Transformers Sponsored by:
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Speakers: Chris Edward, electrical engineer, KJWW Engineering Consultants, Warrenville, Ill. Sam Sciacca, president, SCS Consulting, Winsted, Conn. Jack Smith, Consulting-Specifying Engineer and CFE Media LLC
Part 1 - Introduction of the concepts of Solid State Transformers and DC interface at distribution and household levels. Chris Edward for Critical Power: What's New in Electrical Engineering: Smart Grid and Transformers
Introduction to Solid State Transformers and DC interface.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES Growing concerns with the grid Solid State Transformer basics Communications overview Existing technologies Barriers to implementation
Why is a smarter grid needed? REDUNDANCY & INSTANT INFORMATION ALLOW NEW GENERATION AND LOAD TYPES Reliability Complexity Efficiency Control GRID OPTIMIZATION AUTOMATED RESPONSE
40 Homes on a 250kVA pad-mounted transformer
Same 40 Homes, with 10 Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEV s)
Solid State Transformer Overview SiC MOSFET transistors ~1% size and weight of traditional transformer High frequency transformation High voltage & current levels
Solid State Transformer Advantages Higher efficiencies Can take different voltage inputs (DC, AC) Distributed Generation Bi-directional power flow Data collection node Modularity possible Controllable Volt/Var regulation Load signaling Load prioritization
Substation Level Inputs AC HIGH VOLTAGE HVDC SOLAR/WIND DC BUS ENERGY STORAGE MEDIUM VOLTAGE (AC) LOAD 1 LOAD 2
Local Level Inputs MEDIUM VOLTAGE (AC) SOLAR/WIND DC BUS PEV CHARGING COMMERCIAL LOW VOLTAGE (AC) RESIDENTIAL
Communications Internal status monitoring Waveform characteristics Pricing signals Load monitoring DG inputs
Control & Automation Solid State Transformers may set voltage, power factor and reduce harmonics for grid efficiency gains. Monitoring and control of different load flows When to use energy storage, distributed generation Inter-market activities Demand Response
How do SST s fit in to the Smart Grid? As a substitute for (some) Phasor Measurement Units (PMU s) As the cornerstone of local area communications and automation As the integrator and processor for substation level distribution
Power Line Communications Integrated into future Smart Grid? Solid State Transformers would remove an obstacle.
Existing capabilities Monitoring of transformer alarms Temperature readings (oil, hot spot, etc.) Load Gas & moisture detection Tap Changer position, count, temperature Forecasting Automated switching
Barriers to entry for SST s Still in R&D phase. Field testing, operational installations still needed Cost of grid-scale equipment Perceived need Image courtesy of the National Science Foundation
Summary Improvements on traditional transformers: Able to handle DC and Bi-directional power Smaller size & weight Can communicate and control May improve grid efficiency by reducing internal losses and controlling real-time Volt/VAR characteristics SST s can add functionality at the local level: Relay pricing signals to end users Allow for PEV fast charging on DC Predict and avoid overload conditions
Transformer Concepts for Bi-directional Power Flow Sam Sciacca for Critical Power: What's New in Electrical Engineering: Smart Grid and Transformers
Transformers in the Smart Grid Smart Grid IT overview Utility transformer/interconnect requirements Communications Utility situational awareness Utility protection and control requirements Customer situational awareness
Smart Grid IT: 2030 and Beyond Cyber security Software system engineering Operations, monitoring, and control Planning, analysis, simulation Communication & networking Computing Visualization & data management Security Analysis Simulation Computing Control Data Management Monitoring 27
Utility Requirements
Know The Utility Requirements Equipment standards (IEEE C57 series) Apparatus arrangement High side breaker Low side breaker Both? Ground switches/disconnects Protection Scheme
Know The Utility Requirements Interconnect standards (IEEE 1547) Interoperability (IEEE 2030) Metering location Specific utility requirements Regulatory requirements
31 IEEE Standards for Smart Grid Renewables
Methodological Interoperability Framework composed of: Three Interoperability Architecture Perspectives (IAP): Power System (PS) IEEE 2030 Smart Grid Conceptual Reference Models Smart Grid Interoperability Communications Architecture Conceptual Reference Models (NIST, IEC, etc.) Power Systems Architecture Information Technology Architecture Communications Guidance Technology (CT) Information Technology (IT) Smart Grid Applications Architecture Application AMI Architecture Application PEV etc. Architectur e Smart Transforme rs IAPs Interoperability Tables e.g., additional IEEE 2030 standards
Communications
Communications Required for both the utility and the customer/owner. Issues that require attention/decision Protocol choice (DNP3, IEC 61850, IEC 60870-5- 101, Modbus+) Communications media (Copper, wireless, LANbased) Communications Equipment (IEEE 1613 compliance) Isolation Dual metering communications access Time synchronization Cyber security
Applicable IEEE Standards IEEE C37 Series for Synchrophasers C37.118 series, P37.242 PMU testing and installations, PC37.244 Phasor Data Concentrator Requirements IEEE 1815 Distribution Network Protocol IEEE P1815.1 - Exchanging Information Between Networks IEEE 1588 Time Synchronization IEEE C37.238 - Precision Time Protocol in Power System Applications IEEE 802 Series Networking IEEE C37.1 Standard for SCADA and Automation Systems Courtesy of Siemens
IEEE Standards for Cyber Security IEEE 1686 - Standard for Substation Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)Cyber Security Capabilities IEEE P37.240 - Standard for Cyber Security Requirements for Substation Automation, Protection and Control Systems IEEE 1711 - Cryptographic Protocol for Cyber Security of Substation Serial Links IEEE 1402 - Standard for Physical Security of Electric Power Substations
Utility Situational Awareness
Greater Utility Situational Awareness Isolating apparatus position Volt/VAR control capabilities Synchrophasers (large power injections) Lockout/Tagout
Utility Protection and Control Requirements
Protection and Control Utility crew tagout access authorization Reclosing Synchcheck Set Points (voltage, VAR support) Anti-islanding Breaker control
Customer Situational Awareness
Customer/Owner Information Utility set points and substation status Utility work orders Transformer performance and alarm Metering
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Speakers: Chris Edward, electrical engineer, KJWW Engineering Consultants, Warrenville, Ill. Sam Sciacca, president, SCS Consulting, Winsted, Conn. Jack Smith, Consulting-Specifying Engineer and CFE Media LLC
Critical Power: What s New in Electrical Engineering: Smart Grid and Transformers Sponsored by: